Austria 1848-1871. Nationalism and Revolution in 1848 Peoples against empire: The Habsburg lands...
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Transcript of Austria 1848-1871. Nationalism and Revolution in 1848 Peoples against empire: The Habsburg lands...
Austria
1848-1871
Nationalism and Revolution in 1848• Peoples against empire: The Habsburg lands
– Ethnic and language groups• Germans, Czechs, Magyars, Poles, Slovaks, Serbs, and
Italians– Hungarian nationalist claims advanced by the small
Magyar aristocracy• Louis Kossuth (1802–1894)
– Member of the lower nobility– Published transcripts of parliamentary debates– Campaigned for independence and a separate Hungarian parliament– Wanted to bring politics to the people
– Pan-Slavism• Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes,
Croats, Serbs, Macedonians, and Bulgarians• Desire for a union of Slavic-speaking people• Resented oppressive Russian rule
• Kossuth stepped up his campaigns• Demanded representative institutions• Autonomy for the Hungarian Magyar nation
• Vienna—popular movement of students and artisans
• Demanded political and social reforms• Built barricades and attacked the imperial
palace• Government concessions
– Male suffrage and single house of representatives– Worked toward the abolition of serfdom– Yielded to Czech demands in Bohemia
• Italian liberals and nationalists attacked empire’s territories
• The paradox of nationalism• No cultural or ethnic majority could declare its
independence without prompting rebellion elsewhere
• Insurrection in Prague (May 1848)• Austrian troops sent to restore order• Slav congress disbands
• The March laws: Hungary• Hungarian parliament abolished serfdom and
noble privilege• Established freedom of the press and of religion• Changed suffrage requirements, enfranchised
small-property holders• Provoked opposition from Croats, Serbs, and
Romanians within Hungary
• Austrian government appointed anti-Magyar as governor of Croatia
• Kossuth severed all ties between Hungary and Austria
• Franz Josef asked Nicholas I of Russia for military support
• The Hungarian revolt was crushed (August 1849)
• Liberal government capitulated on October 31, 1849
• Reestablished censorship• Disbanded the national guard and student
organizations• Twenty-five revolutionary leaders went to the
firing squad• Kossuth exiled himself to Turkey
Building the Nation-State
• The Habsburgs did abolish serfdom in 1848, but made few other reforms
• The Hungarians were essentially reconquered in 1849
• Administrative reforms after 1849• New and more uniform legal system• Rationalized taxation• Imposed a single-language policy favoring
German: Germanization
Building the Nation-State
• Ethnic relations• Grew more tense• Anti-Germanization
• Austria weakened after defeat of Austro-Prussian War
• Francis Joseph (1848–1916, emperor of Austria) agreed to work with Hungary
• Agreed to the new federal structure• 1867 Ausgleich
Building the Nation-State
• The Dual Monarchy (Austria-Hungary): Ausgleich
• Common system of taxation, common army, made foreign and military policy together
• Internal and constitutional affairs were separated
• No national unification in Habsburg lands
Austria: Post 1848 Revolutions• Defeated in Austro-Prussian War
• Ausgleich, 1867 (the Compromise)– Transformed Austria into the Austrian-
Hungarian empire, or the Dual Monarchy
– Hungarians demand autonomy:• Hungarian Assembly, cabinet, administrative
system
– Hungarians still connected to Austria• Support and participate in Imperial Army of
Austria• Co-rule with Austria
• Results of Ausgleich– Assimilated Hungarians and eliminated
them as opposition group
– Government more efficient
• Historical traditions and cultural diversification still caused problems in Empire
• Austria gave up trying to integrate its empire culturally in 1871
• Anti-Semitism grew–Karl Luegar – mayor of Vienna –
particularly ‘racist’
–Hitler will later idolize Luegar
–More on Luegar later…