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AAIIGG NNEEWWSSQuarterly Newsletter No 86 November 2006
INSIDE THIS AIG NEWS:
• Insights from the AIG Membership Survey 1
• From your President 3
• 1st National Hydropolis Conference 5
• 180 Years Accurate CO2 Gas Analysis
— E-G Beck 6
• From the Editor's Desk 8
• Sample Preparation Issues 9
• Climate Change — Another View 9
• Analyses of CO2 and Other Atmospheric
Gases 10
• Climate Chaos? Don't Believe it 12
• Abiotic Oil 16
• 2006 Bursary Awards Presentation 16
• Peak Oil Scare Takes a Hit 17
• Victoria Crater on Mars 17
• Ethics and Standards Complaints
Management 20
• JORC Nominations Invited 22
• Branch News 23
• Education 24
• Know Your Councillor 26
• Topical Issue 27
• Membership News 28
Cont. Overleaf
Insights from the AIG Membership Survey
D.I. Young
The Institute carried out a survey of members, circulated with the July 2006
membership renewal. A total of 497 responses were received and the
following discussion is derived from statistics received from the survey.
The results of the survey have confirmed a lot of anecdotal evidence about
our membership but have also shown up some interesting aspects of our
profession.
Predominantly we are a group of males, classified as geologists, who are working
in a full or part-time salaried position in the metals exploration sector. A very large
proportion of our members are in the 35 to 64 age group but significantly, the
largest bracket is in the pre-retirement 55 to 64 year old age group. As we grow
older we are more likely to move out of a full time salaried position into either an
executive/management role or otherwise into a contract role. In our later years we
are also more likely to work overseas.
Interestingly, our female members are more likely to be under 34, probably a
student an/or moving into a career/sector in roughly the same proportions as their
male counterparts.
These demographics suggest the AIG must critically review the trends indicated
and plan accordingly.
Geographic spread
Responses to the survey on a geographic basis are generally in line with our
membership numbers by state, being dominated by Western Australia, followed by
NSW and Queensland. This also reflects the dominance of exploration geologists
in our membership and in particular from WA (52% of the respondents who
indicated they work in the exploration employment sector are from WA).
VOLUNTEERS NEEDED• JORC
• AIG Complaints Committee
• AIG Ethics & StandardsCommittee
See Page 22
AIG NEWS No 86, November 20062 GENERALMEMBERSHIP SURVEY
Contact: Ron Adams
Phone: (08) 9427 0820
Fax: (08) 9427 0821Email: [email protected]
c/- Centre for Association Management 36 Brisbane Street, Perth WA 6000
PO Box 8463, Perth Business Centre, Perth WA 6849
AIG Secretariat
Insights from the AIG Membership Survey Cont. from Page 1
Job classification
Overwhelmingly geologists form the major category in terms of job
classification with a very high score of 78%. Other categories are
fairly evenly spread. There is some overlap in job classification with
about 6% of members recording a dual classification with the most
common being a combination of geologist and the other categories
(except for hydrologist). There is limited overlap apparent between
the non-geologist fields.
Industry sector
Our members are overwhelming (67%) derived from the metals
sector. Put together with the employment sector results re-emphasises
the dominant position the metals exploration and production industry
has in our membership. The other sectors are fairly evenly
distributed.
Employment sector
The AIG has a history of representing geoscientists from the
exploration sector and in particular the self employed and consulting
area. This has been highlighted by the survey which reveals that 76%
of respondents represent exploration and industry services. If the
production sector is included these three groups account for 85% of
all responses. This emphatically shows the dominance of industry
over the government and research sectors within our membership and
possibly reflects the importance of our professional codes (Ethics,
JORC and Valmin). Government and research sector geoscientists
seem to be more attracted to the Geological Society of Australia or
perhaps do not belong to any such groups.
Interestingly the response from our student members has been poor.
While only 1.3% of respondents claim to be students, our membership
lists show that in fact 12% of our members are students. I can only
assume they are all flat out studying geoscience and don't have time
for surveys. The opposite must be said for our retired members, as we
had twice as many responses from members who claim to be retired
than are shown in our membership lists.
Demographics
The demographic split of respondents raises some interesting aspects.
Overwhelmingly we are middle aged group of males. 79% of all
respondents are in the groups aged 35 to 64, the largest of which is the
pre-retirement 55 to 64 group (32%).
I think we all knew this was the case as a quick survey of hair colour
at our technical meetings would show up a similar result.
However the story of our female members appears quite different.
Females are dominant (54%) in the under 25 group and also very
important (31%) in the combined under 34 group. This compares to
7% of the 35-64 groups who are female.
This indicates a markedly changing membership around the 35 year
mark. Surveys from 1995 show fairly similar results suggesting that
this is not a new phenomenon. The obvious explanation is that child-
bearing has a large impact. Cont. on Page 5
3AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 FROM YOUR PRESIDENT
From Your President
AS PROMISED, THIS EDITION of AIG News includes results
of the survey sent out with membership renewals this year.
Thanks to your excellent response rate, Council now has a
clearer picture of you as members.
We now know for sure that the median member is likely to be a
male baby-boomer employed full-time in mineral exploration in his
home State. Although Council probably guessed this was the case
prior to the survey, the finer detail is more interesting so please read
Doug Young's article elsewhere in this AIG News.
Extraordinary General meeting to amend
AIG's Articles
By the time you read this, an Extraordinary General Meeting in
Perth on 28 November will be approaching, giving you the
opportunity to vote on a number of important amendments to AIG's
Articles and Code of Ethics. For those members unable to attend in
person, a proxy with a straightforward voting paper can be lodged
at least 48 hours prior to the meeting in order to have your say. The
bulk of the amendments relate to two initiatives Council is
proposing to improve how AIG handles complaints brought against
members and to simplify elections of its Council and officers
(President, Treasurer, Vice President, Secretary). The third
amendment is a minor one relating to the qualifications of graduate
members.
AIG receives a number of complaints each year from AIG members
and the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) alleging breaches of the
AIG's Code of Ethics, the JORC Code and the VALMIN code. The
process for dealing with complaints has not changed since the early
1980s when AIG was formed. A trend towards more formal
approaches to complaints resolution by other professional
organizations has prompted AIG to review its process. As described
in a longer article elsewhere in The News, the revised complaints
resolution process, now incorporating a Complaints Committee, in
addition to the existing Ethics and Standards Committee, offers
members a higher level of procedural fairness when required to
respond to complaint allegations. Changes to AIG's Articles and
Code of Ethics required by the new complaints management
process are being put to members for approval in the Extraordinary
General Meeting. One of the changes provide for extending to
members of the Complaints Committee and Ethics and Standards
Committee who are not members of Council the same insurance
cover as Council members. Other changes relate to allowing a wider
range of penalties for breaches of AIG's Articles and Code of Ethics,
and introducing a vote by at least two thirds of eligible Council
members in order for a member to be expelled from AIG following
an adverse finding by the Ethics and Standards Committee in
relation to a serious or repeat complaint.
Under AIG's current Articles, expulsion of a member found guilty
of a serious offence is only possible by holding an Extraordinary
General Meeting. The proposed amendments to the Articles mean
that a member alleged to have breached the Articles or Code of
Ethics will now have three bodies - the Complaints Committee,
Ethics and Standards Committee, and Council (as a final appeal
body) — that have to be convinced that a complaint is justified. This
is more protection than currently, when the Ethics and Standards
Committee is policeman, judge and jury, with only a very public
appeal to the membership at large at
an Extraordinary General Meeting
saving a member from expulsion.
The other major initiative being put
to a member vote is a proposal to
simplify elections for Council by
allowing for direct election of
fourteen Councillors who in turn
elect the President and other office-
bearers. This would bring AIG into line with the normal corporate
approach to electing a Board. Currently, AIG members elect office
bearers, and when the Secretary is an employee as is the case
presently, only thirteen officers plus Councillors are permitted. If
members approve the amendments relating to this initiative, there
will always be fourteen Councillors, whether or not the Secretary is
an employee. Having fourteen Councillors also simplifies the
retirement provisions for Councillors - half must retire each year,
while simultaneously simplifying the election process.
The current Council urges you to vote yes on these initiatives.
AIG members belonging to other
geoscience organisations
With the cooperation of the Geological Society of Australia (GSA)
and the Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists (ASEG),
AIG has determined that about 140 of its members are also
members of ASEG and 453 of its members are also members of
GSA. It appears most of us belong to at least one other geoscience
or mining organization and outlay a great deal in membership fees.
With the exception of AIG, geoscience organizations in Australia, at
least until recently, have been losing membership for a number of
years. Clearly it is younger members of our professional who see
little value in existing geoscience organizations and I would
welcome responses from them as to how we can provide more value
to generations X and Y.
Have you forgetten to pay your 2006
membership fee?
A recent check of membership renewals suggests there are about
200 members who are yet to pay 2006 fees. Council recognizes that
everyone is extremely busy but could you check the "lost members"
list elsewhere in this AIG News because we may have sent your
renewal notice to a previous home or employer address.
Alternatively, you may have been like me and suffered a seniors'
moment (lasting a few months)!
Council has given up on the annual audit
qualification
At the last Annual General Meeting, I committed to tightening up
our accounting systems for conferences and seminars so that AIG's
annual accounts no longer carried (and have done so for many
years) a qualification that the Auditor could not verify all income
from seminars and conferences. After discussions with a number of
accountants, it became obvious that even though receipts are issued
for seminar registration income, auditors cannot be sure that more
people did not attend the seminar than are shown on the books. The
intractable nature of this issue depressed me until I looked at theCont. Overleaf
AIG NEWS No 86, November 20064 FROM YOUR PRESIDENT
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT TRAINING
FOR MORE DETAILS OR TO REGISTER ONLINE
Visit www.snowdengroup.com
or call Diana Titren on +61 8 9211 8670
or email [email protected]
Reporting Resources and Reserves 29 November Perth
Practical Resource and Reserve Reconciliation 30 November Perth
SEMINAR: Mining Risk… and how to mitigate it! 23-24 November Sydney
Managing Mine Contracts 27-28 November Perth
Conditional Simulation 1 December Perth
Change-of-Support - getting to the high grade 4-5 December Perth
accounts of kindred organisations to AIG and found similar
qualifications in their audited accounts! Any member who thinks he
or she can solve this issue is welcome to stand for Council next May.
I give up!
ASIC cracks down on small- and mid-cap
miners
In early October this year, the Australian Securities and Investments
Commission released a report that concluded that up to 4% of small-
and mid-cap exploration and mining stocks could be using Australian
Stock Exchange announcements to ramp their share prices. The report
involved 449 listed small and mid-cap miners with market
R N (Sam) LeesBSc MSc DIC FAIG FAusIMM FAICD
Consulting Geologist
2 River Avenue Chatswood West NSW 2067
Phone 02 9419 8133 Fax 02 9413 3009
Email [email protected]
- Corporate Management
- Exploration Management
- Project Generation and Assessment
- Over 30 years
Exploration & Mining Experience
capitalisation of $500 million or less, and looked at the type and
frequency of announcements and compared them to share price
movements during the 2006 financial year. ASIC said it was
concerned that in some cases disclosure of risks was inadequate in
some very promotional announcements.
Of course, no AIG member would be involved, as a JORC or
VALMIN competent person, in contributing to these substandard
announcements?
Ho Ho Ho
This is the last AIG News until January 2007. On behalf of the
Council and the Centre for Association Management I hope that you
have a great festive season and gain sufficient respite to tackle another
year of frenzied mineral exploration and stretched production targets.
My New Year wish is that the US current account deficit remains
manageable and the Chinese and Indian economies keep powering on
throughout 2007 and beyond.
Cheers
Rick Rogerson
From Your President Cont. from Previous Page
5AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 THE JORC CODE
Whatever the reason, the AIG needs to address this fall off in female
membership and can do so by addressing the needs of this group who
if retained could make up nearly half of the membership of the AIG
in twenty years time.
Our age demographic also reveals significant trends in terms of work
practices. Employment Type shows that in early years our members
are dominantly full time or part time salaried positions. This changes
as time progresses and we start to move out of salaried positions and
either move into director /executive roles or into what appears to be
less secure short term contract positions. There may be several
reasons for this change. It may reflect the move to consulting roles in
later years once a level of experience and seniority has been gained or
it may just reflect the reluctance of employing organizations to
employ experienced people in longer term positions.
The gaining of experience also appears to contribute to a move to an
overseas work location. The Area of Work chart shows a steady
increase in overseas work location with age. ▲▲
Surveys such as these provide important data to assist future
planning. The AIG needs to critically review these results to
appropriately cater for its current and future membership.
Insights from the AIG Membership Survey Cont. from Page 2
The 1st National Hydropolis Conference was held during 8-11
October 2006 Perth at the Burswood Convention Centre
HYDROPOLIS is Greek for Watercity and in 1993, an International
UNESCO-IHP Workshop, HYDROPOLIS, was held in the
Netherlands that brought together water technicians, ecologists,
urban designers and planners to exchange views on the role of water
in urban planning.
Water protection is a fundamental concern throughout the world.
For some countries, the problem is a shortage of drinking water and
for others, it is pollution in surface water systems. The vital question
is: How can water be planned for and integrated in design and
decision-making so as to minimize human impact and restore
ecological systems?
The first Australian National Hydropolis Conference examined
some of these concerns under a similar theme — “Rainwater as a
Resource: A Precious Commodity.”
1st National Hydropolis Conference
Keynote speakers included
• Sybrand Tjallingii
• Ignacio F. Bunster-Ossa, ASLA
• Herbert Dreiseitl
• Greg Walkerden and
• Merideth Laing
The Keynote address was "The Role of the Rain, Rainwater and
Urban Planning” by Sybrand Tjallingii from Delft University of
Technology.
Other papers included “Loving a River to Death”, “Mimic Natural
Drainage Processes”, and “Sharing Sweet Water: Culture and the
Wise Use of Perth's Wetlands”.
Further details of this conference will be published in later issues of
AIG News.
AIG NEWS No 86, November 20066 CLIMATE
180 Years of Accurate CO2 — Gas Analysis of Air by Chemical Methods
Ernst-Georg Beck,
Merian-Schule Freiburg — 2006
(This article is a very condensed version of a short paper received
from E-G Beck, a German biologist. A fully referenced, footnoted
paper is in preparation and available to interested readers in the near
future. Only the major conclusions are presented here — Editor).
Short summary on the knowledge about the
CO2 air gas analysis (2006)
In the IPCC's Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific
Basis, the following statement is made in chapter 3: "The Carbon
Cycle…":3.1: "
"The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen from close to
280 parts per million (ppm) in 1800, at first slowly and then
progressively faster to a value of 367 ppm in 1999, echoing the
increasing pace of global agricultural and industrial development.
This is known from numerous, well-replicated measurements of the
composition of air bubbles trapped in Antarctic ice. Atmospheric CO2
concentrations have been measured directly with high precision since
1957; these measurements agree with ice-core measurements, and
show a continuation of the increasing trend up to the present."
However a thorough review of the existing literature (175 in this
study) revealed 90,000 accurate historical measurements of
atmospheric CO2 concentration by chemical methods from 1812 to
1957 with errors below 3%.
Accurate measurements were done, among others, by de Saussure
(1826), Pettenkofer/v.Gilm (1857), Schulze (1864/71), Farsky (1874),
Uffelmann (1886), Letts und Blake (1897), Krogh and Haldane
(1904), Benedict (1912), Lundegardh (1920), van Slyke (1929), Dürst
and Kreutz (1934/1940), Misra (1942) or Scholander (1946) with
measuring instruments through which from 1857 (Pettenkofer) an
accuracy of +/-0.0006 Vol% to under +/-0.0003 Vol% =~3 ppm
(Lundegardh 1926) was achieved. They show precise seasonal and
some diurnal variation.
Results of the literature review of this study
To reconstruct historic fluctuation of carbon dioxide, 137 yearly
averages from 175 technical papers from 1812 to 1961 were used (the
chemical technique for CO2 atmosphere measurement ceased in
1961).
Nearly all the selected data were obtained in rural areas or on the
periphery of towns under comparable conditions, with a measuring
height of approximately 2 m above ground and without large industrial
contamination. Evaluation of the chemical methods revealed a
systematic error ranging from a maximum of 3%, down to 1% in the best
cases, by Henrik Lundegard (1920), a pioneer of plant physiology and
ecology. Eleven principal measuring techniques (including gravimetric,
titrimetric, volumetric and manometric) had been used from 1812 to
modern times, from which the so-called Pettenkofer method (titrimetric)
was developed, as it was easy, fast and well understood and became the
optimised standard from 1857 for 100 years.
The available data used in this study can be researched in several
comprehensive bibliographies (see Table 1).
It can be shown that from 1800 to 1961, more than 320 technical
papers were published on the subject of air gas analysis containing
verified data on atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Callendar, Keeling and the IPCC did not evaluate these chemical
methods despite being the standard in analytical chemistry, rejecting
the data as faulty and highly inaccurate. However from 1857, the
Pettenkofer process was used universally as a standard and was
accurate enough to develop all the modern knowledge of medicine,
biology and physiology (photosynthesis, respiration end energy
metabolism) taught today worldwide.
Year Authors
Cited authors andpapers with data
NotesTotal 19th
Century20th
Century
1900Letts and Blake
(53)252 252 - only 19th century
1912 Benedict (51) 137 137 -only 19th century; focus
on O2-determination
1940 Callendar (113) 13 7 6cited Letts & Blake and
Benedict
1951Effenberger
(54)56 32 24
cited Duerst, Misra undKreutz
1956 Slocum (128) 33 22 11
1958 Callendar (119) 30 18 12No citing of Duerst,Kreutz and Misra
1958 Bray (129) 49 20 19
1986 Fraser (149) 6 6 -
1986 Keeling (147 ) 18 18 -Only 19th century same
as Callendar
2006 Beck (this
study)152 82 73
Only chemicaldetermination until 1961
Table 1: Bibliographies and citation of papers
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7AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 CLIMATE
Figure 1 shows 160 years air gas analysis by chemical means from
138 papers:
Figure 1: 138 yearly average from 1812 up to 1961 chemicaldetermination (raw data)
Some preliminary conclusions from the data show that
1. Atmospheric carbon dioxide fluctuates through the 19th and 20th
century contradicting the ice-core reconstructions.
2. In the 20th century, we notice one big maximum around 1942
with more than 420 ppm and several little maxima in 1915 and
1905; in the 19th century a big maximum occurred before 1870
and perhaps a big maximum in 1820 out of precise measurement
period. Little maxima appeared around 1876, 1880 and 1890.
3. CO2 concentrations rises from approximately 1880 to 1930 by
some 20 ppm as Callendar speculated in 1938.
The following graph (Figure 3) plots CO2 concentration with the
IPCC temperature anomalies.
Figure 2: 138 yearly averages of local effective atmospheric CO2
concentration from 1812 up to 1961 by chemical determination, smoothed
as 5 years average (raw data); icecore reconstruction.
The carbon dioxide maximum of 1942 perfectly fits the measured
temperature maximum at that time (Figure 4 below). Smaller maxima
cannot be seen because of 11 year smoothing.
Using the 5 year average, all 8 temperature maxima within 100 years
correspond accurately to CO2-maxima.
Figure 3: Global temperature (stations, IPCC 2001) from 1860 andatmospheric CO2 by chemical analysis
Summary
Accurate chemical CO2-gas analyses of air since 1800 show a
different trend compared to the literature of climate change actually
published. From 1829, the concentration of carbon dioxide of air in
the northern hemisphere decreased from a value of e.g. 400 ppm up to
1900 to less than 300 ppm then rising till 1942 to more than 400 ppm.
After that maximum, it fell to e.g. 350 ppm and rose again till today
(2006) to 380 ppm.
1. The CO2 chemical data show no constant exponential rising CO2-
concentration since pre-industrial times but a varying CO2-
content of air following the temperature. For example around
1940 there was a maximum CO2 of at least 420 ppm.
2. Historical air analysis by chemical means does not support a
pre-industrial CO2-concentration of 285 ppm (IPCC), as
modern climatology postulates. In contrast, the average in the
19th century in the northern hemisphere is 321 ppm and in the
20th century, it is 338 ppm.
3. Today's CO2 value of 380 ppm has appeared several times in the
last 200 years — in the 20th century around 1942 and before
1870 in the 19th century. The maximum CO2-concentration in the
20th century rose to over 420 ppm in 1942.
4. Accurate measurements of CO2 air gas contents had been done
from 1857 by chemical methods with a maximum systematic
error of 3%. These results were ignored in reconstructing the
CO2-concentration of air in the modern warm period.
5. To reconstruct the modern CO2-concentration in air, ice-cores
from Antarctica have been used. The reconstructions are
obviously not accurate enough to show the detailed variations of
carbon dioxide in the northern hemisphere. ▲▲
Figure 4: Comparing measured temperature in northern hemisphere (land)
from 1850 with CO2 fluctuation. (5 years difference by averaging corrected)
And now the same data with 5 years average smoothing:
AIG NEWS No 86, November 20068 FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK
IT'S THAT TIME OF THE YEAR again and your poor old
editor is juggling work, AIG News and a house move all before
Xmas. He also discovered the hidden dangers of using the new
Skype Voice over Internet program when he received a call at
night from the President after enjoying a banquet in China —
you cannot escape!
Some interesting articles this issue including the compilation of
historical CO2 data from various published historical sources by
German biologist Ernst Beck that seems to flatly contradict current
wisdom on historical CO2 levels. Scientist Brooks Hurd has written a
timely piece on sampling low gas concentrations and shows what
most of us suspected to be a problem with ice-core CO2 measurements
— the loss of volatiles due to ice-cracking and the consequent under-
estimation of historical CO2 levels. Then a disturbing discovery, the
data used to substantiate low CO2 levels in pre-industrial times were
from measurements of air passsed through dilute sulphuric acid —
Brooks Hurd made a brief technical comment on that — this
scrubbing removes CO2 from the sample. Finally, Lord Christopher
Monkton of Brenchley allowed AIG News to reproduce an article he
wrote recently for the UK Sunday Telegraph summarising the whole
global warming issue.
Other interesting issues include the somewhat serious debate over the
K-T boundary, literally fossils at 10 Paces! One wonders if both sides
of the argument have it wrong somewhere.
Of interest is the growing maturity of the New Concepts in Global
Tectonics Group (http://www.ncgt.org) and Dong Choi, who took
over its editing from the recently decedent Mal Dickie, needs help.
NCGT has to be registered as a not-for-profit organisation in Canberra
and needs an administrative committee. Interested AIG Members who
wish to become involved with NCGT should contact Dong Choi
direct or any of the editorial board listed at the NCGT website.
This year has been an exciting one starting with a fright in the first
issue that was quickly resolved. Some AIG members pointed out that
AIG News has some skew in its dealing with global warming but as
Monkton's article shows, that skew is not misplaced, especially when
a fundamental law of physics is repealed.
Of course we would like more contributions from members,
especially the branch activities so hopefully 2007 we will see more
reporting on that.
One final note — MEGWA, (AIG WA’s monthly technical get
together) has joined forces with the Society of Economic Geologists.
Finally the theme for the Issue 87 — it seems mineral explorers have
enormous amounts of green, red and brown tapes to unravel before
they can get on the ground. Any horror stories should be sent to the
editor. ▲▲
From the Editor’s Desk
Louis Hissink
9AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 CLIMATE
E-G Beck (see page 6) sent a last minute reference to the sampling
methodology used by the French references both Callandar and
Keeling used to demonstrate low CO2 atmosphere levels since the
19th Century.
The technique seemed to clean the air sample by passing it through
dilute sulphuric acid.
Brooks Hurd, who wrote another important article on CO2
measurement offered the following opinion:
“I would therefore expect that more CO2 than O2 and N2 would
dissolve in the dilute cool acid, thus reducing the concentration of CO2
prior to analysis. From the data below, the solubility of CO2 is
considerably higher than the solubility of air in water at 20º C. It is
certainly not surprising that Reiset and Muentz reported low figures
for the concentration of CO2 in their samples.
Sample Preparation Issues
RECENT EDITIONS OF AIG News contained several
skeptical articles regarding evidence for global warming and its
link to human activity. The gist of these articles was that the
evidence for pre-historical climatic trends to compare with
historic climate records was equivocal. While this may indeed
be the case, does that necessarily mean that recent global
warming is not real and that it may not be due, in part, to
human activity? Is this a purely scientific debate, or is there an
ethical element as well?
Anecdotal evidence suggests that the climate in many parts of the
world is indeed warming. The Inuit in North America have reported
the unseasonably late formation of sea ice in recent years. Most
alpine glaciers appear to be in retreat, and the Greenland and
Antarctic ice caps are shrinking. Even in my own local area, north
east Victoria, there are some who recall ice skating on Lake Catani
50 years ago, whereas today Mt. Buffalo struggles to maintain a
decent cover of snow for skiing. While hardly scientific, these
observations suggest a very rapid (geologically speaking) rate of
climate change within our lifetime.
To me, the debate should not be about whether this recent warming
is simply part of a longer term climatic cycle, or has been brought
about solely by human activity, but whether human activities have
accelerated the natural rate of climate change. There can be no
doubt that humans have changed the planet in a geologically rapid
and dramatic fashion with our penchants for clearing forests and
burning fossil fuels, and increases in atmospheric CO2 levels since
industrialization are well documented in glacial ice cores. We are in
the midst of a global mass extinction event caused largely by
human activity. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that this level
Climate Change — Another View
Dennis Arne, Bright, VIC
of sustained activity has the potential to affect global climate.
At this point it is useful to introduce a much misunderstood word:
prudence. Prudence can be defined as "the disposition that makes it
possible to deliberate correctly on what is good or bad for man and
through such deliberation to act accordingly" (Comte-Sponville,
2003). If we take a prudent approach to the issue, we don't need to
have irrefutable scientific evidence of a link between the so-called
greenhouse gases and global warming before we act. The strong
possibility that human activities could lead to global climatic
change should be sufficient for us to respond. After all, you check
for traffic when you cross the road not because you know a car is
coming, but because of the possibility that there could be one
approaching, and therefore prudent to check.
To follow on from the exploration analogy favoured by previous
contributors on the subject, geologists don't know for certain
where the next ore deposit is to be found, but they focus their
efforts on an area that is likely to contain a deposit. In other words,
geologists, like climatologists, deal with high levels of uncertainty
(even though there are many in both groups who would never
admit it!). How many geologists are 100% certain of striking a
future orebody when they drill an exploration hole? Given the
strong possibility that aspects of modern human activity are
contributing to global warming, the prudent course would be to
minimize those activities that are likely to alter the climate, even
at the cost of short-term economic pain. We could of course wait
until we have irrefutable proof of a link between greenhouse gases
and global warming, but by then the changes to World climate may
be beyond our reach to influence. This debate is much more than a
scientific or statistical one. ▲▲
ReferencesComte-Sponville, A., 2003, A Short Treatise on the Great Virtues. The Uses of
Philosophy in Everyday Life, Vintage Press.
From the Matheson Gas Products gas data books the solubilities of
gases in water with the gas partial pressure equal to 1 atm:
The solubility of CO2 in water at 293.15º K is 0.878 cm3 CO2/cm3 H2O
The solubility of N2 at 293.15º K is 0.016 cm3 N2/cm3 H2O
The solubility of O2 at 293.15º K is 0.031 cm3 O2/cm3 H2O
The solubility of Air at 293.15º K is 0.0187 cm3 Air/cm3 H2O
These solubilities are based on the assumption that the particular gas
is 100% of the vapour phase in contact with the water. CO2 in air
would have a lower partial pressure than either O2 or N2; however the
solution mechanism is different for CO2 since it ionises in water. N2
and O2 dissolve as molecules. The Reiset and Muentz U tube was
filled with beads to enhance gas — liquid contact.
In my opinion, this would increase the amount of CO2 dissolved in the
dilute sulphuric acid which would reduce the CO2 concentration in the
gas which they analysed.” ▲▲
AIG NEWS No 86, November 200610 CLIMATE
Analyses of CO2 and Other Atmospheric Gases
Brooks Hurd
Introduction
Analysts who have experience with testing trace quantities of
atmospheric gases are well aware of the problems that sample
handling can cause on the results. They know that sample handling
methods can alter their analytical results. This means that sample
handling techniques must prevent loss or contamination of the sample
by absorption, desorption or diffusion. These concerns are typically
little known outside the group of people who routinely perform trace
atmospheric gas analyses.
What are the problems associated with trace atmospheric gas
analyses? There are two major problems which could effect gas
analyses. One is the adsorption and desorption of gases on sample
system surfaces. This process is most pronounced with polar
molecules such as H2O and CO2. This process occurs because there
are minute charges on the interior of the sampling system. These
charges attract either the positively or negatively charged poles of
bipolar molecules. Attracted molecules become loosely bound to the
surface. As molecules are bound to the interior surface, the sample
stream is depleted of bipolar molecules. This process continues until
the absorption onto the surface and desorption from the surface reach
equilibrium. A depleted sample stream will provide analytical results
which are lower than the concentration in the original sample. The
opposite result will occur when the sampling system has been exposed
to a high concentration of the gas being analyzed. In this case the
sampling system will release bipolar molecules into the sample stream
until the flux reaches equilibrium. In this case, the analytical result
will be higher than the concentration in the original sample.
A second mechanism which can effect the analytical result is diffusion
of gases into and out of the sample stream. The major diffusion
problem is not Fickian diffusion but rather Knudsen diffusion. The
significance of Knudsen diffusion is that it independent of pressure
differences, but rather depends upon concentration differences
between the sample and the ambient air
surrounding the sampling system. Knudsen
diffusion occurs when the mean free path of
the molecule is longer than the diameter of the
diffusion path. Knudsen diffusion can cause
an increase or decrease in atmospheric gas
concentrations inside a pressurized sampling
system if there are minute leak paths in the
sampling system.
To avoid these problems requires careful
design and care of sampling systems. Such
care is crucial to assure that analytical results
accurately reflect the true sample
concentrations whenever analysts measure
atmospheric gases such as H2O, O2, Ar, N2,
and CO2. Sampling system effects are
particularly problematic with polar molecules
such as H2O and CO2. Diffusion is a problem
with all atmospheric gases. Every effort must
be made to make certain that sample handling
does not add to or reduce the concentration of
the gas under analysis. These efforts include:
careful design of sample handling systems so as to preclude leakage
or inward diffusion of gaseous components; preparation of the
handling systems prior to use to remove traces of atmospheric
components which may be adsorbed onto the surface; and special
efforts to prevent losses of gas components during storage.
Although these concerns are well known among people who
specialize in the analyses of trace atmospheric gases, these concerns
are generally unappreciated outside of this area. It is not the expertise
of an analyst which is important, but rather their experience in
analyzing trace atmospheric gases. Those who typically analyze gases
which are not atmospheric components are seldom aware of these
problems because sample handling has a small effect on non-
atmospheric gas analyses.
Ice core issues
This brings us to the problems of analyzing CO2 levels in ice cores.
Ice cores are under pressures which increase with the ice depth. The
pressures under which these cores exist are roughly the same as
similar depths under water. Therefore deep cores from 1,000 meters
are under pressures of roughly 100 atmospheres. When these cores are
brought to the surface, they are exposed to a drop to 1/100th of the
original pressure. The internal pressure causes small cracks to appear
in the ice. These cracks are diffusion paths for trapped gases to leave
the ice as well as for some atmospheric gases to diffuse into the ice
cores. The mechanism is Knudsen diffusion which is analogous to the
problems that analysts face when dealing with gas analyses in the
semiconductor and other industries which deal with the analyses of
trace atmospheric gases.
Do ice cores undergo the same diffusional problems which one sees
in sampling handling in other industries? What would be the effect if
there were gas losses from ice cores combined with some diffusion of
atmospheric gases into the cores? One effect of loss would be that the
gas analyses would show reduced variation over time. An effect of
inward diffusion would be that the analytical result would be closer to
atmospheric concentrations of the air surrounding the cores when they
Figure 1
11AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 CLIMATE
were brought to the surface. At the
high pressures in deep ice core
drilling, CO2 would quickly
dissolve in any water from ice
melted by the drill. The combination
of these effects would be that
variation over time would be
minimized and the maximums
would be greatly reduced from the
CO2 levels in the original ice cores.
Is there evidence that this is
happening? Leaf stomata indices are
a proxy for CO2 concentrations. If
we look at the leaf stomata indices
from Wagner et al, we see a
significant variation in SI which
would indicate a significant
variation of CO2 concentration over
that period of time. If we compare
the ice core CO2 levels for this same
time period from the Taylor Dome
(Fig 1), we see very little variation.
Between 7,700 and 8,400 years BP, the SI data indicates a variation of
50 ppm. This is 10 times the variation of the Taylor Dome CO2
analyses. This reduced variation supports the theory that CO2 may be
lost from ice cores through sample handling.
Ice core and gas ages for 8,000 years BP are approximately 200 m
below the top of the ice/firn interface. The pressure at this depth
would be at least 20 atmospheres. Older and deeper core samples
would undergo larger stresses from the pressure change. The Vostok
CO2 (Fig. 2) analyses extend back to 420,000 years BP. This equates
to an ice core depth of 3,300 m which would be at a pressure of more
than 320 atmospheres. The Vostok CO2 analyses do vary, but only
between 180 and 290 ppm. If a significant quantity of CO2 were lost
through sample handling, then the maximums would be much higher.
Therefore concerns about loss and contamination of atmospheric
components from sampling handling prior to analysis should be a
major issue in deep ice core CO2 analyses. Long term CO2 variation
is limited and short term variation is much less then what is indicated
by SI proxy data. ▲▲
ReferencesFriederike Wagner, Bent Aaby, and Henk Visscher, Rapid atmospheric CO2 changes
associated with the 8,200-years-B.P. cooling event, PNAS 2002;99;12011-12014;originally published online Aug 29, 2002; PNAShttp://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/99/19/12011.pdf
Thomas van Hoof, Thesis, NSG Publication No: 20040907, LPP CONTRIBUTIONSSERIES No. 18; Febodruk BV, Enschede
J. M. Barnola, D. Raynaud, C. Lorius; Historical CO2 Record from the Vostok Ice Core
Indermühle, A., B. Stauffer, T.F. Stocker and M. Wahlen, 1999, Taylor Dome Ice CoreCO2 Holocene Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology
Data Contribution Series #1999-021 NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program,Boulder CO, USA.
Brooks Hurd has over a quarter century of experience with the
analysis of high purity gases used in the semiconductor and other
industries. He is recognized as an expert and problem solver in the
area of high purity gases and liquids. Mr. Hurd graduated from the
Ohio State University with a B. S. in Chemical Engineering.
He worked for AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS providing
technical support for the company's semiconductor industry gas
customers. This required trouble shooting high purity gas systems
in many locations around the world. He was hired by SAES PURE
GAS to create and manage a field service organization providing
part per trillion analytical services. He then worked as the Director
of Analytical Services and Vice President of Technology for AMA
CONSULTANTS. In these capacities, he provided leading edge
part-per-trillion services to customers worldwide. He founded
Sirius UHP in 1998 to provide services to customers in Asia,
Europe, and North America.
He has a member of the Semiconductor Safety Association. Mr.
Hurd has been an active member of several SEMI Standards
Groups and steering committees. He served as co-chairman of the
SEMI Particles in Gases Subcommittee. He was also invited to be
a member of the SEMATECH Clean Room Component
Evaluation Task Force.
Brooks H. HURD — Biography
Figure 2
AIG NEWS No 86, November 200612 CLIMATE
THE STERN REPORT LAST WEEK predicted dire economic
and social effects of unchecked global warming. In what many will
see as a highly controversial polemic, Christopher Monckton
disputes the 'facts' of this impending apocalypse and accuses the
UN and its scientists of distorting the truth
Last week, Gordon Brown and his chief economist both said global
warming was the worst "market failure" ever. That loaded soundbite
suggests that the "climate-change" scare is less about saving the planet
than, in Jacques Chirac's chilling phrase, "creating world government".
This week and next, I'll reveal how politicians, scientists and
bureaucrats contrived a threat of Biblical floods, droughts, plagues, and
extinctions worthier of St John the Divine than of science.
Sir Nicholas Stern's report on the economics of climate change, which
was published last week, says that the debate is over. It isn't. There are
more greenhouse gases in the air than there were, so the world should
warm a bit, but that's as far as the "consensus" goes. After the recent
hysteria, you may not find the truth easy to believe. So you can find all
my references and detailed calculations at this internet address
(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/graphics/2006/11/05/warm-refs.pdf.
Climate Chaos? Don't Believe It
The Royal Society says there's a worldwide scientific consensus. It
brands Apocalypse-deniers as paid lackeys of coal and oil corporations.
I declare my interest: I once took the taxpayer's shilling and advised
Margaret Thatcher, FRS, on scientific scams and scares. Alas, not a red
cent from Exxon.
In 1988, James Hansen, a climatologist, told the US Congress that
temperature would rise 0.3C by the end of the century (it rose 0.1C), and
that sea level would rise several feet (no, one inch) by 2100. The UN set
up a trans-national bureaucracy, the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC). The UK taxpayer unwittingly meets the entire
cost of its scientific team, which, in 2001, produced the Third
Assessment Report, a Bible-length document presenting apocalyptic
conclusions well beyond previous reports.
This week, I'll show how the UN undervalued the sun's effects on
historical and contemporary climate, slashed the natural greenhouse
effect, overstated the past century's temperature increase, repealed a
fundamental law of physics and tripled the man-made greenhouse
effect. Next week, I'll demonstrate the atrocious economic, political and
environmental cost of the high-tax, zero-freedom, bureaucratic
centralism implicit in Stern's report; I'll compare the global-warming
scare with previous sci-fi alarums; and I'll show how the
environmentalists' "precautionary principle" (get the state to interfere
now, just in case) is killing people.
Christopher Monckton
(Reproduced with kind permission of
Lord Monckton of Brenchley)
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13AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 CLIMATE
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So to the scare. First, the UN implies that carbon dioxide ended the last
four ice ages. It displays two 450,000-year graphs: a sawtooth curve of
temperature and a sawtooth of airborne CO2 that's scaled to look similar.
Usually, similar curves are superimposed for comparison. The UN
didn't do that. If it had, the truth would have shown: the changes in
temperature preceded the changes in CO2 levels.
Next, the UN abolished the medieval warm period (the global warming
at the end of the First Millennium AD). In 1995, David Deming, a
geoscientist at the University of Oklahoma, had written an article
reconstructing 150 years of North American temperatures from
borehole data. He later wrote: "With the publication of the article in
Science, I gained significant credibility in the community of scientists
working on climate change. They thought I was one of them, someone
who would pervert science in the service of social and political causes.
One of them let his guard down. A major person working in the area of
climate change and global warming sent me an astonishing email that
said: 'We have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.' "
So they did. The UN's second assessment report, in 1996, showed a
1,000-year graph demonstrating that temperature in the Middle Ages
was warmer than today. But the 2001 report contained a new graph
showing no medieval warm period. It wrongly concluded that the 20th
century was the warmest for 1,000 years. The graph looked like an ice
hockey-stick. The wrongly flat AD1000-AD1900 temperature line was
the shaft: the uptick from 1900 to 2000 was the blade.
Here's how they did it:
• They gave one technique for reconstructing pre-thermometer
temperature 390 times more weight than any other (but didn't
say so).
• The technique they overweighted was one that the UN's 1996
report had said was unsafe: measurement of tree-rings from
bristlecone pines. Tree-rings are wider in warmer years, but pine-
rings are also wider when there's more carbon dioxide in the air: it's
plant food. This carbon dioxide fertilisation distorts the
calculations.
• They said they had included 24 data sets going back to 1400.
Without saying so, they left out the set showing the medieval warm
period, tucking it into a folder marked "Censored Data".
• They used a computer model to draw the graph from the data, but
scientists later found that the model almost always drew hockey-
sticks even if they fed in random, electronic "red noise".
The large, full-colour "hockey-stick" was the key graph in the UN's
2001 report, and the only one to appear six times. The Canadian
Government copied it to every household. Four years passed before a
leading scientific journal would publish the truth about the graph. Did
the UN or the Canadian government apologise? Of course not. The UN
still uses the graph in its publications.
Even after the "hockey stick" graph was exposed, scientific papers
apparently confirming its abolition of the medieval warm period
appeared. The US Congress asked independent statisticians to
investigate. They found that the graph was meretricious, and that known
associates of the scientists who had compiled it had written many of the
papers supporting its conclusion.
The UN, echoed by Stern, says the graph isn't important. It is. Scores of
scientific papers show that the medieval warm period was real, global
and up to 3C warmer than now. Then, there were no glaciers in the
tropical Andes: today they're there. There were Viking farms in
Greenland: now they're under permafrost. There was little ice at the
North Pole.
The Antarctic, which holds 90 per cent of the world's ice and nearly all
its 160,000 glaciers, has cooled and gained ice-mass in the past 30
Cont. Overleaf
AIG NEWS No 86, November 200614 CLIMATE
years, reversing a 6,000-year melting trend. Data from 6,000 boreholes
worldwide show global temperatures were higher in the Middle Ages
than now. And the snows of Kilimanjaro are vanishing not because
summit temperature is rising (it isn't) but because post-colonial
deforestation has dried the air. Al Gore please note.
In some places it was also warmer than now in the Bronze Age and in
Roman times. It wasn't CO2 that caused those warm periods. It was the
sun. So the UN adjusted the maths and all but extinguished the sun's role
in today's warming. Here's how:
• The UN dated its list of "forcings" (influences on temperature)
from 1750, when the sun, and consequently air temperature, was
almost as warm as now. But its start-date for the increase in world
temperature was 1900, when the sun, and temperature, were
much cooler.
• Every "forcing" produces "climate feedbacks" making temperature
rise faster. For instance, as temperature rises in response to a
forcing, the air carries more water vapour, the most important
greenhouse gas; and polar ice melts, increasing heat absorption. Up
goes the temperature again. The UN more than doubled the base
forcings from greenhouse gases to allow for climate feedbacks. It
didn't do the same for the base solar forcing.
Two centuries ago, the astronomer William Herschel was reading Adam
Smith's Wealth of Nations when he noticed that quoted grain prices fell
when the number of sunspots rose. Gales of laughter ensued, but he was
right. At solar maxima, when the sun was at its hottest and sunspots
showed, temperature was warmer, grain grew faster and prices fell. Such
observations show that even small solar changes affect climate detectably.
But recent solar changes have been big. Sami Solanki, a solar physicist,
says that in the past half-century the sun has been warmer, for longer,
than at any time in at least the past 11,400 years, contributing a base
forcing equivalent to a quarter of the past century's warming. That's
before adding climate feedbacks.
The UN expresses its heat-energy forcings in watts per square metre. It
estimates that the sun caused just 0.3 watts of forcing since 1750. Begin
in 1900 to match the temperature start-date, and the base solar forcing
more than doubles to 0.7 watts. Multiply by 2.7, which the Royal
Society suggests is the UN's current factor for climate feedbacks, and
you get 1.9 watts - more than six times the UN's figure. The entire 20th-
century warming from all sources was below 2 watts. The sun could
have caused just about all of it.
Next, the UN slashed the natural greenhouse effect by 40 per cent from
33C in the climate-physics textbooks to 20C, making the man-made
additions appear bigger. Then the UN chose the biggest 20th-century
temperature increase it could find. Stern says: "As anticipated by
scientists, global mean surface temperatures have risen over the past
century." As anticipated? Only 30 years ago, scientists were anticipating
a new Ice Age and writing books called The Cooling. In the US, where
weather records have been more reliable than elsewhere, 20th-century
Climate Chaos? Don't Believe It Cont. from Previous Page
15AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 CLIMATE
temperature went up by only 0.3C. AccuWeather, a worldwide
meteorological service, reckons world temperature rose by 0.45C. The
US National Climate Data Centre says 0.5C. Any advance on 0.5? The
UN went for 0.6C, probably distorted by urban growth near many of the
world's fast-disappearing temperature stations. The number of
temperature stations round the world peaked at 6,000 in 1970. It's fallen
by two-thirds to 2,000 now: a real "hockey-stick" curve, and an instance
of the UN's growing reliance on computer guesswork rather than facts.
Even a 0.6C temperature rise wasn't enough. So the UN repealed a
fundamental physical law. Buried in a sub-chapter in its 2001 report is
a short but revealing section discussing "lambda": the crucial factor
converting forcings to temperature. The UN said its climate models had
found lambda near-invariant at 0.5C per watt of forcing. You don't need
computer models to "find" lambda. Its value is given by a century-old
law, derived experimentally by a Slovenian professor and proved by his
Austrian student (who later committed suicide when his scientific
compatriots refused to believe in atoms). The Stefan-Boltzmann law,
not mentioned once in the UN's 2001 report, is as central to the
thermodynamics of climate as Einstein's later equation is to
astrophysics. Like Einstein's, it relates energy to the square of the speed
of light, but by reference to temperature rather than mass. The bigger the
value of lambda, the bigger the temperature increase the UN could
predict. Using poor Ludwig Boltzmann's law, lambda's true value is just
0.22-0.3C per watt. In 2001, the UN effectively repealed the law,
doubling lambda to 0.5C per watt. Arecent paper by James Hansen says
lambda should be 0.67, 0.75 or 1C: take your pick. Sir John Houghton,
who chaired the UN's scientific assessment working group until
recently, tells me it now puts lambda at 0.8C: that's 3C for a 3.7-watt
doubling of airborne CO2. Most of the UN's computer models have
used 1C. Stern implies 1.9C.
On the UN's figures, the entire greenhouse-gas forcing in the 20th
century was 2 watts. Multiplying by the correct value of lambda gives
a temperature increase of 0.44 to 0.6C, in line with observation. But
using Stern's 1.9C per watt gives 3.8C. Where did 85 per cent of his
imagined 20th-century warming go? As Professor Dick Lindzen of MIT
pointed out in The Sunday Telegraph last week, the UK's Hadley Centre
had the same problem, and solved it by dividing its modelled output by
three to "predict" 20th-century temperature correctly.
A spate of recent scientific papers, gearing up for the UN's fourth report
next year, gives a different reason for the failure of reality to keep up
with prediction. The oceans, we're now told, are acting as a giant heat-
sink. In these papers the well-known, central flaw (not mentioned by
Stern) is that the computer models' "predictions" of past ocean
temperature changes only approach reality if they are averaged over a
depth of at least a mile and a quarter. Deep-ocean temperature hasn't
changed at all, it's barely above freezing. The models tend to over-
predict the warming of the climate-relevant surface layer up to
threefold. A recent paper by John Lyman, of the US National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Association, reports that the oceans have cooled
sharply in the past two years. The computers didn't predict this. Sea
level is scarcely rising faster today than a century ago: an inch every 15
years. Hansen now says that the oceanic "flywheel effect" gives us extra
time to act, so Stern's alarmism is misplaced.
Finally, the UN's predictions are founded not only on an exaggerated
forcing-to-temperature conversion factor justified neither by
observation nor by physical law, but also on an excessive rate of
increase in airborne carbon dioxide. The true rate is 0.38 per cent year
on year since records began in 1958. The models assume 1 per cent per
annum, more than two and a half times too high. In 2001, the UN used
these and other adjustments to predict a 21st-century temperature
increase of 1.5 to 6C. Stern suggests up to 10C.
Dick Lindzen emailed me last week to say that constant repetition of
wrong numbers doesn't make them right. Removing the UN's
solecisms, and using reasonable data and assumptions, a simple global
model shows that temperature will rise by just 0.1 to 1.4C in the coming
century, with a best estimate of 0.6C, well within the medieval
temperature range and only a fifth of the UN's new, central projection.
Why haven't air or sea temperatures turned out as the UN's models
predicted? Because the science is bad, the "consensus" is wrong, and
Herr Professor Ludwig Boltzmann, FRS, was as right about energy-to-
temperature as he was about atoms. ▲▲
(Reproduced with kind permission from the Author).
Chicxulub impact event is Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in age:
New micropaleontological evidence.
Ignacio Arenillas a), José A. Arz a), José M. Grajales-Nishimura
b), Gustavo Murillo-Muñetón b), Walter Alvarez c), Antonio
Camargo-Zanoguera d), Eustoquio Molina a) and Carmen
Rosales-Domínguez b)
a) Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra (Paleontología),
Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
b) Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo (Exploración y Producción),
Eje Lázaro Cárdenas # 152, Mexico D.F., 07730, Mexico
c) Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of
California, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA
d) Petróleos Mexicanos, Exploración y Producción (retired), Blvd.
A. Ruiz Cortines 1202, Villahermosa, Tabasco, 86030, Mexico
Abstract
High-resolution and quantitative planktic foraminiferal
biostratigraphy from two SE Mexico stratigraphic sections
(Bochil, Guayal) shows that the Chicxulub-related Complex
Clastic Unit (CCU) is synchronous with the ejecta-rich airfall layer
and the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) catastrophic mass extinction
horizon in the El Kef (Tunisia) and Caravaca (Spain) sections. The
lowermost Danian H. holmdelensis subzone (= Biozone P0) was
identified in both sections in a thin dark clay bed just above the
CCU, proving that such bed is chronostratigraphically equivalent
to the K/Pg boundary clay of the El Kef stratotype. These new
micropaleontogical data confirm that the K/Pg impact event and
the Chicxulub impact event are the same one. This contradicts the
suggestion by others that the Chicxulub impact predated the K/Pg
boundary by about 300 ka.
Article in Press, Corrected Proofhttp://tinyurl.com/nv539
Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters(More Ammo for the Forams at 10 Paces Mob)
AIG NEWS No 86, November 200616 GRIST FOR THE GEO MILL
THERE IS A WIDELY-HELD BELIEF that coal and oil are
formed following burial of biotic carbonaceous matter for long
periods in subsiding sedimentary basins.
An alternative theory proposes that coal and oil are abiotic in origin and
derived from upper mantle processes. This theory, named the Russian-
Ukrainian theory of abiotic oil, was popularised by the late Tommy
Gold in his controversial book, "The Deep Hot Biosphere". A full
account of the Abiotic oil theory is presented at http://
www.gasresources.net. Geologist C. Warren-Hunt (http://www.
polarpublishing.com/) has offered another origin for petroleum.
The only reason petroleum is called a fossil fuel is because it contains
organic debris, but if petroleum is abiotic and an excellent solvent of
organic material, up-welling hydrocarbons will naturally incorporate
the organic debris found in sedimentary rocks. This does not mean it
is biotic, for that is much like saying that elephants evolved tusks from
eating piano keys.
A principal argument against abiotic oil is that no oil has been found
in the crystalline basement regions of the earth. Really? Not so in the
case of Vietnam where:
"Since its foundation, VIETSOVPETRO has drilled over 140
thousand meters of exploration and 800 thousand meters of
production wells. As a result of this seven oil fields were discovered,
the largest are White Tiger, Dragon and Dai Hung that are already
operated by the Joint Venture.
White Tiger is so far the largest oil field on the continental shelf of
Vietnam. Main reserve of this oil field is concentrated in fractured
granite basement that is unique in the world oil and gas production
practice".(http://www.vietsov.com.vn/wps/portal/!ut/p/.cmd/cs/.ce/7_
0_A/.s/7_0_GC/_s.7_0_A/7_0_GC)
And...
"No wonder the non-organic theory is slowly gaining wider
acceptance as an alternative to the organic theory. Robert O. Russell,
Abiotic Oil
a well site geologist at the first well in North America (at Fort
McMurray, Alberta, Canada) drilled into crystalline basement
granitic shield rocks for the express purpose of commercial
hydrocarbon exploration, has pointed out that there are more than
400 wells and fields worldwide, both off-shore and on-shore that
produce or have recently produced oil from igneous rocks. This fact
alone indicates that many aspects relating to the origin of petroleum
need to be revised. Thomas Gold, a distinguished proponent of the
non-organic theory, has expanded the application of the non-organic
theory to all hydrocarbons, including coal.
In this connection, an international conference on 'Oil in Granite' was
held recently in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. One of the papers by
Kosachev et al. from the Institute of Organic Physics and Chemistry,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, concluded that much evidence
existed in favour of the theory, and that viable mechanisms for the
creation of migration pathways existed.
Recently, C. Warren Hunt, a geologist of the Anhydride Oil
Corporation, Calgary, Canada, has proposed a variant of the non-
organic theory. This novel theory sets forth the notion that up-welling,
deep, non-organic methane is bacterially modified into petroleum at
shallow depths.
In conclusion, although an organic origin of primordial Archaean
petroleum is possible, it is far more natural within the non-organic
framework. In recent years, the non-organic theory has been gaining
wider acceptance. The discovery of the 'Deep Biosphere', the new
world of underground bacteria, is another interesting development
which may help to shed more light on the origin of petroleum" (Source
http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug25/articles7.htm)
There is one other difficulty with the fossil-fuel theory — the violation
of the second law of thermodynamics. The only hydrocarbon that can
be created at the pressures and depths of the sedimentary basins is
methane. No one has yet demonstrated experimentally how
hydrocarbons like Saudi Crude, basically grease, can be produced
from organic matter at the P & T conditions typical of geosynclines or
sedimentary basins. ▲▲
Louis Hissink
2006 AIG Bursary Award Ceremony
Hot off the press — Sam Lees presenting the 2006 AIG Bursary
Awards to Heather Cunningham and Nicole Harb. Our
congratulations to both
Heather and Nicole!
(Editor has a suspicion the
venue is his old Alma
Mater — Macquarie Uni
Bistro)
17AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 GRIST FOR THE GEO MILL
GLOBAL OIL PRODUCTION will
increase for at least the next 25 years as
new drilling and refining techniques
make it possible to tap heretofore
untouchable reserves, according to
Cambridge Energy Research Associates,
the consulting firm run by Daniel Yergin.
The world probably has 3.7 trillion barrels
of oil left, more than twice the estimates of
geologists and analysts such as Matthew
Simmons, of the investment bank Simmons
& Co., who argue global output is close to
a peak, said Peter Jackson, director of oil-
industry research for the Cambridge,
Massachusetts, firm. ``The peak-oil theory
causes confusion and can lead to
inappropriate actions and turn attention
away from the real issues,'' Jackson said in
remarks prepared for a conference call
today with analysts, investors and reporters.
``Oil is too critical to the global economy to
allow fear to replace careful analysis about
the very real challenges.''
The late geologist M. King Hubbert,
working for a unit of Royal Dutch Shell Plc, first put forward in 1956
the theory that output from a specific oil deposit or region would peak
and then start to decline following a predictable curve. His ideas have
gained currency as oil prices tripled in the past five years and producers
struggled to keep pace with rising demand in China. The theory is
``misleading'' and based on incomplete data, according to today's report
from Cambridge Energy. Worldwide oil production will rise by more
Peak Oil Scare Takes a Hit
than 50 percent to about 130 million barrels a day around 2030 before
output plateaus, the report said. Yergin, the firm's founder, wrote ``The
Prize,'' a Pulitzer-winning history of the oil industry.
When global crude output begins to fall around 2050, the decline
probably will be gradual, giving policy makers, industry and energy
producers time to develop new alternatives to petroleum-based fuels,
the report said. ▲▲
Sharply scalloped walls, together with cleanly cut ridges and
valleys on its floor, make Mars' Victoria crater an ideal test of the
electric discharge model of crater formation.
The image to the right was taken by the High Resolution Imaging
Science Experiment on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. It
shows "Victoria crater," whose features can only deepen the growing
mysteries of cratering patterns on Mars. It certainly does not look
anything like the effect of an impact event, but that is the
interpretation given it by NASA. The NASA release, though referring
to "a distinctive scalloped shape to its rim," can only explain this
remarkable configuration in terms of "erosion and downhill
movement of crater wall material."
Physicist Wal Thornhill commented that "Victoria crater appears to be
a short-duration anode scar, or 'spark' crater, where melting is
insignificant. In laboratory experiments it is found that the anode
spark scar on a 'contaminated' surface develops many arc 'spots' at the
center of a roughly circular scar. In a very short time the central arc
spots move out to form a ring. The spots enlarge and join into a ring.
For a time the entire arc current passes through the annular ring. If it
were to continue, melting would occur, obliterating the fine scalloped
Victoria Crater on Mars
structure of the crater wall. In experiments there may be a hundred or
more spots.
And what of the remarkable "ridge and valley" complexes in the
center of the crater? According to NASA, this feature is explained as
"sand dunes," supposedly formed by winds in an atmosphere less than
one percent as dense as Earth's.
Louis Hissink
AIG NEWS No 86, November 200618 GRIST FOR THE GEO MILL
THE GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN OF 1915, enshrined as foremost
of our national myths, has geological aspects that are little realised
but were crucial to its course. Indeed, the very geological nature
of the battlefield permitted the battles to occur; with different
geology there, such as the bare limestone terrains typical of much
of the region, the Campaign would have died at its nascence.
In early 1915, the allied British and French thought it possible to force
Turkey out of the war by a naval demonstration against Istanbul. For
this they needed to pass their battleships through the Dardanelle's
Strait, east of the Gallipoli Peninsula. However, Turkish mines and
land based artillery thwarted attempts to do this in March 1915. The
Allies then decided that troops, landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula,
should take control of the western side of the Dardanelle's. This would
overcome the Turkish artillery there and permit naval movement
towards Istanbul. The British general, Sir Ian Hamilton, took
command of the land operations. While perhaps not the sharpest
arrow in the quiver, Hamilton was not the bluntest either and,
operating under a chain of incompetence in the British command
structure, he had to do the job with whatever he had available at short
notice. Certainly, what was available in intelligence of the ground on
the Gallipoli Peninsula was very limited. It mostly came from
guidebooks — the equivalent of today's Lonely Planet — that his staff
could find in Alexandria. These did not emphasise geological
observations, even if Hamilton had thought to look for them.
The landings on the Gallipoli Peninsula on 25 April were monumental
stuff ups. British troops, going ashore on the southerly point of the
Peninsula, found the Turks waiting for them and were slaughtered.
The Anzacs, their boats caught by an unexpected current, landed at the
wrong place. This put them among rugged terrain rather than as
planned at the low pass to the east coast where the Turkish guns were.
Undiscouraged, they scaled the ridges and advanced easterly till they
encountered substantial Turkish forces that had been rushed to the
area. Here, the advance stopped and both sides went to ground. By
evening the commander on shore of the Anzac forces requested orders
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Perth:Dave Jenkins; or Jane Cole
Phone: 08 9472 8546E: [email protected]
Bathurst:Richard Lesh
Phone: 02) 6337 3133E: [email protected]
Spring, Gallipoli, November 1915. Source: Australian History Museum, Macquarie University.
Gallipoli
Bill McGee
19AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 GRIST FOR THE GEO MILL
from Hamilton on whether to re-embark and
abandon the position. Hamilton replied that this
could not be done and finished his message with
the memorable exhortation, "You have got
through the difficult business, now you have only
to dig, dig, dig until you are safe". This, of course,
was an admission of failure: the aim of landing
was to take the guns on the east side of the
Peninsula to allow the fleet to pass. Holding
ground on the west side served no purpose.
However, Hamilton had no plan for evacuation,
despite British army regulations that any
amphibious landing should have such a plan ready,
and so had no choice.
"Dig, dig, dig," was the exhortation. But could the
Anzacs dig? Hamilton certainly had no idea. The
causal visitor to the Aegean region — or at least
the casual visiting geologist — is struck by the
barren hard rock (commonly limestone) of much
of the terrain. One author, for instance, has
claimed that Greece is 45% limestone. This would
be remarkably unpromising ground for digging
cover. Further, the Anzacs had come ashore with
only meagre tools for digging. Had the ground
been hard rock, as one sees in so much of the
region, the Anzacs would have been in a sorry
position on the 26 April. The Turks were rushing
in reinforcements and had already secured the
commanding heights. With no cover the Anzacs
would have been shot to pieces.
But the Gallipoli Peninsula is atypical of the
region in that it is composed largely of soft labile
sediments of a Tertiary basin. Fortuitously, then,
the Anzacs found themselves on ground that is
easily dug. In the accompanying photograph the
dark desiccation cracks in the foreground face
show the clay rich nature of the sediments. The
Anzacs dug, dug, dug furiously all night and by
morning were well entrenched. The Turks were
also well entrenched and in subsequent months of
fighting neither side was able to dislodge the other.
Thus, the geology, knowledge of which played no
part in the planning for the operation, allowed the
campaign to develop beyond the landings of 25
April, and so created our premier national myth.
References.M. Hickey, Gallipoli, London, Murray, 1995.
P. Doyle and M. R. Bennett, "Military Geography: the influenceof terrain in the outcome of the Gallipoli Campaign,1915", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 165, No. 1, 1999,pp. 12-36.
K. Erguvanli, "Outline of Geology of the Dardanelles",Geological Magazine, Vol.XCIV, No. 1, 1957, pp. 47-53.
Denis Winter, 25 April 1915: The Inevitable Tragedy,Queensland University Press, St Lucia, 1994.
Right: Geological Map of the Dardanelles andAdjoining Area. From K. Erguvanli, Outline of
Geology of the Dardanelles.
AIG NEWS No 86, November 200620 IMPORTANT ISSUES
The Council of the Australian Institute of Geoscientists (AIG)
receives a number of complaints each year from AIG members and
the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) alleging breaches of the AIG's
Code of Ethics, the JORC Code and the VALMIN code (collectively
named "the codes"). One of the main reasons AIG was established in
the early 1980s was to provide a strong code of ethics that would bind
professional geoscientist members and minimise the unethical
behaviour that was evident in the late 1970s mineral exploration
boom.
After a complaint is received, AIG will use the system described
below to resolve complaints, which could lead to the imposition of
one or more in a range of penalties on a member found to have
breached one of the codes. The revised complaints resolution process,
now incorporating a Complaints Committee, in addition to the
existing Ethics and Standards Committee, offers members procedural
fairness when required to respond to complaint allegations.
Procedural fairness includes:
• an absence of bias;
• an inquiry into matters in dispute;
• a hearing appropriate to the circumstances; and
• evidence to support the decision.
There is also an appeal mechanism involving members of Council
who had no previous role in hearing the complaint.
The process is largely confidential, with all efforts made to protect the
identity of both complainants and respondents. However, published
apologies may be considered in some circumstances and penalties for
repeat offences or major offences against the codes can include
publication of names of offenders.
Overview of the process
The process outlined in Figure 1 is a generic one
most suited to breaches of the JORC and VALMIN
codes (Clause 19 of AIG's Code of Ethics), and
more serious complaints under other clauses of the
Code of Ethics. Less serious complaints under the
Code of Ethics may be dealt with in a more
informal process involving mediation.
The process involves three main groups within
AIG — the Complaints Committee, the Ethics and
Standards Committee, and the Council. The
Complaints Committee has an investigative role,
the Ethics and Standards Committee makes
findings and decisions in relation to the offence
and penalties, and the Council hears appeals
against decisions. The Ethics and Standards
Committee or the Council will decide in
consultation with the respondent and complainant
the most suitable form of proceedings.
Penalties range from cautions and reprimands for
minor offences, through to demotion to a lower
membership grade, suspension of membership,
naming of members found guilty in an AIG
publication, and expulsion from membership in
more serious cases. An apology, published, or
written or verbal may form part of the penalty.
Ethics and Standards Complaints Management
Complaints Committee
Constituted under Clause 55 of the Articles of AIG, the Complaints
Committee is a permanent committee of the AIG Council of up to five
members, whose cumulative experience covers reporting of
exploration results, valuation of mineral properties, estimates of
resources and ore reserves, and broad professional geoscience
practice. Only one or two members are required to investigate a
particular complaint.
Ethics and Standards Committee
Membership of the Ethics and Standards Committee would be drawn
from up to five senior members of the AIG, one of whom, ideally,
would have some legal or administrative procedure experience. Up to
three members would be required to sit on a particular complaint.
This permanent committee of Council has a judicial role involving:
• review of the information and recommendations in the complaint
file provided by the Complaints Committee;
• an opportunity, including if requested by the respondent or the
Ethics and Standards Committee; a hearing for the respondent;
• dismissal of the complaint, if appropriate;
• making findings relating to the admissibility of evidence, degree
of negligence versus intent to breach one or more of the codes,
and appropriate penalty taking into account previous professional
history of respondent and early admissions of culpability; and
• referring the investigation file back to the Complaints Committee
if insufficient information was available to make a finding.
Complaints procedure
The Complaints Process is illustrated in Figure 1 (above) and is
summarised below.
Figure 1
21AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 IMPORTANT ISSUES
TORRIDON EXPLORATIONStephen Turley
MSc MAIG Consultant Geologist
• Exploration Management• Project Evaluation• Nickel, Base Metals, Tin & Gold• Field Programmes
29 Hillsden Road
Darlington WA 6070
Ph: 08 9299 6980
Mob: 0417 173 646
Fax: 08 9252 0005
1. Investigation by Complaints Committee
Once a complaint is received by the AIG, it is referred to the
Complaints Committee. Any member of the Complaints Committee
who has an interest or potential interest must declare it and that
member will not participate in the investigation of a complaint where
a conflict arises.
The Complaints Committee will then:
1. investigate the complaint received;
2. seek additional information from the complainant(s), respondent
member, and other persons, if required; and either
a. advise the complainant that there is insufficient documentary
evidence to proceed with the complaint; or
b. notify the respondent in writing that an allegation of breach
has been made and seek a response.
A member is given 21 days to respond to an allegation, after which the
Complaints Committee has 14 days to make a recommendation to the
Ethics and Standards Committee.
2. Referral to Ethics and Standards Committee
If a complaint is referred by the Complaints Committee to the Ethics
and Standards Committee, the latter must inform the respondent of its
decision within 21 days of receipt of the recommendation of the
Complaints Committee, or within 21 days of a formal hearing by the
Ethics and Standards Committee if this is requested by either the
respondent or the Ethics and Standards Committee.
A member of the Ethics and Standards Committee must declare any
interest or potential interest to the AIG Council and will not participate
in the consideration of a complaint where a conflict arises.
3. Appeal process
An appeal must be made within 14 days of the respondent being
advised of the penalty, and at least 14 days notice will be given of the
date of the Council meeting at which the appeal will be heard.
A respondent could appeal on any aspect of the process, the decision
and the penalty - not just a decision involving expulsion. For a penalty
not involving expulsion, or if the respondent facing expulsion waived
his/her rights to appeal to Council, the Ethics and Standards
Committee decision would, if ratified by Council, be final.
Council members who served as members of the Complaints
Committee and Ethics and Standards Committee, and any Council
members with a conflict of interest in relation to the matter must
absent themselves from the Council meeting when the appeal is
considered. The respondent can make a verbal appeal to Council, as
well as making a written submission. Normally, Council will make its
decision within seven days of a written or verbal appeal being made.
For an appeal involving expulsion from membership, the votes of at
least two thirds of Council members eligible to vote is required to
confirm expulsion.
Penalty guidelines
AIG has a range of penalties that can be applied to members who
breach the codes. The penalties imposed will be determined according
to the following guidelines:
1. the seriousness of the offence which reflects the question "to
what extent the offence was unbecoming of a member and/or
prejudicial to the interest of the AIG?";
2. whether the offence was negligent or wilful (degree of intent
involved);
3. early admissions of culpability and offers to apologize;
4. history of previous offences.
The Ethics and Standards Committee would decide on penalty, and ask
for comment on the penalty from the member found guilty of an
offence. Broadly, penalties range from cautions, reprimands, and
mandatory attendance of a JORC or VALMIN seminars for minor
offences, through to demotion to a lower membership grade,
suspension of membership, naming of members found guilty in an AIG
publication, and expulsion from membership in more serious cases. An
apology, published, or written or verbal may form part of the penalty.
The Ethics and Standards Committee has wide discretion to decide on
one or penalties fitting the circumstances of each offence. ▲▲
Independent Geologist
- 30 years resource experience
- base and precious metals
- 10 years practise in Lao
MIKE HARRIS
M.Sc Mining & Exploration Geology
MAIG, MSEG, MSME
MINERAL EVALUATION & EXPLORATION
Email: [email protected]
Tel: +856 21 415-773
Fax: +856 21 414-870
&Colin Nash
Associates
PHOTOGEOLOGICAL MAPPINGGEOLOGICAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
30+ years experience (Australasia, Africa, South America, Asia)
PO Box 519, Mt Gravatt Plaza Qld 4122+61 7 3395 3222
Pty
Ltd
Principal:Colin Nash PhD FAusIMM(CP) MAIG
AIG NEWS No 86, November 200622 IMPORTANT ISSUES
For the latest in Geoscientist news, views, codes, events,
employment and education visit the AIG website:
wwwwww..aaiigg..oorrgg..aauu
Expressions of Interest
THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, through its new
AMIRA project P874 being managed by Professor Allan White
and Dr Amarendra Changkakoti, is developing a complete listing
of all Australian geoscience theses in collaboration with all other
Australian universities. The listing currently contains about
10,000 titles and sponsored by 18 companies and government
agencies.
This listing will ultimately be lodged in the global
not-for-profit mineral deposits database Data Metallogenica
(www.datametallogenica.com), owned and operated by AMIRA
International on behalf of the minerals industry and associated
institutions. DM is sponsored by the AIG with individual members
having the right to access at a 50% discount rate.
To maximise the value of this database, the University of
Melbourne is seeking permission from authors to also include
copies of as many thesis abstracts as possible (particularly those
relating to economic geology and key regional studies) and, if
available, full digital copies of the theses.
The value of such a database to researchers, industry andgovernment personnel would be very high through:
• Making known the existence and general substance of the
research work
• Indicating the primary location of the original theses
• Minimising repetition of previous research.
AIG will have the Adobe PDF permission form placed on the AIG
website for members to fill in and send. ▲▲
Australian GeoscienceThesis Database
Applied Hydrogeophysics
Vereecken, H. Binley, A. Cassiani, G..2006 | Springer | book | hbk. |
1402049102 | AUD $261.63 inc GST
This book focuses on how hydrogeophysical methods can be applied
to solve problems facing environmental engineers, geophysicists,
agronomists, hydrologists, soil scientists and hydrogeologists. It
present applications of hydrogeophysical methods to the
understanding of hydrological processes and environmental problems
dealing with the flow of water and the transport of solutes and
contaminants. The majority of the book is organized as a series of
process-driven chapters, each authored by leading experts.
Encyclopedia of European and Asian regionalgeology
Moores, E.M. Fairbridge, R.W.2006 | Springer | book with web access
| 1402048653 | AUD $908.57 inc GST, AUD $825.97 ex GST
This unique volume, organized alphabetically by country, provides a
current overview of the general geology of Europe and Asia,
excluding the Arab countries and Israel. Articles primarily contain
information about the stratigraphy, structure, tectonics and natural
resources of each country, as well as a history of geological
exploration and other issues unique to each country. Additional
articles cover international subjects such as Europe, Asia, the Alps,
Caucasus, Himalayas and Tien Shan mountains. Many articles are
new syntheses, e.g. those on Iceland, Burma and the Philippines;
some are first-time descriptions in English, e.g. those on Estonia,
Moldova, Bosnia and Turkmenistan; others are published for the first
time ever in any language e.g. those articles on Italy, Korea and
Vietnam.
New Texts
As advised by DA Books in Melbourne
APPLICATIONS ARE INVITED from
members wishing to serve on the following
committees. All that is required is an email
to [email protected] with a CV and a maximum
100 word statement of your interest in applying.
Applications close 24 December 2006.
Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC)
AIG's has four members on JORC (see http://www.jorc.org/). A
vacancy currently exists for a suitably qualified and experienced
AIG member to join JORC.
AIG Complaints Committee
The Complaints Committee investigates allegations concerning
breaches of the Code of Ethics, JORC or VALMIN codes and if
sufficient evidence exists, makes a recommendation to the Ethics
and Standards Committee that there is a case to be answered.
Council is seeking expressions of interest from members to serve on
a panel from which one or two members with experience relevant to
a particular complaint will be drawn to form the Complaints
Committee in that instance. Ideally, the panel would encompass
experience in a wide variety of commodities and fields of practice.
AIG Ethics and Standards Committee
The Ethics and Standards Committee has a judicial role involving:
• review of the information and recommendations in the
complaint file provided by the Complaints Committee;
• if necessary, conduct of a hearing into the allegation;
• making findings relating to the admissibility of evidence,
degree of negligence versus intent, and deciding an appropriate
penalty taking into account previous professional history of
respondent and early admissions of culpability
Council is seeking expressions of interest from experienced
professionals (up to 5) to serve on the Ethics and Standards
Committee. An application from a member with administrative law
experience would be very welcome. ▲▲
23AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 BRANCH NEWS
Vector Research Pty Ltd
ABN 80 086 727 273
Stephen T. Mudge
BSc (Hons), Dip Comp Sc, FAusIMM, FAIG
Consulting Geophysicist
• Geophysical data processing for exploration targetting
• TargetMapTM
targets linears, patterns, textures; maps
through overburden: magnetics, gravity and radiometrics
• TargetTEMTM
targets conductors in transient electro-
magnetics (TEM): GEOTEM, TEMPEST, HOISTEM etc
PO Box 1133, Nedlands WA 6909, Australia
Web: www.vecresearch.com
Phone/Fax: +61 8 9386-8894
Email: [email protected]
AGM Report — AIG Victorian Branch
THE VICTORIAN BRANCH recently held its Annual General
Meeting in the historic mining town of Ballarat. It was well
attended, attracting 28 geologists from across Victoria
representing roles in mining, exploration, hydrogeology,
government, consulting and education (lecturers and students).
Separate presentations were made by this year's Victorian winners of
the AIG Bursarys (Laura Gow, Rebecca Turnbull and Alex Farrar)
and these were well received by the audience.
The 2006 WH Cundy Medal (our local prize for recognising
outstanding professional contributions to a geoscientific development,
project or problem) was presented to SKM hydrogeologist Ryan
Morris for his role in providing professional geoscientific knowledge
in a number of groundwater projects.
The Chairman reviewed the past year's activities, which included
GPIC meetings, social events and the successful running of a field
excursion to gold operations in Victoria as part of the Australian
Earth Sciences Convention held here in July. He also mooted the
developments underway for holding another local workshop on
exploration based on the successful Core Logging Workshop held
last year.
The 2005-2006 Committee retired and the usual nominations and
elections held which returned all office bearers demonstrating the
strength of the current committee and the support that it receives from
Victorian members.
The incoming committee comprises Chairman Rod Fraser, Secretary
Don Cherry, Treasurer Rod Boucher supported by general committee
members Martin Robinson, Geoff Turner, Rowland Hill, Tim Evans
and Phil Kinghorn.
cheers
Don Cherry, Natural Resource Analyst — Geologist
Australian Institute of Geoscientists
Victorian Branch Committee
Mineral ExplorationUndercover
A one-day seminar with emphasis on problems and practice
in the south east of Australia
Friday, 23rd February, 2007
Spring Street Conference Centre, Melbourne
Themes:
1. New Developments & Methods: state of current research,
CRC LEME, CRC PMD, etc
2. Proven Methodologies: surface geochemistry, geophysics,
drilling methods
3. Industry Developments: targeting, case histories
4. Problems: deep aquifers, basalt cover, communities,
environment
Corresponding with these themes will be 4 sessions, of 3
presentations of 30 minutes (total) each. The sessions will have 30
min and 1 hour breaks. There will be provision for poster displays.
Further information from:
Don Cherry, Secretary, AIG Victoria Branch
PO Box 1124 Strathfieldsaye, Victoria, 3551
Email: [email protected] Mob: 0428 57 1945
Registration forms and program to be posted on
http://www.aig.org.au/Events.asp
If your name is not on the current Victorian Members email list,
send an email to Don Cherry so you can be sent registration forms
and program.
AIG NEWS No 86, November 200624 EDUCATION
New Post Graduate Geostatistics Course atUniversity of Adelaide
The University of Adelaide advises a new postgraduate course of
Master of Geostatistics will be offered in 2007.
The Master of Geostatistics provides theoretical background and
intensive practical training in geostatistics with particular emphasis on
its applications to mineral resource evaluation, geological modelling,
geo-technical modelling, hydrocarbon reservoir characterisation and
the modelling and prediction of environmental variables. The
program is based on practical applications and a major aim is to equip
graduates with the techniques necessary for immediate application to
problem solving in industry and applied science. This is a 36-unit
program comprising 24 units of coursework and 12 units of project
work. Study mode can be traditional or short-course mode.
Students will choose one of the following specialisations:
• Mineral Resource Evaluation
• Hydrocarbon Resources & Reservoir Modelling
• Environmental Engineering & Groundwater Modelling
• Geotechnical Engineering
The course runs for one and one half years and will cost $18,000.
Study can be internal/external, full/part-time or short-course study,
with either a February or July start to the course.
This course is considered a desirable requisite for younger members
Louis Hissinkof AIG to achieve professional competence as well as for older
members not familiar with geostatistics.
Prof Ian Plimer also advises that the university has started a new
undergraduate mining engineering course starting in 2007. The
university's year 10-12 promotion campaign exceeded expectations and
will probably not have enough places for all the interested students.
Only 30 places have been allocated for the 2007 academic year.
The only other places offering mining engineering course are The
Kalgoorlie School of Mines, The University of New South Wales and
The University of Queensland.
As we all are aware, there is a chronic shortage of all professions in
the mining and exploration industries. One of the more interesting
aspects of the current mining boom is the absence of young geologists
in the field — most if not all the geologists manning the drilling rig
programs are the last boom's dinosaurs, your editor included.
Another worrying development is the belief that modern exploration
can be done solely within the computerised GIS environment. A
recent WA AIG committee meeting discovered that previous skills of
underground mapping, let alone surface mapping, are being lost with
the principal reason for this being the growth industry of safety and
occupational health. No more climbing up and down stopes or in open
pits to map the rocks.
These days it seems all to be done with remote sensing equipment.
AIG hopes to run mapping courses in Kalgoorlie next year to address
this serious loss of skills in the geological profession. ▲▲
EDUCATION ACTIVITIES IN the last few weeks have focussed
on the presentation of AIG bursaries to the 2006 bursary winners.
Winners in Victoria were invited to give presentations at the Victorian
state branch AGM in Ballarat in September. Members of the NSW
state branch will be presenting bursaries to students at the Macquarie
University Geoscience Society dinner in November. In addition, Ed
Saunders, winner of the 2006 SMEDG-AIG Honours bursary will
give a presentation on the Tropicana Gold Deposit, WA, at a SMEDG
meeting in Sydney on the 23rd November (5.30 for 6.00 pm, Rugby
Club, Rugby Lane — see the SMEDG website for details
http://www.smedg.org.au/).
Our colleagues in other organisations have also
been busy with education activities. The GSA will
be attending CONASTA (Conference of the
Australian Science Teachers Organisation) in
Perth next year, and will operate a booth and
launch a range of new and reworked teacher-
student geoscience resources. Greg McNamara
from the GSA has organised a number of speakers
for the conference on topics such as uranium,
geothermal energy, biogeochemical exploration,
groundwater, and oil and gas. In addition, the
Mining Hall of Fame and GSWA have put
together proposals for geology and mining-related
conference excursions.
For further information on geoscience activities at
the conference contact Greg McNamara from the
GSA ([email protected]) or Leanne
Gunther from the Mining Hall of Fame in Perth
Best wishes for a happy and relaxed Christmas
season. ▲▲
25AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 EDUCATION
SP
ON
SO
RS
of
the
AIG
GE
OS
CIE
NC
E B
UR
SA
RIE
S
Diamond Sponsor
Chris Bonwick
ssppoonnssoorriinngg tthheeBonwick-AIG Geoscience Student Bursaries
Platinum Sponsors
Cryptodome Pty Ltd
ssppoonnssoorriinngg tthheeCryptodome-AIG Geoscience Student Bursary
Office of Minerals & Energy PIRSA
ssppoonnssoorriinngg tthheePIRSA-AIG Geoscience Student Bursary
Sydney Mineral Exploration Discussion Group
ssppoonnssoorriinngg tthheeSMEDG-AIG Geoscience Student Bursary
Terra Search Pty Ltd
ssppoonnssoorriinngg tthheeTerra Search-AIG Geoscience Student Bursaries
Gold SponsorsGnomic Exploration Services Pty Ltd
Silver SponsorsActivEx Limited
Lantana Exploration Pty Ltd
TThhee AAIIGG wwiisshheess ttoo tthhaannkk tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg iinnddiivviidduuaallss aanndd oorrggaanniissaattiioonnss
ffoorr tthheeiirr ssuuppppoorrtt ooff tthhee GGeeoosscciieennccee SSttuuddeenntt BBuurrssaarriieess
Education Report
Kaylene Camuti (Chair, Education Committee)
Brabham Award
Long time AIG member Garry Brabham accepts the AIG bursary
from AIG WA Branch Marcus Harris on behalf of his daughter Ria
Brabham whose project abstract appeared in AIG News 85 and
who is currently working for BHP Billiton.
AIG NEWS No 86, November 200626 KNOW YOUR COUNCILLOR
Know Your Councillor: Geoff Turner
GEOFF GREW UP IN ADELAIDE, and after a brief stint as
science teacher in the Northern Territory decided that there was
an easier way to live life — so he became a Powder Monkey in a
remote barytes mine on the WA-NT border, followed by drilling
and blasting in a tin mine north of Pine Creek.
Thus kindling a strong interest in rocks, he went back to Adelaide
University to get some qualifications in Geology — just in time to
experience the first post-nickel boom recession in the mid 70s. But
experience as a Field Assistant with a large exploration company in
the uranium industry proved invaluable in later life as a Project
Geologist (learning such tricks as collecting a whole series of
stream sediment samples from one
site under the shade of a Snappy
Gum in some remote creek outside
of Alice Springs). Geoff quickly
learnt that exploration geology
involved more than just rocks - axe
and chain saw maintenance, camp
construction, repairing 4 punctures a
day and more.
The late 1970s and its either uranium
or tin. Geoff remembers picking up a
rock near the abandoned The Granites
Mine, returning a gold assay of 8.5
gm/t and asking his supervisor what
sort of gold grades would be
important — "Oh, at least 1/2 oz per
tonne" was the reply, so they left the
site for others to come in!
Since 1981, its been gold, with
the occasional dip into base
metals. Gold took Geoff to
Victoria, Qld, NSW, Ghana,
Kalgoorlie and back to Victoria.
By this stage Geoff realised that
he had been getting quite a lot
from the profession, so decided
to put something back. In
Bendigo, he was founding member of GPIC-Bendigo, a
professional interest discussion and social group, organised along
similar ideals as SMEDG. GPIC
is still active, but these days with
work pressures does not meet
often enough.
The success of GPIC led to the re-
establishment of the Victorian
branch of the AIG and a number
of conferences organised in the
"Recent Developments in
Victorian Geology" series, as
well as the HEMI (Heritage,
Environment and Mineral
Industry) conference in 2000.
Geoff became AIG Councillor in
May 1999, Treasurer in 2000 and
was Vice President from 2002-
2004. Geoff represents the
interests of the AIG on the
Recognition of Overseas
Professional Organisations (ROPO) Committee which reports to
JORC and ASX.
Geoff married Judith Jones almost 30 years ago, and two boys
encouraged them to settle in one place - 13 years now! Bendigo is
an ideal city for a geologist, being only a few hours from anywhere
else in the civilised world. The invaluable support from Judith and
the boys has allowed Geoff to pursue his career interest,
culminating in the creation of his successful service company,
Exploration Management Services P/L. EMS has played a key role
in the discovery of gold mineralisation under thick sequences of
Murray Basin cover north of Bendigo.
New Challenge ResourcesPty Ltd
Details: http://users.bigpond.net.au/newchall/
COPPER - ZINC - TIN - GOLD
BALFOUR PROJECT AVAILABLE
COPPER - ZINC - TIN - GOLD
27AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 GENERAL
Ross Logan and AssociatesAIG, GSA, SEG
Geological ConsultantsABN 87 082254457
• Hands-on project management and evaluation fromgrass roots to feasibility
• Target generation, brown and greenfields exploration• Extensive exposure to Carpentarian Sedex lead-zinc• Copper and gold experience throughout Australia• 30 years in the resource sector, Australia and Argentina
P.O. Box 1277Coorparoo DC Qld 4151Phone +61 7 3891 7075
Email: [email protected]/rsquared
(This article was recently published by Spiked-Online)
“I could put you with a family and you count how many times in
a day that family smile, if you could measure stress. Then I put
you with a family well off, or in New York or London, and you
count how many times people smile and measure stress… Then
you tell me who is rich and who is poor.”
These are the words of Mark Fenn, World Wide Fund for Nature's
American representative in southern Madagascar, arguing that poverty-
stricken people are often happier and more content than rich people.
This jaw-dropping example of the low horizons informing the work of
many environmentalists is captured very well in a new documentary,
Mine Your Own Business, by Phelim McAleer and Ann McElhinney.
McAleer, a journalist from Northern Ireland, began to question his
own environmentalist sympathies when posted to Romania by the
Financial Times in 2000, especially when he investigated the
campaign to prevent the opening of an opencast gold mine in the
village of Rosia Montana in the Transylvanian mountains. I have
also been to the village and my research on the proposed goldmine
and the environmentalist opposition to it echoes many of the
findings of McAleer's film (see 'If the gold mine doesn't happen,
our village will die').
The film, which had its European premiere in London last week, is a
welcome antidote to the increasingly one-sided, anti-development
polemic one hears in debates over projects in the developing world. It
investigates three mega mining projects in Romania, Madagascar and
Chile. The film also manages to give the often environmentalist-led
opposition to the projects enough space to argue their case, and as
with Fenn, enough rope to hang themselves.
Fenn, in attempting to explain to Gheorghe Lucian, an unemployed
Romanian miner, that Lucian didn't really understand what poverty
was, displays the often hidden and insidious side of the
environmentalist worldview. Lucian, who lives in Rosia Montana,
was flown to Madagascar and Chile by McAleer and McElhinney to
confront environmental activists seeking to prevent development
projects that could alleviate real poverty.
Fenn's Madagascan hairshirt lecture comes soon after we are shown
the building site for Fenn's proposed luxury new house and his newly
purchased £20,000 catamaran. But Fenn's argument, that the proposed
new mine would destroy the harmony and traditions of local village
life and would have a detrimental impact on the environment, is not
new to Lucian. This mantra is being used to halt the similar project in
his village back in Romania.
Lucian knows all about those
who romanticise poverty. The
campaign against the mine in
his village promotes a
romantic and idealised view
of the traditional 'lifestyles'
of the community. In Mine
Your Own Business,
Françoise Heidebroek, a
Belgian opponent of the
Rosia Montana gold
mine, argues that
villagers prefer to use
horses rather than cars,
and prefer to rely on
'traditional cattle raising, small agriculture, wood
processing' to live.
What she leaves out of her valorisation of village 'lifestyles' is the fact
that there is 70 per cent unemployment in Rosia Montana, and average
income levels are just one-third of the national average. Over one in
10 people survive on the equivalent of 85p per day. Two-thirds of
local people have no running water and rely on an outside toilet in
winters where the temperature can plummet to minus 25 degrees
Celsius. This is rural poverty writ large. Yet for many of those
opposing the mine and similar projects, as Mine Your Own Business
shows, this 'lifestyle' is portrayed as preferable to the life realised from
a working mine and billions of dollars of investment in the valley.
The film suggests that many of those opposing these projects don't
actually live in the villages they are trying to 'protect'. Whilst true in
most cases, in a sense it doesn't matter whether they live there or not.
These back-to-the-land advocates believe they know best and they are
determined to prevent any development that can alter a lifestyle they
wish to preserve in mud, if not stone.
Mine Your Own Business is also a timely retort to the film New
Eldorado, directed by the Hungarian Tibor Kocsis. That documentary,
filmed in and around Rosia Montana over a number of years, purports
to let people in the area speak for themselves, as it makes its case
against the mine.
Perhaps the most outrageous statement in New Eldorado comes from
Françoise Heidebroek: 'This region which is probably one of the last
paradises in Europe, where we have wild animals, we have wolf, we
have bears, extraordinary birds here, this place should be a natural
park. All around the world everybody has [fallen] in love with his
place and everybody comes here says I want to have a place in that
incredible paradise.'
Rosia Montana is no paradise; it's an area dependent on, and scarred
by the mono-industry of gold mining. Such mining is exhausting and
thankless work, and would hardly be anybody's idea of an ideal job.
Yet, the desire among the locals to see the mine opened illustrates their
belief that this new mine is the last chance the village has to escape its
imminent decline. The valley certainly deserves better than the
travesty of the truth that is New Eldorado - and it's got it with Mine
Your Own Business.
For further information, visit the Mine Your Own Business website.
Kirk Leech
Mine Your Own Business — a Provocative Documentary
AIG NEWS No 86, November 200628 MEMBERSHIP NEWS
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PETER SWIRIDIUKExploration Consultant
(MAIG, ASEG)
QueenslandPhone: (61) +411 643 199
29AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 MEMBERSHIP NEWS
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Cont. Overleaf
AIG NEWS No 86, November 200630 MEMBERSHIP NEWS
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PROSPECTIVITY MAPPING SERVICES
A.B.N. 78 956 215 312
8 Denic Rise LEEMING, WA 6149
Telephone: (+61 8) 9310 9320
Mobile: 0408 844 985
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.prospectivity.com.au
Lyle A. Burgess B.Sc Adv, FAusIMM, MAIG
33 years geological & technical experience
• Specialising in exploration targeting with GIS
• Expertise in ArcInfo, ArcView, MapInfo and ER Mapper
• Prioritise targets for better planning & more efficient exploration
31AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 MEMBERSHIP NEWS
Membership Update
FELLOWS
COX Roy
MEMBERS
BELL Jonathan
BUSBRIDGE Michael
CAHILL Justine
DAVID Katarina
DE LARGIE Dean
DUERDEN Peter
EASTWOOD Anne
FAULKNER Leon
FERGUSON Grant
GREEN Deborah
HARVEY Marianne
HAWLEY Aaron
HILL Andy
INGRAM Trevor
JONES Michael
JUPP Ruth
KALINAJ Miroslav
LEGG Justin
LYONS Karyn
MABESERE Titus
MANENJI Nhamoinesu
MAY Richard
MWALE Giddy
NEMATADZIRA Chiedza
PRESTON Bruce
PRIOR Toby
PUGH Stephen
SAUL Gordon
SHEEHAN Emma
• 18 years experience - porphyry
Cu/Au, epithermal Au and PGM
• Grass roots to advanced projects
• Digital map production and on-screen
interpretation
Burrell Exploration Services Pty Ltd(Established 1998)
Paul Burrell - Contract Geologist
10416 Mid Western
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PO Box 31
Cowra NSW 2794
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Phone/Fax: 02 6342 5124 Mobile: 0418 441 585
Email: [email protected]
SILVIO Nathaniel
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GRADUATE MEMBERS
GREEN Geoffrey
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STUDENT MEMBERS
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MONG Michael
ROSS Steven
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SVEDAS Rhiannon
TURVEY Cassandra
WHITE Stephanie
WINDSOR Mary
New Members and Upgrades at the September Council Meeting 2006
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AIG AIG NEWS No 86, November 200632
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AADDVVEERRTTIISSEEMMEENNTTSSAIG News provides an ideal opportunity to advertise yourcompany and services to the AIG membership throughoutAustralia (and some overseas),There are about 1,300 memberswho receive the newsletter four times per year. Please contactthe Editor for further details or to book advertising.
Prices are inclusive of GSTSSiizzee (Dimensions – w x h) PPeerr IIssssuueeFull page (18 x 26.4 cm) $545Three quarter page (18 x 20 cm) $458Half page (18 x 13 cm or 9 x 26.4 cm) $372Third page (l8 x 9 cm) $273Quarter page (18 x 7.5 cm or 9 x 13 cm) $198Business card - Members (9 x 5.5 cm) $25Business card - Non Members (9 x 5.5 cm) $125IInnsseerrttssPre-printed (1 page) $453Pre-printed (2 pages) $495Pre-printed (3 or more pages) By negotiation and weightIncluding printing By negotiation
The AAIIGG WWeebbssiittee in currently undergoing a majorupdate. Comments on content suggestions or new
features should be directed to Andrew Waltho([email protected]