Australian Housing Researcher’s Conference 18-20 February ... · Collaborative Research through...
Transcript of Australian Housing Researcher’s Conference 18-20 February ... · Collaborative Research through...
Australian Housing Researcher’s Conference
18-20 February 2015, Hobart, Australia
Dr Judy A Kraatz, Senior Research Fellow, Urban Research Program, Griffith University
Johanna Mitchell, PhD Candidate, Curtin University
Dr Annie Matan, Senior Lecturer, Curtin University
Professor Peter Newman, Curtin University
Rethinking social housing (e6) efficiency - effectiveness - equity - economy - environment - evaluation
Program 1 - Greening the Built Environment
Program 2 - Creating Innovation & Safety Cultures
Program 3 - Productivity through Procurement
» A nation-wide collaborative research centre
» Industry, government and research partners
» Applied research and industry outreach across 3 integrated themes
Mission: To be a world-class research and knowledge
broker in sustainable infrastructure and building design,
construction and management
Collaborative Research through Australia’s SBEnrc
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QUT / CSIRO
Construction Research Alliance
1996
2001
2009
2010
2015 www.sbenrc.com.au
SBEnrc Core Partners
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SBEnrc Collaborating Partners
Rethinking social housing: the team
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Project partners:
• WA Housing
• National Affordable Housing Consortium Qld
• Griffith University – Urban Research Program
• Curtin University Sustainability Program
Other Project Steering Group participants :
• Owen Donald - Independent Chairperson
• Access Housing WA
• Andre Brits – Logan City
• Sonia Keep – Common Ground Brisbane
• Gary Adsett – Y-Care, Logan
Motivation:
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To create a framework to better articulate the value of social housing
to the Australian community and economy:
In an era of less wealth and a serious housing shortage immediately after WW2,
Australia built – from virtually nothing – a public housing system that grew to
326,000 dwellings in 1996 (5.2% of the total housing stock)…
One and a half decades on, in a context of a long economic boom and
considerably greater wealth, the numbers have fallen to 315,000 dwellings or 4.1%
of the stock…
What has occurred has been the creation of a funding and policy environment in
which public housing – indeed social housing generally – it no longer values as it
was in the decades from WW2 to the 1980s. Public housing is not regarded as a
priority by governments, especially in comparison with health and education
(Jacobs, Atkinson, Spinney et al. 2010, p.6.) - (Groenhardt & Burke 2014)
Rethinking social housing
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Context: Balancing the investment>satisfaction>outcomes continuum of social housing provision (drawing upon Fujiwara 2013)
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Rethinking social housing:
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Review & analysis of literature - international and Australia
best-practice in the delivery of social housing programs
Build on existing/current research
Areas for specific investigation include:
• definitions, datasets, benchmarks, measures, and metrics
• characteristics of an effective & sustainable system of
delivery
• direct & indirect costs
• benefits & costs of pathways to effective ownership
• innovative models for delivery
• productivity –macro-economic, fiscal & construction industry
STRATEGIC EVALUATION FRAMEWORK (e6) outcomes focus drawing on: Social Cost-Benefit (UK Green Book) Social Return on Investment (Ravi & Reinhardt) Wellbeing Valuation Approach (Fujiwara) Cost Benefit Analysis (/unit cost)
Phase 1 (2014/15) Objective - social housing future phases to address other housing affordability options e.g. rental assistance; shared equity
RETHINKING SOCIAL HOUSING (e6) - CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR PROPOSED POLICY-BASED APPROACH
OUTCOMES & METRICS EXAMPLES
TENANTS OUTCOMES direct and flow-on effects of
housing assistance
Employment – ↑security Education - ↑participation Health - ↑ health & well-
being Urban - ↑ street scapes
Financial - ↑financial security
↑INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH
TENANT OUTCOMES FOCUS:
•Employment •Education
•Health & well-being •Social engagement
MACROECONOMIC BENEFITS Productivity improvement & growth in the housing sector
(externalities)
PRODUCTIVITY FOCUS: •↑ productivity in residential
construction sector •↑ productivity as a result of
↑ workforce engagement (through ↑ security of housing to those previously excluded)
•Resource and location efficient housing
•Growth in residential construction sector through ↑
institutional investment
↑ productivity in: Task – construction activity
Project – new residential units Firm – housing agency Sub-sector – residential /
social housing Industry - construction Growth - institutional
investment
OUTCOMES & METRICS EXAMPLES
FISCAL BENEFITS revenue increases through
benefits of improved tenant engagement
Employment – ↑tax revenue Health - ↓ costs to system
Community - ↓dispute costs Urban - ↑ investment
Social - ↓ reduced delinquency/ recidivism
Financial - not cycling through emergency housing system
↑ FISCAL PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH ADDITIONALITY
FOCUS: •Employment
•Education •Health & well-being •Social engagement •Move along housing
continuum
OUTCOMES & METRICS EXAMPLES
NON- ECONOMIC BENEFITS Improved environmental &
resource outcomes; improved social capital
↑ LIFE CYCLE PRODUCTIVITY •Environmental benefits
through more effective water &energy consumption
• Resource benefits through ↓ construction/demolition waste •Community benefits leading
to ↑ social capital from ↑ neighbourhood & community
engagement •Improved affordability
•Improved design quality
Environmental – ↓consumption
Resource efficiency - ↑ productivity
Social capital - ↑ neighbourhood relationships
OUTCOMES & METRICS EXAMPLES
To development a provisional Strategic Evaluation Framework
(e6) for social housing delivery
To allow for the on-going testing, quantification and benchmarking of
key criteria such as:
• Viability; matching between stock and users; growth; what
needs does it address; characteristics of the future system.
• Perception-checking of value to identified stakeholders
• Acceptability of various technology-based cost saving
options
• Externalities and values, including boundaries
• What data exists and how to integrate
• Tracking of broader non-housing relating outcomes
Rethinking social housing: stage 1 goal
Understanding the environment #1: characteristics of effective delivery systems
Social housing is delivered in a multitude of ways across the developed
world - evolved out of particular cultural, political, policy, legal and
financial and economic norms within each country.
Emerging from the initial literature review, the following characteristics of
delivery systems appear to be important factors, regardless of
contextual variation:
• A comprehensive housing strategy
• Working collaboratively in delivery
• Security of tenure
• Having a say in one’s housing management
• Social mix
• Designated development authority
Understanding the environment #2: benefits & costs of the various pathways
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Governments influence the availability of affordable housing through - • demand-side tools such as rental assistance & first home owners grant • supply measures - direct provision; providing subsidies, public grants,
&incentives ; providing land for affordable housing development; & inclusionary zoning
Current government responsibilities that directly affect housing
Commonwealth Rent Assistance
State rental assistance schemes
Public housing
Community housing
Land release and zoning
Planning and development
regulation (incldeveloper and infrastructure
charges)
First Home Owner Grants
Homelessness services
Tax settings (incl stamp duty, land tax, rates)
Remote Indigenous
housing
Regulation of building and construction
Financial regulation (incl
superannuation)
Immigration policy (incl
international students)
Social security income and
assets testingPublic transport
Fiscal policyRegulation of not-for-profit organisations
Regulation of foreign
investment
Tax settings (inclcapital gains tax, negative gearing,
GST, superannuation)
Infrastructure development
Current government responsibilities that indirectly affect housing
(Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2014)
Understanding the environment #3: innovative models
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Innovative partnerships and financing arrangements exist - mix of public, private and third sector community provider funds.
• value capture - equity model - capital gains that arise from planning approvals/ new zoning captured through tax or other means to enable would-be windfall profit for landowners to be invested into infrastructure
• community land trust - community not-for-profit organisation that holds parcels of land within a designated area in perpetuity for the common good, essentially removing land from speculative market
• cooperative models - co-operatives that form for the purpose of self-building multi-unit developments. By pooling capital together
Also likely new models will emerge.
Some current evaluation frameworks/tools
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Systems Authors / Commentators
Key Features
Social Return on Investment (SROI)
(Ravi and Reinhardt 2011)
Maps the value of the work of an organisation by placing monetary values on social outputs; represented by a ratio of social gain from $1 of investment
Social accounting Approach to reporting - relates to the social, environmental and financial impact which an organisation has had - considers the extent to which an organisation is meeting its (usually pre-determined) social or ethical goals
Well-being valuation analysis (WVA)
(Fujiwara 2014) Builds on cost-benefit & SROI analyses UK examples, metrics and calculator available
Social Impact Value Calculator
(Campbell Collaboration 2014)
Simple excel tool to provide support to apply the values in the Social Value Bank to community investment activities
Financial feasibility analysis, post-occupancy evaluation
(Milligan, Phibbs et al. 2007)
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
(Parkinson, Ong et al. 2013), (Pawson, Milligan et al. 2014)
Ratio of housing costs to value of housing benefits
Social Cost Benefit Analysis
(HM Treasury 2011) Assess the net value of a policy or project to society as a whole
Cost consequence analysis (CCA)
(Parkinson, Ong et al. 2013), (Pawson, Milligan et al. 2014)
Housing costs per tenant year
Cost effectiveness evaluation (CEE)
(Parkinson, Ong et al. 2013), (Pawson, Milligan et al. 2014)
Disaggregated housing costs and tenant outcome measures
Current outcomes, indicators and metrics
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Differentiating outputs & outcomes(HM Treasury 2011)
Indicators will be identified from several sectors :
• Housing – e.g. employment, education, health, well-being, social,
community, urban, financial and housing objectives
• Construction industry metrics –e.g. KPIs & project management metrics
• Economic measures – e.g. workforce engagement, productivity
Drawing from: Randolph and Judd 2001; Bridge, Flatau et al. 2003; Judd and Randolph 2006;
Bridge, Flatau et al. 2007; Milligan, Phibbs et al. 2007; Monk and Whitehead 2010; Ravi and
Reinhardt 2011; Bröchner and Olofsson 2012; Wood and Cigdem 2012; Fujiwara 2013; Fujiwara
2014; Trotter and Vine 2014; Pawson, Milligan et al. 2014; Carboni 2014, GRI 2014.
Indicator cascade (Carboni 2014)
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Test
Case
Study -
Qld
Test
Case
Study -
WA
Pilot
develop Strategic Evaluation Framework e6
economy, efficiency,
effectiveness,
equity, environment
& evaluation
Aug 14 SBEnrc Project 1.31 Sept 15
Feedback
&
Reporting
Draft
framework
Industry
Report
Journal /
conference
papers
Day-to-day Property
Management
(Dynamic)
Asset
Management
Portfolio
Management
Medium to
long term
Str
ate
gic
eva
lua
tio
n f
ram
ew
ork
Trial
Requiring
Funding
Funding
options incl.:
•ARC
Linkage
2015-18
•SBEnrc
15/16
•Other?
Distil and define with
project partners;
gather existing metrics
and benchmarks
Financial
Housing
Social
Urban
Distil & define
objectives &
Indicators
Health
Employment
Education
Community
Well-being
Determine
granularity of data
and time frame for
each indicator
Refine criteria &
consider additional
parameters:
timescale & locality,
geography
Develop Strategy
Applicable to future
innovative delivery
models through:
- Anticipating
challenges
- novel alternatives
& models
Enable assessment
of productivity
benefits:
•Macro-economic
•Tenants benefits
•Fiscal benefits
•Non-economic –
environmental &
social
Thank you – comments & feed-back welcome