Australian Australian History Unit History Unit

33Imagining Imagining AustraliaAustralia

Orientation – Week 1Lesson Foci:

1.Students will be able to familiarise themselves with the four areas of study.

2.Students will be able to get their knowledge of AOS#1.

Success Criteria:

I know what the topics for the year will be.

I can get my knowledge ready about the first AOS.

What will you What will you need?need?Text book: Imagining

Australia

Pens, pencils etc.

Highlighter

Folder / Book

Plastic display folder for handouts

Come to class on time ready to learn.

Do the required reading and homework.

Chapter summaries.

Note taking.

Stay organised and don’t fall behind.

Take responsibility for your learning!

Use of GenEd.

ExpectatioExpectationsns

The 4 OutcomesThe 4 Outcomes

Unit 3 Area of Study (AOS) # 1 (Document Analysis)

A new land: Port Phillip District 1830 -1860

Unit 3 AOS # 2 (Research Project)

Nation, race and citizen 1888–1914

Unit 4 AOS # 1 (Essay)

Testing the New Nation 1915-1950

Unit 4 AOS # 2 (Historiography)

Debating Australia’s Future 1960-2000

(Format of SACS)

School Assessed Coursework School Assessed Coursework (SAC)(SAC)The following four assessment tasks must be

taken over Units 3 and 4:

• analysis of visual and/or written documents

• research report

• essay

• historiographical exercise

The SACs make up 50% of your study score.

The other 50% is your EXAM!

You will be completing practice exam questions each week on Wednesdays to get you ready!

KnowledgKnowledgee

Content

SkillsSkills

Document analysis – written and visual

Paragraph writing

Using evidence

Historian perspective

Answering exam questions

Essay writing

Historiography

Report writing

Historical conventions – bibliography and footnotes

Unit 3 OverviewUnit 3 OverviewThis unit focuses on the European

experience in Australia from the early years of the Port Phillip District (later Victoria) through the nineteenth century and up to the eve of World War I. Students are introduced to the visions and ideas which underpinned colonial society and will examine the ways in which they changed over the colonial period. The latter part of the unit focuses on the nature of Australian society around the turn of the twentieth century.

Unit 3 Unit 3 OverviewOverviewArea of Study (AOS) # 1

A new land: Port Phillip District 1830–1860

On completion of this unit the student should be able to explain the motives and

hopes underlying the settlement of the Port Phillip District (later the colony of

Victoria) up to 1860 and the impact on the Indigenous population.

AOS # 2

Nation, race and citizen 1888–1914On completion of this unit the student should be able to analyse the vision

of

nationhood that underpinned the concepts of citizenship, and evaluate its

implementation in the early years of the new nation.

Area of Study (AOS) # 1 Area of Study (AOS) # 1 A new land: Port Phillip District 1830–A new land: Port Phillip District 1830–18601860

On completion of this unit the student should be able to explain the motives and hopes underlying the settlement of the Port Phillip District (later the colony of Victoria) up to 1860 and the impact on the Indigenous population.

What are the two main themes of this outcome?

1)Motives and hopes of settlement up until 1860

2)The impact of this settlement on the Indigenous population.

Getting Knowledge Ready Getting Knowledge Ready – Key Vocabulary – Key Vocabulary

Terra Nullius

Push

Pull

Port Phillip District

Colony

Egalitarian

Frontier

Indigenous

Expansion

Squatter

Migration

Immigrant

Emigrate

Warfare

Gold Rush

Hopes

Fears

Miner

Imperialism

Digger

Aborigine

Melbourne

Vision

Victoria

Motive

Settlement

Impact

New World

Social Class

Social Mobility

Explorer

Lubra

Bearbrass

Uprising

Eureka Stockade

Word Cloud TaskWhat summary can you make about these

words?

What words stand out to you?

What terms do you not know?

PeopleHenty family

John Batman

Katherine Kirkland

S.T Gill

Penelope Selby

Sarah Davenport

Richard Broome

Henry Reynolds

Charles Faye

Geoffrey Spencely

Manning Clark

Historians

Historical and Political Context – PPD 1830Summarise

'Here and There; or, Emigration a 'Here and There; or, Emigration a Remedy'– a 19th century poster Remedy'– a 19th century poster promoting emigration.promoting emigration.

Is this a primary or secondary source?

Where is ‘HERE’?

Where is ‘THERE’?

What are the strengths and limitations of this source?

How would an audience respond to this image?

Punch, 15 July 1848

Area of Study (AOS) # 1 Area of Study (AOS) # 1 A new land: Port Phillip District 1830–1860A new land: Port Phillip District 1830–1860

Prior to 1830

Settlement 1788

Explorers

Convicts

Indigenous Relations – Bennelong, Pemulwuy

John Batman 1835

Read pages 1-7 of textbook

Map of Victoria

Settlement of and migration Settlement of and migration to the PPD and Victoriato the PPD and Victoria

Questions to explore:

What sort of ideas and beliefs stimulated the migration and settlement of the Port Phillip District?

What were the factors which encouraged migration to Port Phillip? (Why do people usually move?)

Are there any similarities and differences among the groups and individuals who migrated to the Port Phillip District between 1835-1860?

How are we going to find the answers to these questions?

DO NOW

Task – Source AnalysisTask – Source AnalysisSource 1.1 pages 9-10

Source 1.2 pages 10-11

Source 1.3 page 11

Complete questions

Select quote(s) from each source which sum up motivation for migration.

Chapter 1 SummaryChapter 1 SummaryWhat sort of ideas and beliefs stimulated the

migration and settlement of the Port Phillip District?

What were the factors (push – pull) which encouraged migration to Port Phillip?

Are there any similarities and differences among the groups and individuals who migrated to the Port Phillip District between 1835-1860?

Chapter 2 pages 18-30Chapter 2 pages 18-30Aborigines and Settlers in Aborigines and Settlers in Port PhillipPort PhillipTraditional Aboriginal Lifestyle

Create a brainstorm

Traditional Aboriginal Lifestyles

Hunting

Methods

Food

Family

Roles

Dreamtim

e

Traditional Aboriginal Traditional Aboriginal LifestylesLifestyles

What was the traditional Aboriginal way of living?

Use the library to find out.

Tools & Weapons

The Dreamtime

Food

Hunting

Ceremonies & Gatherings

Magic & Medicine

Family life (including different roles for men, women & children)

Clothing

Aboriginal Art

Language

Aborigines and settlers in Aborigines and settlers in Port PhillipPort Phillip

Questions to explore

What was the relationship between the land, daily life, cultural and social practices of the Aboriginal communities across Port Phillip?

What was the impact of European farming practices and attitudes to land ownership on cultural practices, traditional food sources and food gathering techniques of Aboriginal communities?

In which ways did Aboriginal communities respond to the changes brought by the Europeans?

What kind of source is it?

Who created it?

What is its viewpoint?

How useful is the source in understanding the past?

What can be learned about the growth of the colony up until this time?

Melbourne Morning Herald, 11 November 1850

(State Library of Victoria, H38464)

1834 – The Henty family arrive in Portland.

1834 – 1851 – Primarily a pastoral community

1850 – PPD separates from New South Wales. Smaller towns and communities are emerging with a focus on agricultural economy.

1851 – The Gold Rush begins

1854 – Eureka Stockade (political reform)

1850s – Building of cultural institutions ie Library making Melbourne a metropolis rather than a colonial outpost.

1860 – Melbourne has suburbs of Richmond and Fiztroy.

By 1860 – the population was “highly literate, urbanised and affluent” (Serle).

Due to the Gold Rush, the people’s visions for the future had shifted from a pastoral community to something greater. It is your job to find out how the Gold Rush dramatically changed the PPD

Towards a “Marvellous Melbourne”

Melbourne 1836

Melbourne 1836This early view of Melbourne, looking north from an elevated perspective, shows the buildings and dwellings close to the river, including the residences of both John Batman and Captain William Lonsdale, and the tent of surveyor WW Darke. The Library also holds a larger version of this painting that includes a legend identifying the buildings and other features depicted. Both versions are executed in a naive style.Melbourne 1836, Reinhold Hofmann

Melbourne, 1836

Melbourne from Collingwood, 1843, J.S. Prout

William Strutt, print after Native Police, Pt. Phillip 1851 from The illustrated Australian Magazine (Melbourne: Ham Brothers, vol. 2, no.9, 1851)

Mount Alexander Goldfields 1852 S.T Gill

Forest Creek 1852 S.T Gill

‘Canvas Town’ 1850s

Collins St Melb 1853 S.T Gill

Swearing Allegiance to the Southern Cross by Charles A Doudiet 1854

Queens and Coles Wharf, Melbourne 1857S.T Gill and J. Tingle

An intercolonial cricket match between Victoria and New South Wales, Melbourne Cricket Ground, 1858.

By Antoine Fauchery and Richard Daintree between late 1857 and early 1859

Resources:

http://www.sbs.com.au/gold/

http://ergo.slv.vic.gov.au/explore-history/golden-victoria

Textbook

Michael Spurr handout

Richard Broome ‘The Colonial Experience’

Sources

The Victorian Gold Rush 1851 - 1860

Due to the Gold Rush, the people’s visions for the future had shifted from a pastoral community to something greater. It is your job to find out how the Gold Rush dramatically changed the PPD

By 1851, the PPD had grown rapidly. Already there were small towns, businesses, a shipping dock and Melbourne was growing into a city.

However, gold brought a huge influx of people from Britain, European countries, American and the China. Wealth and a disposal income allowed for Melbourne to become the “metropolis” (Mirams) of the Southern hemisphere.

Gold is Found!

July, 1851

Clunes, Victoria

James William Esmond.

Population Boom!Statistics = increases from 77,000 to 540,000 (1850 – 1860)

Emergence of canvas towns to accommodate the people.

Legalised by Governor LaTrobe in 1852 and rented at 5 shillings per week.

Men deserted their homes in Melbourne and other areas of Victoria and left for the diggings.

Diverse and multicultural.

A Digger’s LifeSometimes the fantasy of gold did not become

reality.

Hot and dusty, cold and wet, hard labour, mud, flies, sly grog, dysentery and sometimes gold.

The gold fields was a very “masculine society”. (Mirams)

Diggers on way to Bendigo'.Image: S.T Gill

Women and Children on the Gold FieldsToo rough for the respectable woman.

However, many women joined their husbands in the search for gold.

Lack of medical care.

An 1854 census of the Ballarat goldfields found there were 4023 women compared to 12,660 men living on the diggings and only 5 percent of these women were single.

Bush scene, three women panning for goldCourtesy of the La Trobe Picture CollectionState Library of Victoria

• Escaped and ex-convicts, prostitutes, temporary brides and sly grog sellers made up a large part of the female population on the gold fields.

The Chinese

“New Gold Mountain”

Retained their identity and customs on the gold fields unlike the other immigrants.

Resented by the other diggers due to –

Belief they would take the gold out of Australia

Mostly, only the men came to Australia

Distinct cultural differences – habits of living and values. Especially religion.

Working as a group instead of mixing with the other diggers

1854 – 2,000 in Australia

1861 – 25,000 in Victoria

The Chinese

Stereotyped and treated as second class citizens.

Violence and riots against the Chinese.

Bendigo 1854

Generic terms like Chin, Chow, Ching Chong Chinaman, Johnny and Celestial were used to describe the individuals and groups of Chinese alike

Poetry and literature reflected this sentiment. Henry Lawson wrote "He was meaner than a goldfields Chinaman and sharper than a sewer rat".

"general and unanimous rising should take place… for the purpose of driving the Chinese off the goldfield".

Chinese leaving for the diggings. Cobb`s caoch, CastlemaineCourtesy of the La Trobe CollectionState Library of Victoria

Chinese Rites At The Graves Of Their Countrymen by Robert BruceCourtesy of the La Trobe CollectionState Library of Victoria

Social and Cultural Changes Entertainment on the gold fields

Sport – enjoyed at ‘tea’ (break) time

Theatre – only the lucky could afford

Artworks – S.T Gill

Photography

Melbourne – a cultural mecca – Museum, Library and University of Melbourne.

The vision of Melbourne as a centre for arts and culture was endorsed with the funding of buildings and strong structures on which the arts and sciences would flourish. This funding of cultural institutions, such as the State Library of Victoria, the National Gallery of Victoria and the University of Melbourne was a way for the city to display its importance to the world and ensure Melbourne was recognised for the sophisticated, cosmopolitan place it aspired to be. It also created a strong link to the culture of the mother country from which Melbourne sought approval.

Social Changes Cont.

Historian Richard Broome states that culture changed from “a hierarchical pastoral society of big land holders to a bristling gold-driven democracy of small business enterprise”.

Economic ChangesWealth = growth of Melbourne, Ballarat and Bendigo.

The most successful people on the gold fields were the store keepers.

Production = Sheep and cattle for meat, wheat and vegetables.

Profits put back into the towns

Shortage of labour

Increase in wages in both country and city

Banks and lending facilities built in 1857

According to Henry Brown, who ran a store at Bendigo:

"Business did not require any very nice calculations. The plan was to usually to double and treble the Melbourne price."

Economic Cont.

Historian Geoffrey Blainey says before the discovery of gold, graziers were at the mercy of fluctuating overseas prices for wool. But the new population brought by the gold fields meant they could profit from local demand for meat and hides.

"The demand for meat and hides meant that Victoria’s cattle population doubled and the breeding of horses as ‘engines’ for puddling machines, drays and coaches became profitable."

Economic ImpactHigher cost of labour – wages doubled = higher

income for people

Building a domestic market

Changes to agriculture and transport

Transport revolution – trains to Bendigo and Ballarat

Skilled migrants

Political Changes

The miner’s wanted political representation

Charles A Doudiet, Swearing allegiance to the Southern Cross, 1854, watercolour, pen and ink on paper.

Eureka ‘Rebellion’ Stockade1-3 December 1854, Ballarat

Miners (diggers) not happy with taxation without representation

The license fee needed to mine was seen as just a revenue raiser for the Government

No representation for miners

No obvious improvement in infrastructure

Rebellion sparked by murder of James Scobie and arson attack on the Eureka Hotel

According to Peter Lalor, 22 people died

Aftermath, the license fee changed to a miner’s right – pay one pound per year and receive a vote.

Environmental Change

Historian Geoffrey Bolton, the impact of the gold rushes on the environment was ‘almost entirely destructive’.

Images show: mounds of mining waste, treeless hills, mine shafts, races and mud and dust.

No vegetation or greenery to be seen.

Deforestation, pollution, erosion and siltation came with the gold rush.

Impact on Aborigines

Second wave of dispossession which had lasting environment impacts.

Many diggers had a low opinions of the Aborigines

Diggers experience both positive and negative interactions.

• it was a period of continued social dislocation and almost complete government neglect," says historian Michael Christie.

• Many worked on the sheep stations, provided their expertise of the land to gold hungry diggers, engaged in trade with the miners or were members of the Native Police Corps.

The Native Police Corps

One of the most significant and best-documented impacts Aboriginal people had on the gold fields was through the role of the Native Police. Members of the Native Police Corps were the first police on the gold fields.

John Chandler recorded his reaction when he first saw the Native Police Corps in Melbourne.

"They looked enough to frighten any one; their black faces, big white eyes, long moustache, long swords, carbines, and a pair of pistols in their holsters, was a caution to timid people".

Cohunguiam [and] MunightCourtesy of the La Trobe CollectionState Library of Victoria

Visions for the Future

1. Government Reform

2. A ‘Pure’ Victoria

3. Powers of the Victoria Government to be limited

4. An intelligent and informed society

5. Creating a city of knowledge and culture

6. Constructing a metropolis

7. The 8 hour working program

1. Government Reform

Representative and responsible government

Ballarat Reform League – vision of a democracy

“Taxation with representation is a tyranny”

Developments –

- Secret Ballot 1856

- Male Suffrage 1857

- Parliaments must be every three years

2. A Pure VictoriaGovernor Hotham wrote on the continued arrival of the

Chinese:

“Some restrictions should be interposed to the scourge of Chinese immigration with which the colony is threatened.”

Belief that the Chinese were immoral

Beginning with the “Melbourne Punch” which published this cartoon in 1857 and the Lambing Flat riots of 1861 there has been a century and a half of racism in Australia.

3. Powers of the Victorian Government to be limitedCreation of a Victorian Constitution

The First Parliamentary Election, Bendigo, 1855, by Theodore King

4. An Intelligent and Informed SocietyFirst ‘Age’ editorial:

‘We are desirous of producing in Melbourne a newspaper that shall correspond in point of literacy, talent and generally completeness and efficiency with the first-class journals of London…”

5. Creating a city of Knowledge and Culture

State Library of Victoria 1854

University of Melbourne 1854

Exhibition Building 1854

Melbourne Museum 1857

Historian Don Garden – “generally affluent, self-confident, progressive and at times even aggressive”.

“These cultural institutions, built with the wealth that came with gold, demonstrated to the world that Melbourne was a civilised nineteenth-century city”. (Mirams)

6. Constructing a MetropolisBuilding boom

Gothic and neoclassical styles used

Pentridge Prison

Parliament House

- GPO

- State Library

- Melbourne Grammar

Pentridge Prison built in 1850 closed in 1997

7. The 8 Hour Working Day

Campaign initiated by stone masons in February 1856

Campaign culminated in a demonstration on 21st April 1856

Question d) Mini Essay Introduction – state contention (argument)

Explanations and evidence – these will support your contention

Conclusion – include a however sentence. Remember you must show both sides of your contention.