David HarrisResearch Director: Low Emissions Technologies

Australian Biogas, Hydrogen and CCS Research Underpinning clean and efficient energy products from fossil and renewable sources

CSIRO ENERGY

Energy Networks Australia, Gas Seminar Melbourne, 28 June 2017

Australia’s Energy mix

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

2001–02 2003–04 2005–06 2007–08 2009–10 2011–12 2013–14G

Wh

Black coal Brown coalNatural gas RenewablesOther

Australian Electricity Generation

14.9%

21.9%

18.6%

42.6%

• Overall consumption still trending down (-1%yoy)

• Renewables still growing (4%pa) displacing coal

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

1973-74 1978-79 1983-84 1988-89 1993-94 1998-99 2003-04 2008-09 2013-14

PJ

Coal Oil Gas Renewables

Australian Energy Consumption

Source: Australian Energy Update 2015

The carbon intensity of the global economy can be cut by two-thirds through a diversified energy technology mix

Contribution of technology strategies to global cumulative CO2 reductions

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2013 2020 2030 2040 2050

GtC

O2

Renewables 32%

Energy efficiency 32%

Fuel switching 10%

Nuclear 11%

CCS 15%

IEA Energy Technology Perspectives (June 2016)

Key abatement strategies

Technology mix drives global efficiency improvements

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2013

(IEA, 2006)

* Rosemary Falcon, U Witswatersrand, Pittsburgh Coal Conf, 2016

• Average efficiency increases from ~35% to ~40% by 2035• 1% point inc. in efficiency for current ‘average’ plant results in 2-3%

reduction in CO2 emissions– Inc. average from 34% to 40% is equal to ~2 GTpa of CO2 – almost the entire

CO2 emitted from India in 2014. (3x Kyoto protocols, or 195x world solar capacity.*)

Lowering emissions through higher efficiency

1.61.51.41.31.21.11.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.2

30 40 50 60

Brown coal pulverised fuel

Thermal efficiency %

Tonn

es C

O2

per M

Wh

(Ele

ctric

al)

Black coal pulverised fuel

Brown coal Integrated Drying Gasification Combined Cycle

Super/ultra critical pulverised fuelBlack coal Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

Integrated gasification fuel cell

Open cycle gas turbine

Combined cycle gas turbine

In useFuture

Current Australian technology

DCFCDICE

Increasing efficiency enables: • reduced fuel and emissions (lower CCS cost)• smaller plant size (& cost)• Modern fuel cells using gas/syngas/hydrogen

enable total energy efficiencies of >70%

CO2 capture increases costs and reducesefficiency and capacity!• ~30 % capacity reduction for pf

Offset emissions with bio-CO2, H2 etc

BioGas and Energy from WasteEnabling a waste to energy industry in Australia

• Urban waste streams• MSW, green waste, biosolids

• Agricultural residues• Bagasse, cotton gin trash

• Industry wastes and by-products• Timber industry

• Potential Australian resource: ~12GW capacity (240,000 tonnes/day)*• Global WtE market estimated to be ~$30B by 2022*

• Australia does not have an established large-scale waste to energy industry.• Challenges

• Understanding waste conversion technologies; matching technologies to waste types• Fuel preparation and handling requirements• Demonstration of waste gasification and hybrid processes

Biomass TechnologiesEnabling a waste to energy industry in Australia

* Source: Walter Howard, Westingouse Plasma, Australian Waste-to Energy Forum, Feb 2016

Role of BioEnergy in Australia

Waste-to-Energy: Technologies and Supporting R&D to realise a new renewable energy resource | San Shwe Hla | Page 8

Power Generation in Australia480 MW (59%)

209 MW (26%)

124 MW (15%)

BagasseLandfill

gasForest/

Industrial residues

Biogas:• Anaerobic digestion most

commonly used• Biomass/syngas routes

• fuels, hydrogen, power• NG replacement/supplement

Biogas in Australia• Most commercial biogas facilities in Australia

are associated with municipal waste water/biosolids treatment facilities.

• Some uptake of the technology elsewhere (e.g. meat processing plants) • finance, policy, grid connectivity challenges.

• ARENA supports Bioenergy Australia’s involvement in IEA Task 37 • Potential for biogas to deliver a 20% share of

renewables in Australia’s electricity mix in 2020

• Development of appropriate CH4/CO2separation technologies could realise a new, higher-value market for the biogas

https://theconversation.com/biogas-smells-like-a-solution-to-our-energy-and-waste-problems-36136

Cogeneration plants at QUUwww.urbanutilities.com.au

Biogas recovery at JBS Dinmoremeat processing plantwww.wiley.com.au

SNG + Heat & Power

• SNG from biomass is a renewable clean fuel substitute for fossil fuels in heating, CHP and transportation

Gothenburg Biomass Gasification (GoBiGas)

Biomass and waste gasificationRenewable energy from waste

Facility for studying gasification behaviour of biomass and waste streams

Research gasifier• Designed for forestry waste• Can be integrated with gas-to-liquid test facilities• Can be integrated with a 25kW microturbine for

power generation

Microbial Enhancement of Coal Seam Methane MECSM™

• Project aims to enhance biogenic methane production in situ:• Phase 1: Microbial diversity of coal and associated water/ methanogenic

potential of samples• Phase 2: Nutrient optimisation, rate measurements, core flooding and

modelling. • Phase 3: Demonstration of the process in the field

• CSM producing regions of eastern Australia• Sponsored by APLNG (Origin, ConocoPhillips, Sinopec), Santos &

AGL.• Results indicate up to 140 L CH4/tonne/week produced in the field

• Could prolong the life of the field by another 10-30 years

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Australian CCS Demonstration projects• CarbonNet: Feasibility of commercial scale CCS;

• Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) Hydrogen production with CCS• Callide Oxyfuel: Japan/Australian industry collaboration (30MW retrofit)

• Gorgon: Set to be world’s largest commercial scale CCS project• Reduce Gorgon’s GHG by 40%

• Otway: World class CO2 injection testing facility• Significant contribution to international CO2 storage science and engineering

• CCS RD&D• CO2CRC and partners• Capture:

– Post-combustion (PCC)– Solvents, process, – Pilot plant trials

– Pre-combustion (IGCC, H2) • Compression• Storage, monitoring

ETIS

• Learning by doing• 4 operating Pilot plants• 1-3 kt pa CO2 capture• Combinations of:

– Coal type– Solvents– Flue gas properties

Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Pilot PlantsCSIRO and partners

Perspective on PCC cost reductions

Cost reduction 0% 10% 25% 50%

Designer amines

Packing-lesscontactor

Process Intensification

Co-capture of CO2/SO2/NOx

Higher reactivity; low regeneration energy

Capital & operating cost reduction

No FGD

Energy efficiency Lean-Rich

Heat exchanger

To absorber

From absorberMembrane evaporator

Membrane condenser

Reboiler

Regeneration column

H2O

CO2

Steam

H2O

H2O/CO2

Liquid

Vapour/gas Condensate

stirred reaction flask hotplate and stirringcontrol

syn-flue gas in

gas distribution valves

reactor coolingdisk

off gas to impingers

CO2 capture R&D also provides opportunities for solvent technologies in biogas upgrading

• Programs to identify and characterise potential storage sites• Oil and gas fields, saline aquifers

• Coal seams – enhanced coal bed methane (ECBM) opportunities

• Monitoring and verification has a crucial role in understanding environmental impacts and public confidence

• The challenge is to determine and implement the appropriate monitoring needs for a storage site

• Key research partnerships: Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) and the National Geosequestration Laboratory (NGL)

CO2 storage: evaluation and monitoring of storage sites

CO2CRC Otway project

Scaling Challenge for CCS

Source: IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives 2016: Towards Sustainable Urban Energy Systems

Hydrogen

Primary Energy

H2Generation

Storage / Conversion UtilizationIntermediate Intermediate

MethanolProduction (9%)

Ammonia Production(60%)

Petroleum Refining (23%*)

Syngas

Electricity

Traditional Uses (60% of MeOH demand stable, Formaldehyde, Methyl Methacrylate, Methyl Choloride, Acetic Acid)

Energy & Methanol to Olefins (MTO)(40% of MeOH demand growing, Fuel Blending, Fuel Additives eg MTBE, DME, Marine Fuels)

Ammonium Nitrate(Urea Fertilizers, Explosives)

H2

Misc. Chemicals, Metallurgy, FCV’s, Other(8%)

Wind

Solar

Nuclear

Natural Gas

Biogas

Coal

Oil

Biomass

Waste

Electrolysis• Solid Oxide

Electrolysis• PEM• Alkaline Electrolysis

Photocatalysis (Water Splitting) Fermentation

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)*

Gasification (Coal, Biomass, Waste)

Catalytic Partial Oxidation (Oil)

Radiolysis

Thermochemical Cycles

H2

Compression

48%

* ~80% efficiency* Global (BCC Research 2015)

30%

18%

4%

Hydrogen Value Chain

Syngas & Hydrogen Pathways

Renewableseg Solar/Wind H2O

Electrolysis

Ammonia ProductionN2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

Ammonia Cracking

Urea Production2NH3 + CO2 ⇌ H2O + NH2CONH2

CO2 Hydrogenation(Methanol Synthesis)

CO2 + 3H2 ⇌ H2O + CH3OH

Methanation

Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (GTL)

CO + H2 ⇌ H2O + CnH2n+2

HydrogenH2

RefiningChemicalsPowergenFuel Cells

SyngasCO + H2

Dry ReformingCH4 + CO2 ⇌ 2CO + 2H2

3C +O2+H2O → H2+3CO

Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC)

Steam Methane ReformingCH4 + H2O ⇌ CO + 3 H2

Coal Gasification

Pyrolysis

Gasification

Brown

EOR and CO2 storage opportunities

Gasification: a flexible enabling technology

Source: Shell 2007

KHI “CO2 free hydrogen chain”Gasification of Australian brown coal with CCS

Source: Yoshino et al, Feasibility study of CO2 free hydrogen chain utilizing Australian brown coal linked with CCS, Energy Procedia 29 (2012) 701-9

30JPY ~ US$0.25

Hydrogen Demonstration Opportunities

RE-Electrolysis

Cost-effective biomass and waste to hydrogen processes (gasification and small-scale gas processing)

Scalable, intermittency-friendly NH3 production technologies

Decarbonisation of heavy transport via direct-fired NH3 engines

New renewable energy export industry

Decarbonisation of personal transport via EV & FCV

Distributed non-intermittent renewables

World’s highest solar resource (2 x average of Japan). Unlimited, low-cost land area

Solar ElectricityAir Separation

Unit

Electrolysis

Unlimitedwater resource

AirAustralia

Renewable Ammonia – Carbon-free solar fuel and Hydrogen Energy Carrier

.

Ammonia (NH3)Synthesiser

Hydrogen (H2)

Nitrogen (N2)

Renewable Ammonia (RNH3)

Renewable (carbon-free) Electricity

RNH3 for StationaryElectricity Generation

Japan

Engine Turbine Fuel Cell

or or

Waste Heat ~ 350C

Local distribution via common ammonia transport methods -Road, Rail, or Pipeline

H2

Renewable Ammonia reformed as 100% pure H2 Fuel Cell Car

Renewable Ammonia used as direct fuel, or as Hydrogen carrier

BAC 6/02/16

Renewable Ammonia (RNH3)

Renewable Ammonia is shipped using existing bulk ammonia or LPG vessels

• Separation of H2 from ammonia-derived mixed gas streams• This concept can also be applied to NG reforming, CO shift, or any process which

produces H2 as a product.

Catalytic Membrane reactorSingle stage production and separation of hydrogen

NH3N2 H2

Feed stream (high pressure)

Feed-side surface

Core

Pure hydrogen (low pressure)

High catalytic activity to H2 dissociationTolerance to non-H2 speciesLow transport resistanceHigh thermal stabilityLow cost

High catalytic activity to H2 recombinationLow transport resistanceHigh thermal stabilityLow cost

High permeabilityEmbrittlement resistanceLow cost

Permeate side surface

Catalytic alloy layer (200 nm)

0.25mm-thick dense metal tube

V in substrate: USD 180 m-2

Catalytic layers: USD 100 m-2

plus manufacturing costs

Solar Reforming

• 25% solar energy, 40-45% less CO2• Proven at pilot scale to 600 kWth for

hydrogen production.• Relatively easy as based on existing

mature technologies: materials, catalysts, water gas shift.

• By 2030 could produce H2 for ~$4.50 /kg• Current industrial price ~$2-3/kg• Premium for ‘renewable’ H2?

CSIRO solar fields with prototype reactor field on the LHS

CH4 + H2O(g) CO + 3H2

CSIRO SolarGasTM prototype reactor

• High efficiency power generation technologies will play a key role in achieving long term greenhouse abatement targets

– Increasing efficiency is a prerequisite for effective CO2 capture and storage • R&D challenges to increase efficiency, improve reliability, reduce costs• Biogas technologies offer pathways to increase penetration of renewables• Gasification provides a high efficiency platform for low emissions power and

energy carrier systems

– Development pathway for power, hydrogen & polygeneration systems

– New research in key areas where breakthroughs will improve cost and reliability

• Strong progress with Solar PV and Thermal technologies – Cost and energy storage are key

– Hybrid fossil/solar technologies address intermittency, scale & emissions• Hydrogen systems offer path for renewables export• National and international partnerships are needed to facilitate

research, development, demonstration and deployment

Summary

Thank youDavid HarrisResearch Director: Low Emissions Technologies

t: +61 7 3327 4617e: david.harris@csiro.auw: www.csiro.au/energy

CSIRO ENERGY

• CO2 capture increases costs and reduces efficiency and capacity!• ~30 % capacity reduction for pf

• Offset emissions with bio-CO2, H2 etc

High Efficiency is an essential requirement for emissions reduction & effective CO2 capture

Increasing efficiency has many virtues:• reduced fuel use• smaller plant size (& cost)• reduced emissions• more amenable to CO2 capture

and storage (CCS) – less CO2 for capture processes to

deal with

Gas

Coal

Biogenic methane microbiologyBacterial fermentations, demethylations, decarboxylations, ring cleavage

acetate

ethanolbutanol

H2 & CO2 CH4

Archaeal MethanogensisBacterial degradation of the coal ultrastructure.

BacteroidetesFirmicutes (Clostridia)SpirochaetesProteobacteriaTenericutes?

In Australia, thus far most coal-seam methanogens observed seem to have a CO2 reducing physiology.

BacteroidetesSpirochaetesDeferribacteres

dimethyl sulfide

methanol