Australian and New Zealand Biosolids Partnership€¦ · pathogen inactivation during; protocols to...
Transcript of Australian and New Zealand Biosolids Partnership€¦ · pathogen inactivation during; protocols to...
*Correspondence: RMIT University, School of Science, Melbourne
Bradley Clarke*, RMIT University, Australia
Hannah Rigby, Imperial College London, UK
Deborah Pritchard, Curtin University, Australia
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Compendium 2016
February 2016
Australian and New Zealand
Biosolids Partnership
Literature Compendium: Round 3 Sustainable Biosolids Management
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
February 2016
O EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of this project was to create a Compendium of leading-edge research and
developments relating to sustainable biosolids management. The compendium was
first undertaken in 2009 and included references from 2004 to 2010. Updates were
undertaken in 2012 and for a third time in 2015. The information was collected through
searches of the published literature and direct contact with those involved in biosolids
research to identify and include unpublished information.
The information was divided into categories according to priority areas of interest
identified by the Australian and New Zealand Biosolids Partnership and included: novel
developments in processing technologies; organic contaminants; incineration; odour;
storage and transportation; emerging technologies for use of biosolids excluding land
application; risks and benefits of land application and research into sustainability. This
report offers a summary of this data. For full details of the data collected please refer to
the Biosolids Compendium 2016 Excel document available on www.biosolids.com.au.
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
O TABLE OF CONTENTS
O EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 2
O TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... 3
O LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. 4
O LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... 4
O INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 5
O METHOD .......................................................................................................................... 5
O OVERVIEW OF IDENTIFIED REFERENCES ................................................................. 13
1.1 REFERENCES ACCORDING TO CATEGORY................................................................................ 13
1.2 RANK OF RESEARCH ............................................................................................................. 14
1.3 RESEARCH BY COUNTRY AND REGION .................................................................................... 14
1.4 TYPE OF REFERENCE ............................................................................................................ 19
O REFERENCES ACCORDING TO CATEGORY .............................................................. 19
1.5 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 19
1.6 TREATMENT ......................................................................................................................... 20
1.7 PROCESSING ........................................................................................................................ 21
1.8 LAND APPLICATION ............................................................................................................... 22
1.9 CONTAMINANTS .................................................................................................................... 22
1.10 MANAGEMENT AND POLICY .................................................................................................... 23
O CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................. 24
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
February 2016
O LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 - Categories for classification of references 6
Table 2 - Overview of category, sub-category, tab number, tab name and content of
literature compendium excel file. 7
Table 3 - Number of references according to country 15
O LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 - Summary of identified references according to category 13
Figure 2 - Pie-chart of references according to rank according to rank in 2015 (Third
update). 14
Figure 3 - Pie-chart of references according to rank according to rank in 2012 (Second
update) 14
Figure 4 - Breakdown of references according to region 15
Figure 5 - Number of references from countries with a high contribution 18
Figure 6 - Type of references included in updated literature compendium 19
Figure 7 - Number of references according to category 20
Figure 8 - Number of references according to sub-category of treatment 21
Figure 9 - Break-down of ‘processing’ category into sub-categories 21
Figure 10 - Break-down of ‘land application’ category into sub-categories 22
Figure 11 - Break-down of ‘contaminants’ category into sub-categories 23
Figure 12 - Break-down of ‘management and policy’ category into sub-categories 24
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
O INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study was to identify research and development relating to the
“sustainable management” of biosolids. This compendium compliments an earlier
report completed in 2010 and 2012 that covered research conducted between the
years 2005-2010 and 2010-2012, respectively. The members of the Australian and
New Zealand Biosolids Partnership (ANZBP) identified the first literature compendium
as a valuable resource and therefore prioritized for it to be updated in 2012 and again
in 2015. Therefore, the compendium has been updated and includes references from
between 2012 and 2015. The data included both published and unpublished literature
relevant to the activities of subscribers to the ANZBP.
The aim of the project was to improve the understanding of the scope of research that
has been completed, identify the important investigators, catalogue the fields of
research being undertaken, and to identify developments in biosolids management as
well as gaps in the knowledge that require further attention.
O METHOD
The objectives of the Literature Compendium project were achieved through a series of
targeted searches of published literature and direct contact with researchers and Water
Utilities. The Compendium was compiled from research relating to the use and
management of post-stabilisation sludges or leading edge developments in sludge
stabilisation and consisted of Australian, New Zealand and international literature from
2012 to the current time (2015).
The references collected as part of the survey were entered into a compendium,
divided into categories based on priority areas identified by the ANZBP. There have
been some slight modifications to the original literature compendium and the following
information and each listing consists of: reference type; year; author; title; institution;
journal; volume; issue; page; publisher; country; region; summary; keywords; rank and
URL/DOI.
The listing was also ranked A.-E according to the following definition in Table 1:
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
February 2016
Table 1 Categories for classification of references.
A wish-list (e.g. research proposals/proposals
for biosolids management)
B emerging or incomplete (e.g. progress
reports)
C underway i.e. technology already capable of
being adopted by a utility
D published/commercial (non-peer reviewed)
E published (peer reviewed)
The categories have been updated and reduced to five. They are:
1. Treatment
2. Processing
3. Land Application
4. Contaminants
5. Policy and Management
Each category has a number of sub-categories and no new categories were included in
this updated compendium. A full list of categories and sub-categories are listed in Table
2.
The categories have also been colour coded for convenience. There are 26 sub-
categories.
This summary report is not a literature review, but instead a summary of key research
developments identified during the project. The inclusion of local conference
information, while useful, will bias the information with an Australian perspective.
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
Table 2 Overview of category, sub-category, tab number, tab name and content of literature
compendium excel file.
Category Sub-Category Tab
Number Tab Name Content
Treatment Anaerobic
Digestion 1
Anaerobic
Digestion
advanced stability sensor; co-
digestion; energy recovery;
enhanced techniques of anaerobic
digestion (thermal hydrolysis;
chemical hydrolysis; microwave
hydrolysis; ultrasonic treatment;
phased; thermophilic phased);
mesophilic anaerobic digestion;
micropollutants removal;
phosphorus recovery during;
pathogen inactivation during;
protocols to reduce pathogens;
removal of potentially toxic
compounds; thermophilic anaerobic
digestion
Aerobic
Digestion 2
Aerobic
Digestion
availability of potentially toxic
compounds; aerobic digestion;
composting; co-composting; energy
recovery; thermophilic aerobic
digestion; vermicomposting
Composting 3 Compostin
g
composting; co-composting;
vermicomposting
General and
Emerging
treatment
technologies
4 General
treatment
alum recovery; pond desludging;
decontamination; electrokinetic
geosynthetics; emerging treatment
technologies (chemical treatment
methods); lime treatment (enhanced
methods); phosphorus recovery;
phytoremediation; reed beds;
removal of potentially toxic
compounds (e.g. bioleaching); risk
assessment of production (not
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
February 2016
including pathogen risks); solar
treatment; thermal drying
Dewatering and
Drying 5 Dewatering
energy saving processes; effects on
sludge properties; factors influencing
drying efficacy and dewaterability
(freeze-thaw; hydrothermal
conditioning; polymer effect); high
performance dewatering (electro-
dewatering, high-G centrifuging); in
situ dewatering; novel dewatering
methods (High Speed Rotary Disk);
nutrient loss during solar drying
Processing Energy
Recovery 6
Energy
Recovery
batch frying; biofuels; energy
recovery; co-gasification;
gasification; hydrothermal treatment;
liquefication; pyrolysis; removal of
potentially toxic elements during
Incineration 7 Incineratio
n
co-combustion; emissions; energy
recovery; nutrient recovery;
pollutants; recovery of heavy metals;
removal/behaviour of contaminants
Odour 8 Odour
controlling odour (alum;
bioaugmentation; biofilters; iron;
lime; photocatalytic oxidation; photo-
ionisation); factors influencing odour
(centrifugal force); forecasting odour
levels; odour causing chemicals;
monitoring odour (chemical analysis;
sensory methods) process
modifications for controlling odour;
relationship with pathogen
reactivation; relationship with
stability; relationship with volatile
solids reduction; sources of odour;
Storage and
Transportation 9
Storage
and
Transporta
effect of storage availability of heavy
metals; effect of storage on nutrient
availability; fly breeding; long term
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
tion stability; reducing transport costs;
stockpile cover; storage facility;
thermal runaway; vector attraction
10
Emerging
Technologi
es (Use)
activated carbon from ash/biochar;
biofilters; cement production;
ceramsite production; ceramic
production; conversion to lipids for
biodiesel production; enzyme
production from sludge; extraction of
lignocellulose for ethanol production;
fertiliser production; fuel oil from
pyrolysis; humic acid extraction;
hydrogen generation; nutrient
recovery from sewage sludge ashes;
pavement materials; pesticide
production from fermented sewage
sludge ash; production and
properties of catalysts for odour
reduction; production of adsorbents
for chemical adsorption or
desulphurisation; struvite recovery;
treatment of chromite ore; use of
ash as a construction material
Land
Application General Benefits 11
Land
(Benefits)
apricot production; biochar;
biochemical properties; bulk density;
carbon mineralisation; combined
investigations of risks and benefits;
crop response; effects of fly ash and
lime; enzyme activity in soils;
general management issues; growth
media for nurseries; hormone
production in drought stressed
plants; humic acids; lime amended
biosolids as a ameliorant for soil
acidity; lime amended bioclay;
microbial activity; microbial
community structure; pasture
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
February 2016
production; remote sensing to look
at nutrients in soils following
biosolids application; residual
effects; soil structure; soil organic
matter.
Nutrients 12 Land
(Nutrients)
alum sludge effects on P availability;
comparisons with inorganic
nutrients; combined studies of
mineralisation and nutrient losses;
dung beetle trial; effect of lime on
phosphorus availability; effects of
biosolids blends on nutrient
availability; effects of stabilisation
method; extension
recommendations; long-term
application; moisture effects on
mineralisation; nitrate concentration
and limits; implications for
guidelines; microbial immobilisation
of nutrients; modelling nutrient
availability; nitrogen fertiliser
replacement value; nitrogen
efficiency; nutrient availability;
nitrogen uptake; phosphorus
fractionation; phosphorus fertiliser
value; relationship between organic
compounds and N mineralisation;
residual nutrient uptake; reviews of
nutrient management; soil effects on
mineralisation; temperature effects;
um effects on P runoff and leaching;
combined studies that include
pathogen and metal losses; effect of
biosolids treatment method;
incorporation method; leaching of N
and P; runoff losses of N and P; turf
grass establishment practices
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
Land
remediation 13
Land
(Remediati
on)
diesel removal; effects on metal
availability in mine tailings;
geotechnical fill; overburden from
open cut mines; phytoremediation of
mine tailings; soil salinity
Public
Health Risks 14
Land
(Public
Health
Risks)
DNA indicators of faecal
contamination of waterways;
flocculants; general risks to soil
function; greenhouse gas emissions
from biosolids-amended soils; risk
assessments
Ecological
Risks 15
Land
(Ecological
Risks)
DNA indicators of faecal
contamination of waterways;
flocculants; general risks to soil
function; greenhouse gas emissions
from biosolids-amended soils; risk
assessments
Pathogens 16
Land
(Pathogen
s)
aerosol emissions; antibiotic
resistance; Bacteriophage; crop
contamination; emerging pathogens;
Escherichia coli; livestock ingestion;
health effects of bioaerosol
inhalation; pathogen decay in soil;
risk assessment; level of sludge
treatment; Salmonella spp.; soil
solarisation
Metals 17 Land
(Metals)
bioavailability of metals; cadmium;
copper; crop uptake of metals;
heavy metals; leaching of metals;
lead; molybdenum toxicity; silver
nanoparticles; toxicity bioassay; soil
quality guidelines based on heavy
metal limits; zinc
Organic
Pollutants 18
Land
(Organic
Pollutants)
Organic pollutants; risk assessment;
pharmaceuticals; emerging organic
contaminants; PBDEs; dioxins;
runoff
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
February 2016
Contaminants Pathogens 19 Pathogens
aerosol emissions; antibiotic
resistance; Bacteriophage; crop
contamination; emerging pathogens;
Escherichia coli; livestock ingestion;
health effects of bioaerosol
inhalation; pathogen decay in soil;
risk assessment; level of sludge
treatment; Salmonella spp.; soil
solarisation
Metals 20 Metals
bioavailability of metals; cadmium;
copper; crop uptake of metals;
heavy metals; leaching of metals;
lead; molybdenum toxicity; toxicity
bioassay; soil quality guidelines
based on heavy metal limits; zinc
Organic
compounds 21
Organic
compound
s
Organic pollutants; risk assessment;
pharmaceuticals; emerging organic
contaminants; PBDEs; dioxins;
runoff
Nanoparticles 22 Nanoparticl
es
nanoparticles; treatment; risk
assessment
Policy &
Management
Community
Attitudes 23
Community
Attitudes
biosolids partnerships; biosolids in
the media; development and
maintenance of relationships with
community, locals, farmers
Regulations 24 Regulation
s
collaboration between levels of
government in Canada; national
biosolids guidelines in Australia;
pollutants that require regulation;
regulatory review;
Sustainability 25 Sustainabil
ity
economic analysis; feasibility
studies; life cycle analysis; triple-
bottom line
Climate Change 26 Climate
Change
climate change; greenhouse gas
emissions; GHG; nitrous oxide;
organic carbon’ carbon tax
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
O OVERVIEW OF IDENTIFIED REFERENCES
1.1 References According to Category
A total of 1049 entries were collated in the Biosolids Compendium in the initial phase
2005 – 2010. Another 443 references were identified during phase two that were
released into the public domain between the years 2010 and 2012. In this third update
we have included an additional 639 references published between the years 2012 and
2015.
The majority of the research was related to the land application of biosolids (n=351),
while policy and management had the least references again (n=26). Figure 1 presents
the number of references according to category.
Figure 1 Summary of identified references according to category
80 80
351
271
26
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Treatment Processing LandApplication
Contaminants Policy &Management
Nu
mb
er
of
Refe
ren
ces
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
February 2016
1.2 Rank of Research
The proportion of material ranked A-E is presented in Figure 2. The majority of the
research was in categories D (published/commercial, non-peer reviewed) and E
(published, peer-reviewed). This material was more freely available both in the published
literature and in the material obtained by direct contact with Water Utilities and
researchers. For comparison, the rank of research in round 2 is presented in
Figure 3.
Figure 2 Pie-chart of references according to
rank according to rank in 2015 (Third update).
Figure 3 Pie-chart of references according to
rank according to rank in 2012 (Second
update)
1.3 Research by Country and Region
The main region that references were identified is North America (includes USA, Canada
and Mexico) and accounts for half of the additions (n=337). Europe has produced the
next most references (n=104). Figure 4 provides a breakdown of references by region.
There were 72 articles from Australasia.
0
34
0
86
519
A
B
C
D
E
0
28
5
97
313
A
B
C
D
E
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
Figure 4 Breakdown of references according to region
References have been identified from 42 countries. The number of resources identified
from each country is presented in Table 3.
Table 3 Number of references according to country
Country #
References Country
#
Reference
s
Argentina 8 Lebanon 1
Australia 59 Malaysia 4
Belgium 1 Mexico 5
Brazil 11 Nepal 1
Canada 83 New 12
5
71
72
104
20
337
30
0
Africa
Asia
Australasia
Europe
Middle East
North America
South America
NA
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
February 2016
Table 3 Number of references according to country
Country #
References Country
#
Reference
s
Zealand
Chile 8 Nigeria 1
China 36 Norway 2
Colombia 3 Pakistan 1
Egypt 4 Poland 7
France 6 Czechosl
ovakia 1
Germany 5 South
Korea 12
Ghana 1 Spain 33
Greece 7 Sweden 7
India 8 Switzerla
nd 5
Iran 2 Taiwan 4
Ireland 4 Thailand 2
Israel 10
The
Netherlan
ds
1
Italy 4 Tunisia 1
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
Table 3 Number of references according to country
Country #
References Country
#
Reference
s
Japan 2 Turkey 5
Saudi
Arabia 1
United
Kingdom 15
South
Korea 12 USA 247
The contribution of many countries was less than 5 references. The main contributors
were the Unites States (n=247), Canada (n=83) and Australia (n=59). A breakdown of
the countries with references greater than 10 is presented in Figure 5.
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
February 2016
Figure 5 Number of references from countries with a high contribution
The inclusion of the material from the recent Australian biosolids conference does skew
the data in favour of Australia. However, the contribution to references from Australia is
still high.
247
83
59
36 33
15 12 12 11 10
0
50
100
150
200
250
Nu
mb
er
of
Refe
ren
ces
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
1.4 Type of Reference
Five types of reference were identified and include: book chapter, conferences
proceedings, journal articles, patents and reports. The major type of reference was the
peer-reviewed journal article that accounted for approximately 75% of the identified
references (Figure 6).
Figure 6 Type of references included in updated literature compendium
O REFERENCES ACCORDING TO CATEGORY
1.5 Overview
Of the five categories, land application has the most references (n=351) and this
accounts for 54% of the identified references. A breakdown of references according to
category is presented in Figure 7.
2 0
597
33 7
Book Section
ConferenceProceedings
Journal Article
Patent
Report
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
February 2016
Figure 7 Number of references according to category
1.6 Treatment
There are five sub-categories in the treatment section. The general sub-category has the
most identified references. While there are advances in treatment options very little
emphasis was placed on this subject area when discussing treatment with identified
experts. The number of the references in the treatment according to sub-category is
presented in Figure 8
80 80
351
271
26
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Treatment Processing LandApplication
Contaminants Policy &Management
Nu
mb
er
of
Refe
ren
ces
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
Figure 8 Number of references according to sub-category of treatment
1.7 Processing
The processing category had 57 references included in the literature compendium with
the ‘emerging technologies’ sub-category having the most references included.
Figure 9 Break-down of ‘processing’ category into sub-categories
41
2
13
28
17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
AnaerobicDigestion
AerobicDigstion
Compositing General Dewatering
Nu
mb
er
of
Refe
ren
ces
18
2
10 5
57
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
EnergyRecovery
incineration Odour Storage andTransporation
EmergingTechnologies
Nu
mb
er
of
Refe
ren
ces
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
February 2016
1.8 Land Application
The land application category had the most references identified (n=351). The largest
sub-category was related to organic pollutants. This sub-category contains the largest
number of references identified in this updating of the literature compendium.
Figure 10 Break-down of ‘land application’ category into sub-categories
1.9 Contaminants
Given that contaminants are one the most important issues related to biosolids
treatment, processing and use, it was thought that separate tabs for four contaminant
types would be useful to users of the literature compendium. The greatest number of
references identified was related to organic pollutants (Figure 11). Nanoparticles were
identified as an emerging issue in the second update of the compendium and there were
a large number of references added in this category.
77
62
14
26
72
12
59
85
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Nu
mb
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of
Refe
ren
ces
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
Figure 11 Break-down of ‘contaminants’ category into sub-categories
1.10 Management and Policy
The management and policy category had the fewest references (Figure 11). The
numbers were increased by the inclusion of the conference papers presented at
the recent Australian biosolids conference. The sub-category of climate change
was identified as being of strategic importance to ANZBP stakeholders and
included in this round. There were remarkably few references related to managing
the impacts of climate change and issues arising from carbon taxes.
60
27
141
52
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Pathogens Metals OrganicPollutants
Nanoparticles
Nu
mb
er
of
Refe
ren
ces
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
February 2016
Figure 12 Break-down of ‘management and policy’ category into sub-categories
O CONCLUSIONS
A total of 1049 entries were collated in the biosolids literature compendium in the initial
phase 2005 – 2010. Another 443 references have been identified during phase two that
were released into the public domain between the years 2010 and 2012. A further 639
references have been added to the literature compendium in this third round. The
majority of the research was related to the land application of biosolids (n=351) and
policy and management had the least references (n=26). Figure 1 presents the number
of references according to category.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
CommunityAttitudes
Regulations Sustainaibility Climate Change
Nu
mb
er
of
Refe
ren
ces
Summary Report to accompany the ANZBP Biosolids Literature Compendium 2016
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