Australasian Oil and Gas Conference March 11 2015...
Transcript of Australasian Oil and Gas Conference March 11 2015...
Australasian Oil and Gas
Conference
March 11 2015
Contractors stream
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Who is VIOSH Victorian Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health [est 1979]
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
This presentationhellip
bull Contracting in context
bull Hierarchy of controls in hazard mitigation
bull Assurance vs assumption
bull New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited
bull The role of lsquosafety culturersquo
bull Getting the best out of your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contracting ishellip
Outsourcing is the delegation of a
business function from a firm to a
contractor under the terms and
conditions of a contract
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why contract
bull Improve cost discipline and control
bull Achieve best practices
bull Improve service quality
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why contract
Letrsquos focus onhellip
bull Achieve best practices
hellip in health and safety
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why use contractors
bull Specialist skillsequipment
bull Temporary work imbalance
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Or exemplary
practice
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Who is VIOSH Victorian Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health [est 1979]
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
This presentationhellip
bull Contracting in context
bull Hierarchy of controls in hazard mitigation
bull Assurance vs assumption
bull New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited
bull The role of lsquosafety culturersquo
bull Getting the best out of your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contracting ishellip
Outsourcing is the delegation of a
business function from a firm to a
contractor under the terms and
conditions of a contract
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why contract
bull Improve cost discipline and control
bull Achieve best practices
bull Improve service quality
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why contract
Letrsquos focus onhellip
bull Achieve best practices
hellip in health and safety
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why use contractors
bull Specialist skillsequipment
bull Temporary work imbalance
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Or exemplary
practice
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Who is VIOSH Victorian Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health [est 1979]
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
This presentationhellip
bull Contracting in context
bull Hierarchy of controls in hazard mitigation
bull Assurance vs assumption
bull New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited
bull The role of lsquosafety culturersquo
bull Getting the best out of your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contracting ishellip
Outsourcing is the delegation of a
business function from a firm to a
contractor under the terms and
conditions of a contract
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why contract
bull Improve cost discipline and control
bull Achieve best practices
bull Improve service quality
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why contract
Letrsquos focus onhellip
bull Achieve best practices
hellip in health and safety
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why use contractors
bull Specialist skillsequipment
bull Temporary work imbalance
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Or exemplary
practice
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
This presentationhellip
bull Contracting in context
bull Hierarchy of controls in hazard mitigation
bull Assurance vs assumption
bull New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited
bull The role of lsquosafety culturersquo
bull Getting the best out of your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contracting ishellip
Outsourcing is the delegation of a
business function from a firm to a
contractor under the terms and
conditions of a contract
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why contract
bull Improve cost discipline and control
bull Achieve best practices
bull Improve service quality
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why contract
Letrsquos focus onhellip
bull Achieve best practices
hellip in health and safety
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why use contractors
bull Specialist skillsequipment
bull Temporary work imbalance
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Or exemplary
practice
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contracting ishellip
Outsourcing is the delegation of a
business function from a firm to a
contractor under the terms and
conditions of a contract
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why contract
bull Improve cost discipline and control
bull Achieve best practices
bull Improve service quality
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why contract
Letrsquos focus onhellip
bull Achieve best practices
hellip in health and safety
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why use contractors
bull Specialist skillsequipment
bull Temporary work imbalance
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Or exemplary
practice
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why contract
bull Improve cost discipline and control
bull Achieve best practices
bull Improve service quality
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why contract
Letrsquos focus onhellip
bull Achieve best practices
hellip in health and safety
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why use contractors
bull Specialist skillsequipment
bull Temporary work imbalance
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Or exemplary
practice
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why contract
Letrsquos focus onhellip
bull Achieve best practices
hellip in health and safety
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Singer amp Donoso 2011)
Why use contractors
bull Specialist skillsequipment
bull Temporary work imbalance
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Or exemplary
practice
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
bull Specialist skillsequipment
bull Temporary work imbalance
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Or exemplary
practice
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Or exemplary
practice
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why use contractors
Bangladesh
shirt factory
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Or exemplary
practice
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
bull Eliminate
bull Substitute
bull Engineering
bull Administration
bull Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
14
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Eliminate
Substitute
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Minimise
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
There should be no difference
between
your supervision of or your
required performance from
your staff and your contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Why
ldquoWhy didnrsquot anyone tell me
about thisrdquo
Management Obligations for Health and Safety (p ix)
ldquoline of sightrdquo ndash how do we know
(Smith 2012)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
19
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Hierarchy of controls
bull Eliminate
bull Isolate
bull Minimise
No longer a hazard
Still a hazard but
separated (isolated)
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Non-hierarchy of control
bull Minimise
Still a hazard but
minimised ie you
have to work with it
lsquoAs far as practicablersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Potential for aluminium to explode
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
Invercargill Invercargill
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
NZAS Contractors
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
LTIFR at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters
Limited (NZAS) 1972 - 2011
(Young 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Inclusion of contractors
bull 2012 Rio Tinto policy includes all
contractors and RWDs (restricted work
duties)
bull Retrospective analysis includes all
contractors (sometimes best estimate) but
not subcontractors or off-site contractors
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Contractorsrsquo reactions
hellipthe local contracting firms in town would have
been the first to agree that we were going [out]
there and imposing our safety systems on them ndash
and they used to get quite snarly about thathellip [6]
(Young 2013)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Which came first
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Culture Safety Performance
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
A sceptics view of lsquoculturersquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Safety Performance
culture
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
How did NZAS achieve lsquozerorsquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull Automation
bull Obsessive adherence to hierarchy of controls
bull Energy damage model (Haddon 1973)
bull Effective rejection of human error
bull Cycle of improvement
bull Incident investigation based solely on above
bull Demanding that contractors be part of the above
(Young 2013 2014)
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
ldquoWe have safe work method statements that
are 28 pages longrdquo
ldquoAnd very easily you can get a shift between
the work as you are imagining itrsquos being
performed and the way the work is really
being performedrdquo
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
US steel fixers ndash when moved into a factory
environment ndash can achieve a 75 risk
reduction of fatality
(Else 2014)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Else 2014)
ldquohellipthe moment you make
the decision to move from
doing this in a construction
area to doing it in a
manufacturing (site)hellip you
halve the fatality risk Macquarie Bank Shelley St Sydney
built by Bookefield Multiplex
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
The construction industryhellip
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
What can you control If you have effective control over the energy
sources in a workplace there is no reason why you should have an injury on site
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Communication
Transfer of best practiceshellip (is)
highly dependent on how well
knowledge is shared between
individuals inhellip distributed
environments
(Gressgard amp Hansen 2015)
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Confined Spaces
Contractors and allied workers are endangered
by a lack of awareness or proper hazard
mitigation techniques Almost half of confined
space fatalities are suffered by workers cleaning
repairing or inspecting these spaces
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Guillemin amp Horisberger 1994 Manwaring amp Conroy 1990)
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull In healthcare safety one study found 801 of lsquorisk
control solutionsrsquo constituted administrative andor
PPE interventions
Card Ward amp Clarkson (2012) - (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull In 249 investigation reports from 7 US organisations
8755 recommended administrative controls
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014 Else 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
bull ldquoHigher-order controls are often brushed away as
being far-fetchedrdquo Culvenor J 2006 (cited in Behm amp Powell 2014)
bull ldquohellipsafety professionals may be stuck in an
administrative control rut fixated on identifying
single causes close to the work organizationrdquo
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
(Behm amp Powell 2014)
Hierarchy of controls
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Conclusion bull Contractors are people too ndash your people
bull Remember your lsquoline of sightrsquo
bull You are accountable for their safety performance
bull You must impose your standards of safety performance bull There is no lsquobufferingrsquo of accountability
bull NZ Aluminium Smelters do it ndash why arenrsquot you bull Contractors must work to NZASrsquo standard ndash not the reverse
bull Contractors are especially susceptible to OHS injury bull You must have effective communication of your standards
bull Do not tolerate any compromise
bull Remember your hierarchy of controls bull Donrsquot hide behind lsquopracticabilityrsquo - just do it
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
References
Behm M amp Powell D (2014) S H amp E Problem Solving Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored Professional Safety 59(2) 34-40
Else D (2014) Sustainability Safety and Health at Brookfield Multiplex Australasia Safe Work Australia virtual seminar series Retrieved from httpwwwsafeworkaustraliagovausitesswaaustralian-strategyvsspagesdennis-else
GressgaringrdL HansenK (2015) Knowledge exchange and learning from failures in distributed environments The role of contractor relationship management and work characteristics ReliabEngSystSaf 2015 133 0 167-175
Guillemin M P amp Horisberger B (1994) Fatal intoxication due to an unexpected presence of carbon dioxide Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(6) 951-957 doi101093annhyg386951
Haddon W (1973) Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies (Reproduced in Injury Prevention 1995 1 40-44)
Manwaring J Conroy C (1990) Occupational confined space-related fatalities Surveillance and prevention Journal of Safety Research 21(4) 157-164 doihttpdxdoiorgezproxyfederationeduau1010160022-4375(90)90023-5
Pegula S (2014) Fatal occupational injuries involving contractors Monthly Labor Review 1-12 US Department of Labor
SingerM DonosoP (2011) Contracting contractors Journal of Business Research 64 3 338-343
Young S A (2013) A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited (thesis master of health sciences) University of Otago Retrieved from httpHdlhandlenet105234123
Young S A (2014) From zero to hero A case study of industrial injury reduction New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited Safety Science 64C 99 doi101016jssci201311016
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health
Raising the bar How Essential Contractors were dragged kicking and
screaming into a NZ Smelterrsquos exemplary safety journey
Thanks
Steve Young (03) 5327 6889
syoungfederationeduau
VIOSH - Victorian Institute of Safety and Health