ACTIVATION

Happy ppyand Healthy

i N lin Nepal

Aune Greggas

ActivationActivation

• Nervous system• BrainBrain• Senses• Thinking• Course of life• Course of life• Dangers for good

life

NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM

h• The nervous system is an organ system containing a 

ed.sv

g

network of specialized cells called neurons. Neur

on_H

and-

tune

called neurons.• They coordinate the 

i d i a.o

rg/w

iki/F

ile:N

actions and transmit signals between different 

http

://en

.wik

iped

ia

parts of its body.

h

Neuron

Neuron is a specialized cellNeuron is a specialized cell

euro

npe

dia.

org/

wik

i/Ne

http

://en

.wik

ip

Nervous system has two partsNervous system has two parts

• The nervous system consists 

m.sv

gyof two parts: 

• Central nervous s_sys

tem

_dia

gram

• Central nervous system

/File

:TE-

Ner

vous

• Peripheral nervous system. kiped

ia.o

rg/w

iki/

nervous system.

Nervous system

http

://en

.wik

Nervous system

Central nervous systemCentral nervous system

• The central nervous system consists of the brain, spinal , pcord and retina. 

• The central nervous system• The central nervous system is protected by meninges,

smaa

ilma.

fi/

including dura mater. • The brain is also protected htt

p://w

ww

.m

The brain is also protected by the skull, and the spinal cord by the vertebrae

The central nervous system is a combination of the brain and the spinal cord and retinacord by the vertebrae. spinal cord and retina.

Peripheral nervous system divisions

• The peripheral nervous system yhas a sensory and amotor division diag

ram

.png

a motor division.• These are still 

org/

wik

i/File

:NSd

divided to a somatic and an 

p://e

n.w

ikip

edia

.o

autonomous system.

http

The division of the peripheral nervous system sensory and motor partsystem.

Peripheral nervous systemPeripheral nervous system

• The peripheral nervous system is a collective term for the nervous system structures that ydo not lie within the central nervous system. 

• It consist of sensory• It consist of sensory                                    neurons, clusters of                                      

riphe

ral_

nerv

neurons called ganglia,                                       and nerves connecting                                       

edia

.org

/wik

i/Per

them to each other and                                    to the central nervous system. http

://en

.wik

ipe

ous_

syst

em

to the central nervous system. 

Nerves to and from the brainsNerves to and from the brains

• According to their function the nerves  nculu

s.png

are either sensory(impulses from the e:Sen

sory

_Hom

un

(impulses from  the muscles to the brains) ormotor (impulses ed

ia.o

rg/w

iki/F

ile

or motor (impulses from the brains to the 

http

://en

.wik

ipe

muscles and glands).  Sensory area in the brains

Somatic nervous systemSomatic nervous system 

ThThe somaticpart consists of theof the nerves that innervateinnervate the skin,j i t d G

regg

as

joints and muscles.

Aune

G

Somatic nervous system is needed when dancing.

Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system

• The autonomic nervous system 

AC

TIC

.php

y(which is also known as a visceral part) AND

_CH

IRO

PRA

as a visceral part), contains neurons that innervate the com

/UN

DER

STA

that innervate the internal organs, 

hale

clin

icon

line.

c

blood vessels, and glands.  htt

p://w

ww

.h

Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system

Sympathetic and parasympathetic y p p y pnervous system 

• The autonomic nervous system itself consists of two parts: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.p y p y

• Sympathetic division mobilizes body during activity (“fight or flight”)activity (“fight or flight”).

• Parasympathetic division conserves energy and promotes “housekeeping” functions during rest.during rest.

Fight of flightFight of flightWhat happens when you are angry or afraid?• The heart begins to beat really hard • The breath becomes deeper and quicker• The face becomes pale or red or both• The eyes become dilated• The mouth becomes dry• The mouth becomes dry• The blood circulation is inhibited in the stomach and intestine• The muscles become tense• The blood sugar level heightens • The feet and arms are shaking or the whole body is shivering• The sight to the sides disappears• The hearing is disturbed• The bladder may open (urine runs away)• The bladder may open (urine runs away)

What is needed for this?What is needed for this?

• An information of a danger to the cortex through sensory nerves.g y

• A sympathetic nerve system arousal.f h h l d• An information to hypothalamus and 

pituitary gland and from there to 

o:A

dren

ali

adrenaline glands.• A hormone (epinephrine org

/wik

i/Tie

dost

oe.

svg

• A hormone (epinephrine                           or adrenaline) release.

://fi.

wik

iped

ia.

n_-_

Adr

enal

in

Adrenaline

Nerve impulseNerve impulse

• A nerve conveys information through gneurons in the form of electrochemical impulses pedi

a/co

mm

ons/

_cro

pped

.jpg

electrochemical impulses. • The impulses are 

kim

edia

.org

/wik

ipsy

naps

e_sc

hem

a_

extremely fast with some myelinated neurons  http:/

/upl

oad.

wik

3/30

/Che

mic

al_s

conducting at speed up to 120 m/s.

Nerve impulse conveyed in the neuron and through the synapse.120 m/s.  g y p

SynapseSynapse

• The impulses  travel from one neuron to another by 

on_u

nlab

eled

.svg

ycrossing a synapse. 

• In the synapse the ynaps

e_Ill

ustra

tio

• In the synapse the message is converted 

a.or

g/w

iki/F

ile:S

y

from electrical to chemical and again to 

ttp://

en.w

ikip

edia

electrical. 

ht

BRAINBRAIN

• The brain is the most complex biological 

1.ht

mlp g

structure known. The brains of vertebrates are 1op1

0-10

0417

-1

brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. 

alth

/bra

in-fa

cts-

1

• Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside 

cien

ce.c

om/h

ea

and mostly white on the inside. http:/

/ww

w.li

vesc

inside.  h

Center of the nervous systemCenter of the nervous system

• The brain is the center of the nervous system.y

• The brain controls all the other organ systems in the body either by activatingsystems in the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones. 

• This centralized control allows rapid andThis centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environmentenvironment.

Main regions in the brainMain regions in the brain

• Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) • Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) • Mesencephalon (midbrain) • Cerebellum (little brain) • Pons (bridge)• Pons (bridge)• Medulla (lower part of the brain stem)• Each of these areas in turn has a complex internal structureinternal structure.

MedullaMedulla

• Medulla oblongata 

ngat

agcontains many small nuclei i/Me

dulla

_obl

on

small nuclei involved in a wide variety of iki

pedi

a.or

g/w

iki

wide variety of sensory and  http

://en

.wi

motor functions. Medulla oblongata is the first part of the brain stem upwards from the spinal cord.p p

PonsPons

• Pons deal primarily with sleep, respiration, 

g/w

iki/P

ons

p, p ,swallowing, bladder control hearing

en.w

ikip

edia

.orgcontrol, hearing, 

equilibrium, taste, eye movement facial

http

://e

Pons is next upwards from

movement, facial expressions, facial 

pMedulla oblongata.sensation and  

posture.

CerebellumCerebellum

• Cerebellum modulates the  ebell

um

outputs of other brain systems to ia.o

rg/w

iki/C

ere

brain systems to make them more 

i f http

://en

.wik

iped

precise, for example when  A MidbrainB Pons

h

learning how to ride a bicycle.

C Medulla oblongataD Spinal CordE-I Cerebellumy

MesencephalonMesencephalon

• The mesencephalon is considered a part of the brain stem. It is      pclosely associated with               motor system pathways Cere

brum

motor system pathways. • Dopamine produced in the 

iped

ia.o

rg/w

iki/C

substantia nigra plays a role in motivation and habituation of  http

://en

.wik

i

species from humans to the most elementary animals such as insects.

Mesencephalon (blue area in the middle).elementary animals such as insects. )

DiencephalonDiencephalon

Th di h l h t t

ence

phal

on

• The diencephalon has two parts: • The hypothalamus controls 

edia

.org

/wik

i/Die

ypsleep/wake cycles, eating and drinking hormone release and

http

://en

.wik

ipedrinking, hormone release, and 

many other biological functions. h h l l d l i

Diencephalon (the red area

• The thalamus is involved in relaying information to and from the cerebral 

(the red area in the middle).hemispheres, in motivation etc. 

TelencephalonTelencephalon

• The telencephalon (the cerebrum): ( )

• vision, forethought bru

m

forethought, planning,     

a.or

g/w

iki/C

ereb

working memory, motivation, 

tp://

en.w

ikip

edia

attention and executive control.

htt

Location of the human cerebrum (red).executive control.

Cerebral cortexCerebral cortex

• The telencephalon includes the cerebral cortex. f/f7/G

rayn

g

• It is the part of the brain that most strongly ipe

dia/

com

mon

s/f

that most strongly distinguishes mammals 

kim

edia

.org

/wik

i

from other vertebrates, primates from other  p://

uplo

ad.w

ik83

9.p

mammals, and humans from other primates.

Brains of the human being and of the shark have the same regions but their size is differentfrom other primates. but their size is different.

Division of the cortexDivision of the cortex

• Most of the enlargement gcomes from a massive expansion wskil

l.com

/wp-

09/0

1/b2

.gif

massive expansion of the cortex, focusing especially p:

//ww

w.ra

inbo

wnt

ent/u

ploa

ds/2

00

focusing especially on the parts 

Area for vision is in the occipital lobe, the

http

con

serving vision and forethought.

p ,parietal lobe is for sensory and motor information, the temporal lobe for speech and the frontal lobe for forethought.g

Prefrontal cortexPrefrontal cortex

als-

2761

91

• Especially enlarged is the prefrontal  eeley

s-Es

sent

ianP

utte

/dp/

0077

2

pcortex, whose functions relate to .ama

zon.

com

/S-C

inna

mon

-Van

functions relate to planning, working memory

http

://w

ww

.Ph

ysio

logy

memory, motivation, 

Functional regions of the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. The prefrontal area is located at the

attention and executive control.

pfront of the cerebral cortex. (Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, Seeley and others, p. 210.)

SENSESSENSES

Senses provide inputs for perception. The traditional five senses are:The traditional five senses are: • Sight• Hearing • Smell• Smell • Taste

We are able to see

• TouchAune Greggas

different colors.

Sight (vision)Sight (vision)

• The eye has an ability to detect electro‐ es/ey

e.ht

ml

magnetic waves and to see colors hues m/pic

ture

s-im

age

to see colors, hues and brightness.

alth

.allr

efer

.com

• The eye has the cornea, iris, lens, 

http

://he

retina and macula (the optic nerve).

Retina is made of nerve cells which can detect electromagnetic waves.(the optic nerve). g

Retina in the eyeRetina in the eye

• There are two kinds of light sensitive cells in  th/bo

dlg

the retina: rods and cones h.co

m/b

esth

ealt

erv_

sys_

fin.h

tm

cones. • Rods can work even in 

/ww

w.b

esth

ealth

e/re

ftext

/htm

l/ne

the dim light, but they cannot detect colors.  Rods are used in the darkness,

http

://yg

uide

• Cones respond to colors

,cones in the daytime.

colors. 

HearingHearing

_of_

the_

H

• The ear contains a mechanism for 

ki/F

ile:A

nato

my_

hearing and balance wikip

edia

.org

/wik

r.svgbalance. 

• Hearing at high  http:

//en.

wum

an_E

ar

frequencies declines with 

Sound waves get the eardrum and the ear bones, hammer (malleus), anvil (incus) and stirrup (stapes) to vibrate. The vibration is

age.  transmitted by fluid into the hearing organ cochlea, where it is changed to nerve impulses.

Cochlea and hair cellsCochlea and hair cells

• The hair‐like fibers in cochlea can detect co

nfoc

al

cochlea can detect mechanical motion of the fibers within a ct

acle

/200

7/11

/c

of the fibers within a range of about 20 to 20 000 H t gs

.com

/retro

spec

ea_w

ins.

php

20 000 Hertz.

tp://

scie

nceb

log

mag

e_of

_coc

hle

htt

_im

By Dr. Sonja PyottDepartment of Biology and Marine BiologyUniversity of North Carolina, WilmingtonWilmington, NC, USA

Eustachian tubeEustachian tube

e

• The Eustachian tube connects the middle  Eusta

chia

n_tu

b

ear chamber to the back of the nose kiped

ia.o

rg/w

iki/E

back of the nose. • It keeps the air  http:/

/en.

wik

pressure inside the ear equal to the pressure 

If the Eustachian tube because of inflammation is closed there will be pain in

outside.closed, there will be pain in the middle ear.

SmellSmell

heal

th/b

ody

htm

l

• Human nose can tell                                         the difference between                                      

heal

th.c

om/b

esth

ml/n

erv_

sys_

fin.h

more than 10.000                                              different chemicals http:/

/ww

w.b

esth

guid

e/re

ftext

/htm

Olfactory area in the nosedifferent chemicals. • Inside the nose scent molecules are picked 

h gOlfactory area in the nose.

up by olfactory cells which send the signals to the part of the brain that recognizes smell. 

• It is close to the memories and emotions• It is close to the memories and emotions.

TasteTaste

• Taste receptors detect food chemicals dissolved in saliva in the mouth. They are yfound mainly on the tongue’s surface in taste budsbuds.

• There are around 10.000                               taste buds in the tongue. 

• The basic tastes are sweet,The basic tastes are sweet,                            salty, sour and bitter.

tp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taste bud.svgtp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taste_bud.svg

TouchTouch

• Nerve endings in the skin can detect heat and cold, touch and pressure, and pain. , p , p

• There are abouth d ld• 200.000 heat and cold receptors, 

• 500.000 touch and pressure receptors 500 000 p p• 3 million pain receptors.• Most receptors are found in hands and face. 

Other sensesOther senses

• Other senses has to do with balance, acceleration, coordination, direction etc. , ,

• Balance and acceleration allows an organism to sense body movements and accelerationto sense body movements and acceleration and to attain and maintain postural equilibrium and balance.

• Coordination sense provides the parietalCoordination sense provides the parietal cortex of the brain with information on the relative positions of the parts of the bodyrelative positions of the parts of the body.

THINKINGTHINKING

• Most thoughts appear to take place pp pin the cerebrum. 

• Different kinds of• Different kinds of thoughts are linked to different areas.

• These are called eggas

These are called association centers.  Aune

Gre

LobesLobes

ml

• Each half of the cerebrum is divided     

rlozo

n/in

dex.

htm

into four lobes: • two of them are at the uw

ater

loo.

ca/~

r

• two of them are at the front (frontal lobe and

) /un

derg

rad.

ahs.

temporal lobe)• two at the back Th i f th b l

http

://

two at the back (occipital lobe and parietal lobe)

The main areas of the cerebral cortex are the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the occipital lobeparietal lobe). and the occipital lobe.

Specialization of lobesSpecialization of lobes

• The frontal lobe is linked to your personality and is the area in which your ideas form.y

• The temporal lobe is the area in which you hear and understand what people say to youhear and understand what people say to you.

• The occipital lobe is the area in which you work out what you eyes are seeing.

• The parietal lobe is where you register voices• The parietal lobe is where you register voices, touch, cold and pain.

Crossing and innervatingCrossing and innervating

• The left side of the brain controls the right side of gthe body, the right side controls the left side ofcontrols the left side of the body. 

_sys

tem

• Each spinal nerve innervates its own area 

g/w

iki/N

ervo

us_

of the human body surface. en.w

ikip

edia

.org

surface.

http

://e

MemoryMemory

• Memory is an organism's ability to store, retain and recall information. ,

• It has been thought that the brain stores information by creating newstores information by creating new nerve connections. 

• The three types of memory are: sensory, short‐term and long‐termsensory, short term and long term memory.

Sensory memorySensory memory

• Sensory memory is the impressionpthat new informationinformation makes in the mindmind. 

• It may last for only a fraction of a second. Sund

ar T

hapa

a second. 

Short term memoryShort‐term memory

• Short‐term memory is yinformation that thethat the brain stores so long it isso long it is needed to 

s

work with it. Ben

Gre

ggas

Long term memoryLong‐term memory

• Long‐term memory is the memory that lasts through life. y g

• There are memories which you learn by practicing Some arelearn by practicing. Some are memories of striking events in your life: the first day in the school, breaking your leg etc. 

• Some memories are facts and dates ne

Gre

ggas

dates. Au

MoodMood

• Mood is the state of mind, happy or sad, angry or afraid, overjoyed or depressed. g y , j y p

• Mood and emotions seem to be strongly linked to the structures in the center of thelinked to the structures in the center of the brain, where unconscious activities are controlled. 

• Moods change when thalamus sets offMoods change when thalamus sets off automatic changes in the body through nerves and hormonesnerves and hormones. 

Drugs can change the moodDrugs can change the mood

• There are several illegal drugswhich can change the mood.  org/w

iki/K

ahvi

g• Also caffeine, alcohol and tobacco do it tp:

//fi.w

ikip

edia

.o

tobacco do it.• All of them are addictive and  Caffeine in coffee stimulates. However, it

htt

ceasing to use them gives withdrawal symptoms:

,has similar tolerance increasing effect than drugs and nicotine. withdrawal symptoms: 

irritability, anxiety and depression

There are also withdrawal effects: headache, nausea, depression. depression etc.

COURSE OF LIFECOURSE OF LIFE

• What a person is and how she/he looks like is largely g ydependant of the heredity. 

• The body characteristics• The body characteristics are a mix of two sets of instructions ‐ one from the mother’s  and another 

Gre

ggas

from the father’s side.  Aune G

ChromosomesChromosomes

• These instructions are found in the 23 pairs of pchromosomes (altogether 46 chromosomes) which46 chromosomes), which are found in every cell in the human beingthe human being. 

• One set is from the http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Sky_spectral_karyotype.png

mother and one set from the father.the father. 

M l d f l hMale and female chromosomes• All the other pairs are similar but the 23rd pair is pdifferent in male cells. 

• In it the chromosome• In it the chromosome from the mother is called X chromosome and the chromosome from the father is called Y‐chromosome.chromosome.

Scheme of human sex chromosomes and resulting germ cells

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

• The chromosomes are made of DNA‐bars. DNA is shaped in a double helix with linking barshelix with linking bars. 

• The bars of DNA are four 

ki/D

NA

special chemicals called bases: guanine, adenine, 

wik

iped

ia.o

rg/w

ik

cytosine and thymine.  http://fi

.w

DNA-bar

GenesGenes

• The genes are sections of DNA. In every cell there yare more than 30.000 genes /Gen

e

genes. • The genes decide, not 

kipe

dia.

org/

wik

i/

only the color of the eyes, hair and skin but also  htt

p://e

n.w

ik

many other physical and psychological features.

The chemical structure of a four-base fragment of a DNAdouble helixpsychological features. double helix.

EnvironmentEnvironment

h d d d h• However, the genes do not decide everything. Also the environment has an impact. 

• A childhood with                                                malnutrition hardmalnutrition, hard work and lack of                                                     

l i imental activation                                                    might result in short                                              

e G

regg

as

of stature and lower                                          intellect. 

For the future of the country it is good if all the children can go to school.

Aun

e

g

DANGERS FOR GOOD LIFEDANGERS FOR GOOD LIFE

• The use of alcohol, tobacco ,and drugs as a teen agerteen ager predicts difficulties anddifficulties and early death in  STATUTORY DIRECTIVE:

SMOKING ISthe future.

SMOKING IS INJUROUS TO HEALTH

Aune Greggas

AlcoholAlcoholhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia

• Drinking alcohol is ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol.

/commons/d/de/Ethanol-structure.png

y• It is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid It is produced bycolorless liquid. It is produced by fermentation of sugar by yeast.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethanol-3D-balls.png

• The chemical equation below summarizes the conversion:summarizes the conversion: 

• C6H12O6→ 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2

Antiseptic medicineAntiseptic medicine

• Ethanol can be used for fuel or as an antiseptic medicine. p

• It is used as an antiseptic in medical wipes and in most common antibacterial handand in most common antibacterial hand sanitizer gels.

• It kills organisms by denaturing their proteins and dissolving their lipids and is effectiveand dissolving their lipids and is effective against most bacteria and fungi and many virusesviruses.

Intoxicating and depressantIntoxicating and depressant

h l f l• Ethanol is a powerful psycho‐active drug with depressant effect on the central nervouson the central nervous system. I h b d• It has been used because of its 

Gre

ggas

intoxicating effect in alcoholic beverages.

Aune

G

g

SymptomsSymptoms

• 0,05 %:  Euphoria, talkativeness, relaxation• 0.1 % Central nervous system depression, 

nausea, impaired motor and sensory function, impaired cognition

• 0.14% Decreased blood flow to brain• 0 3% Stupefaction possible unconsciousness• 0.3% Stupefaction, possible unconsciousness• 0.4% Possible death• >0.55% Death

EffectsEffectsd d d• Impairs judgment and coordination

• Increases possibility for accidents (by falling, by car accidents, by being drowned or poisoned)p )

• Makes it dangerous to drive a car or to work with machines• Increases the incidence of aggressive acts• Increases domestic violence and child abuse• Leads to addiction• Has strong unpleasant withdrawal effect• Has strong unpleasant withdrawal effect• Increases depression and suicides • Increases possibility to almost all cancersp y• Continual use destroys before long the liver• Those who use much alcohol beverages have shorter expected life time 

as those who do not use 

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer)

IARC is working under World Health O i i (WHO)Organization (WHO).

Other agents which h b h thave been shown to carsinogenic to human beings in Group 1 are forGroup 1 are for example arsenic and asbestor (1987), tobacco smoking andtobacco smoking and smoke (2004), formaldehydi and inorganic leadinorganic lead compounds (2006).

Tobacco advertisements do not tell the truth

• They show nice young people, y g p p ,but not what they get ifthey get, if they continue to smoketo smoke.

• Ladies! Quit smoking. http://www.bighinduism.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/smoking-795x467.jpg

Happier and healthier childrenHappier and healthier children

• Children in non smoking homes are ghealthier than the children in homeschildren in homes with lots of use of tobacco re

ggas

tobacco.• They have less ear  According to the statistics children

Aune

G

infections, cough, asthma and allergies.

from the non smoking families do also better in the school.

asthma and allergies.

Quit for the sake of your childQuit for the sake of your child

• Babies born to the mothers who are smoking  gare smaller and they are often also born too early asoften also born too early.

• These babies also die  Aune G

regg

a

much more easily during the first year of their life 

Every mother would like to give her baby the best possible beginning of

in sudden infant death syndrome.

possible beginning of life.

syndrome. 

Why is it so difficult to quit?Why is it so difficult to quit?

• According to the statistic about 60 % of smokers would like to quit smokingquit smoking.

• However it is very difficult to quit smoking.

Aune

Gre

ggas

• It is because of nicotine

An old man with severe blood circulation difficulties in his feet because of tobacco smoking

A

nicotine. because of tobacco smoking.

NicotineNicotine

• Nicotine is the psykoactive drug in p y gtobacco beverages. 

• In Nepal it is found in okin

g-/n

icot

ine.

jpg

• In Nepal it is found in cigarrettes, cigars, bidi, 

p://w

ww

.qui

t-sm

ont

ral.c

om/im

ages

/

hand rolled tobacco, masala, gutkha, khaimi, 

http

cen

with areca nut etc.

Nicotine’s effect in a synapseNicotine s effect in a synapse

• Nicotine works by docking to a subset of receptors that bind the neurotransmitter pacetylcholin.

if/ni

cotin

e3.jp

gtu

ffw

orks

.com

/gi

http

://st

atic

.how

sth

Activation in the brainsActivation in the brains

/100

9

• While neurons typically release small amounts 

onte

nt/fu

ll/15

5/8/

of acetylcholine in a regulated manner onlin

e.or

g/cg

i/co

regulated manner, nicotine activates cholinergic neurons in //a

jp.p

sych

iatry

o

cholinergic neurons in many different regions 

http

:/

Functional MRI Time Course throughout your brain simultaneously. 

Data on a Single Subject After Intravenous Injection of 1.50 mg of Nicotinea.

This stimulation leads toThis stimulation leads to

• Increased release of acetylcholine from the neurons, leading to heightened activity in , g g ycholinergic pathways throughout your brain.

• Stimulation of cholinergic neurons• Stimulation of cholinergic neuronspromotes the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the reward pathways of yourdopamine in the reward pathways of your brain.

• Release of glutamate, a neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.

Only for 40 minutesOnly for 40 minutes

• Nicotine's effects are short‐lived, lasting only , g y40 minutes to a couple of hourshours. 

• This leads people to smoke or chew tobacco periodically throughout 

ne G

regg

as

the day to dose themselves with nicotine.

No one plans to be chain smoker, but most become.

Aun

themselves with nicotine.  ,

ToleranceTolerance

• Add to this the fact that you can become tolerant to nicotine's effects:

• You need to use more and more• You need to use more and more nicotine to reach the same 

ggas

degree of stimulation.• This leads people from smoking S ki t b

Aune

Gre

g

This leads people from smoking one cigarette to a pack a day habit

Smoking tobacco is also a usual cause for fires in the terrainhabit. the terrain.

DeathsDeaths

• One of two lifetime smokers will die of their habit.• Half of these deaths happen in the middle age.• Mixture of nicotine and carbon monoxide increases heart rate and blood pressure.heart rate and blood pressure. 

• It with extra cholesterol in veins can cause a heart attack or a strokeattack or a stroke. 

• The lungs will be destroyed and toes infected. • Tugged tobacco is also a health hazard. • Tobacco contributes also to a number of cancers. 

Resources for good lifeResources for good life

• Excellent hygiene, good nutrition, physical exercise , p yand mental activation with basic trust are the bestbasic trust are the best resources for a good life.

• Practicing them helps to get a longer expected 

Aune

Gre

ggas

healthy life time. • Life will be also happier

A

Everyone needs a feeling that he is worth and honored• Life will be also happier. honored.

Do not distroy yyour life with tobacco, alcohole 

th dor any other drug.

Use your brains choose only the best!Use your brains, choose only the best!Aune Greggas

W th kWe thank• The Ministry for Foreign Affairs FinlandThe Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Finland• ADRA Finland, ETRA Association, Finlands Svenska Adventkyrka Aune Greggas FinlandAdventkyrka, Aune Greggas, Finland

• Scheer Memorial Hospital, Banepa, Kavre, Sundar Thapa, h lUma Thapa, Pratigya Ranjit, UPPP team, Nepal

• Pictures: Wikipedia, Wikimedia, A.D.A.M., msmaailma.fi, livescience.com, halecliniconline.com, reinbowskill.com, Seeley and others, medindia.net, quitsmoking‐central.com,  static.howstuffworks.com, psychiatryonline.org, Sonja Pyott, University of North Carolina; Aune Greggas, Ben Greggas, Sundar Thapa.

Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Slide Number 27Slide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Slide Number 31Slide Number 32Slide Number 33Slide Number 34Slide Number 35Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 38Slide Number 39Slide Number 40Slide Number 41Slide Number 42Slide Number 43Slide Number 44Slide Number 45Slide Number 46Slide Number 47Slide Number 48Slide Number 49Slide Number 50Slide Number 51Slide Number 52Slide Number 53Slide Number 54Slide Number 55Slide Number 56Slide Number 57Slide Number 58Slide Number 59Slide Number 60Slide Number 61Slide Number 62Slide Number 63Slide Number 64Slide Number 65Slide Number 66Slide Number 67Slide Number 68Slide Number 69Slide Number 70Slide Number 71Slide Number 72Slide Number 73Slide Number 74Slide Number 75Slide Number 76