Augustin Janssens EC DG ENER D4 Dr. Augustin Janssens Europäische Atomenergiegemeinschaft EURATOM...

Augustin Janssens EC DG ENER D4

Dr. Augustin JanssensEuropäische Atomenergiegemeinschaft

EURATOMEntstehung und Stand des Entwurfs der EURATOM-Direktive unterbesonderer Berücksichtigung des Artikels 74 zu Radon in Gebäuden

Revision and consolidation of Euratom Basic Safety Standards

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European CommissionDG Energy

D4: Radiation ProtectionAugustin Janssens

Augustin Janssens EC DG ENER D4 2

Overview

• Revision and consolidation of BSS

• Exposure situations

• Existing exposure situations– Radon (workplace, dwellings)– Building materials


Revision and consolidationBSS DIRECTIVE

• Article 31 Group of Experts since 2005• Topical issues

– natural radiation sources– exemption, clearance, graded approach

• WP “Recast”– First consolidated draft text: meeting in June 2009 – Final text for Article 31 Experts in November 2009

• Approval of draft text and related Opinion – on 23-24.2. 2010

• Commission:– Impact Assessment Report– Inter-Service consultation– Translation– Draft Commission proposal adopted in September 2011– Opinion of Economic and Social Committee

• Final Commission proposal in May 2012• EP and Council? Member States? 2017?


RECASTBetter legislation - simplification

• Directives: – Basic Safety Standards (workers, general public): 1996– Patients/Medical Directive: 1997– Informing the public on measures in the event of a radiological

emergency: 1989– Outside Workers: 1990– High Activity Sealed Sources (HASS): 2003

• Radon Recommendation 90/143/Euratom• Recast:

– In principle no discussion of unmodified text• In practice: too many changes with cross-cutting impact

– Hence: “consolidation”


Revision of EU-BSS

• Consolidation of current Directives

• Allow for ICRP/IAEA– Exposure situations

• rather than processes: practices/interventions

– Incorporate natural radiation sources

• strengthen the requirements


ICRP Publication 103

Scope:(176) … applied to all sources and all exposed individuals, in the following three exposure situations:

– planned: … involving the planned operation of sources (practices in operation)– existing: … that already exists when a decision on control has to be taken, including natural

background radiation …– emergency exposure situations

Principle of Justification:(206) … introduction of new activities where radiological protection is planned in advance and the necessary actions can be taken on the source(207) … where exposures can be controlled mainly by action to modify the pathways of exposure and not by action on the source

Confusion because “planned” was associated with the applicable regime of regulatory control : notification, registration and licensing of practices.

Euratom BSS: any (industrial) activity for which an undertaking or employer has legal responsibility for its conduct and for the resulting exposure should be managed in the same way as practices


Exposure situationsEuratom approach

• Existing: resulting from features of the location (not the type of activity)

• indoor Radon (ingress from soil) • commodities managed together with the exposure situation:

– building materials (gamma exposure, radon exhalation)– foodstuffs (post-accidental situation

• Planned: new source or new pathway of exposure resulting from the activity

• industries processing naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM)

• operation of aircraft

• Occupational exposure: exposure of workers incurred in the course of their work – responsibility of the employer for exposure to radon at work

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Table of contents of revised EU-BSS

PreambleChapter I Subject Matter and ScopeChapter II DefinitionsChapter III System of ProtectionChapter IV Requirements for Education, Training and InformationChapter V Justification and Regulatory Control of practicesChapter VI Protection of Workers, Apprentices and StudentsChapter VII Protection of Patients and other Individuals

submitted to Medical ExposureChapter VIII Protection of Members of the PublicChapter IX Protection of the EnvironmentChapter X Requirements for Regulatory ControlChapter XI Final provisions


• VII: gives definition and use of the activity concentration index for the gamma radiation emitted by building materials

• IX: indicative list of types of building materials considered for control measures with regard to their emitted gamma radiation

• XVI: indicative list of items to be covered in the national action plans for radon in dwellings and workplaces

AnnexesExisting exposure situations


System of Protection Principles

• Justification of practices• Optimisation of protection

– constraints in planned exposure situations– reference levels in existing or emergency

situations

• Dose limits– effective dose (stochastic effects)– organ dose (tissue effects)


Reference levels• Bands of reference levels for public exposure and

corresponding societal criteria• RL in the range 20 mSv – 100 mSv for emergency

exposure situations– below 20 mSv if no disproportionate detriment or

excessive cost of countermeasures

• RL in the range 1 to 20 mSv per year for existing exposure situations– indoor radon exposure– long-term post-accidental management

• RL below 1 mSv for specific pathways of exposure (building materials)


EC Recommendation on indoor exposure to radon (90/143/Euratom)

• Establish a system for reducing any exposure to indoor radon concentrations.

• Apply principle of optimisation.• Decisions should be made on annually-averaged

radon measurements • Develop criteria for identifying regions, sites and

building characteristics likely to cause high indoor radon levels

• Reference level for existing buildings– 400 Bq/m3

• Design level for construction of new buildings– 200 Bq/m3


Natural Radiation Sources in present BSS Directive 96/29/Euratom

• Exposure to radon in dwellings was not included in the scope

• Radon in workplaces– Addressed in Title VII (Natural Radiation Sources)

• Identification of “work activities” of concern

– Large flexibility for Member States on measures taken

• No specific requirements on building materials


Guidance BSS Directive 96/29/Euratom

Radiation Protection Series

• Implementation of Title VII to occupational exposure (RP 88)– Concentrate on highest exposures, and where actions are most likely to be

effective. – Surveys of radon exposure in different types of workplaces– Action Levels for radon: 500 – 1000 Bq/m3

– When radon concentrations remain above the Action Level the principles of BSS should apply (controlled areas, monitoring and dose limits)

– Information and advice to employers on remedial actions

• Building materials (RP 112)– Definition of activity concentration index

I = C226Ra /300 + C232Th /200 + C40K /3000

– Radon exhalation: ”When gamma doses are limited to levels below 1mSv/y, the 226Ra concentration in the materials is limited, in practice, to a level which is unlikely to cause indoor radon concentrations exceeding … (200 Bq/m3).”


New BSS: Radon action plan

• ”Member States shall establish an action plan to manage long term risks from radon exposures in dwellings, buildings with public access and workplaces for any source of radon ingress, whether from soil, building materials and water.”– Take into account issues specified in Annex XVI


Radon Action Planindicative list of issues in Annex XVI

• Assign responsibilities, allocate resources for measurements and remedial actions

• Criteria for delineation of radon prone areas• Criteria for identification of buildings of concern• Criteria for accreditation of measurement and

remediation services• Strategy for increasing public awareness in relation to

smoking• Long term goals for reducing lung cancer


Member States shall establish national reference levels for indoor annual average radon concentrations, not exceeding: – 200 Bq/m3 for new dwellings and new buildings

with public access– 300 Bq/m3 for existing dwellings– 300 Bq/m3 for existing buildings with public access

• In specific cases, allowing for occupancy time, a higher reference level with a maximum of 1000 Bq/m3

Chapter VIII Protection of the public Radon in dwellings


Chapter VIII Protection of the public Radon in dwellings

Member States shall:• identify dwellings above reference level and

encourage remedial action• ensure measurements in buildings with public

access in radon prone areas• establish building codes to prevent radon

ingress from soil and building materials• provide information (local and national) on

radon situation, risks and means for reducing radon concentrations


Chapter VI Protection of workers Radon in workplaces

• Establishment of national reference level, – not exceeding 1000 Bq/m3

• Measurements necessary in – workplaces located at ground floor or at basement

level in radon prone areas – specific types of workplaces identified in action plan

• Principle of optimisation– Reduce radon concentrations or exposures

• If levels stay above reference level despite actions– Manage as a planned exposure situation– Dose limit and requirements for occupational

exposure apply• Control if individual exposures > 6 mSv/year


Discussions in AQG• Same reference level (RL) for different types of

buildings (300 Bq/m³) including workplaces?– buildings with public access: also workplaces

• Optional higher RL in workplaces, or merely a threshold for regulatory control (6 mSv/y)?– ICRP TG: 2nd RL if first one is exceeded

• Lower RL for new buildings?– or WHO value (100 Bq/m³), not as a RL but as long

term objective and basis of building codes

• Radon Prone Areas? ("gefährdet")

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Building materials

• Reference level of 1 mSv per year– for indoor external exposure from building materials

• in excess of the background outdoor external exposure

• Below 1 mSv/y the material is exempted and free on the market in EU– above 1 mSv/y the national authority may consider appropriate

control measures• Information about the materials relevant for compliance

with building codes should be available before their placing on the market

• I: conventional activity concentration index (RP 112)– two categories (reflecting whether the material is used in bulk or

superficial quantities)• Index 1 or 6, to be defined in national building codes

– CEN/TC standards (construction products)


Building MaterialsIndustries processing residues and by-

products

Determine concentrations in listed types of building materials

Determine activity index I

Types of building materials identified by Regulatory Authority

Compliance with building codes

Classification of the materials

A BExempted

Types of building materials authorised by Regulatory

Authority

Architects

> Reference Level (1 mSv)


NORM residuesClearance criteria

NORM materials

Regulated NORM INDUSTRY

300 µSv

Exempted industry

practices involving artificial radionuclides

Nuclear fuel cycle

10 µSv

specific clearan

ce levels

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BUILDING MATERIALS


NORM residuesClearance criteria

NORM materials

Regulated NORM INDUSTRY

300 µSv

Exempted industry

practices involving artificial radionuclides

Nuclear fuel cycle

10 µSv

specific clearan

ce levels

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drinking water standardsTID : 0.1 mSv


Conclusions

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Conclusions

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• Indoor Radon now fully incorporated in Radiation Protection legislation– Distinction between types of buildings:

• residential dwellings, public access, workplaces

– or single reference level for buildings?

• Effectiveness, transparency, proportionality– Radon Action Plan and Radon Prone Areas

– Regulatory control of occupational exposure to Rn in specific workplaces

– Coherence with NORM industries and Uranium mining

• Building Materials now regulated– Construction Products Directive

• CEN/TC Standards

EnergyEnergy

Vielen Dank!

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/radiation_protection/radiation_protection_en.htm

Augustin Janssens EC DG ENER D4 Dr. Augustin Janssens Europäische Atomenergiegemeinschaft EURATOM...

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