Auditing in Computer Environment Sako

Sako Mayrick

AUDITING IN COMPUTER ENVIRONMENT

What is audit in a computer environme

nt?

Wherever computer based accounting system, large or small are operated by an enterprise, or by a third party on behalf of the enterprise, for processing information supporting the amounts included in the financial statements. The audit is said to be performed in computer environment.

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Auditing in Computer Environment

Issues The audit objective remain “to enable the

auditor to express an opinion whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework.

However, the methods of applying audit procedures in gathering audit evidence may be influenced by the way accounting data is processed.

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Computer Environment Audit Trail In manual processing, clerical errors in

computer environment programming errors or systematic errors in hardware or software

Central Processing of transactions (keep incompatible duties separate.)

Alteration of data or files without being detected (possibility of fraud)


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Auditing in computer environment

Approaches Auditing around the computer

Auditing through the Computer

Auditing with the computer


Approaches to auditing in Computer Environment

1. Auditing around the computer Computer as a black box Test transaction method e.g. multiplying unit price with

number of products No attempt is made to establish and evaluate existence

of controls Appropriate where no significant computer controls are

required, for example where computers are used only for calculation purposes

Should not be used because of auditor’s lack of knowledge on computerized systems.

Audit around the computer ONLY WHEN; the audit trail is complete, processing operations are straight forward and system documentation is complete and readily available.



1. Auditing through the computer Auditor evaluate client’s software and hardware for

reliability hard for human eyes to view Test operating effectiveness of related computer

controls (Access Controls) Controls are embedded in the IS of most companies

It is impractical to ignore them due to legal and compliance requirements

External auditors use this to test the controls Internal auditors frequently uses this to ensure

that errors are discovered and corrected.



Around or through the computer Nothing is wrong with auditing around the computer

But auditor should be satisfied with the control system in place and able to gather sufficient evidence.

But what about various requirements of gaining sufficient understanding of system (internal control) Auditing through the computer is the best for auditors to

follow Some standards restricts auditors to issue opinions on

the operating effectiveness of internal control of the business if auditing around the computer approach is used.

Which approach minimize auditor’s risk?


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Approaches to auditing in the computer environment

Auditing with the computer Use of computer of audit

automation Working Papers Statistical sampling and analytical

procedures

Decision Support System; Audit Review and Reporting


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Auditing with the Computer

Types of software on PC in order to aid audit work Standard software for word processing ,

spreadsheets Expert systems such as teammate,

Generally, an auditor can use the PC to assist for Production of time budget and budgetary

control . Analytical procedures. The maintenance of permanent file

information


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Auditing in computer environment

The computer systems challenges lack of visible evidence and

systematic errors. What to do? techniques available to an auditor, The internal controls, the availability of the data the length of time it is retained in a

readily usable form.


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Controls over audit computersSecurity, and Accuracy (of input,

processing and output). The auditor should exercise controls

when PCs are used by auditor in their work are as follows:Access controls for users by means of passwords


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Controls over audit computersBack up of data contained on files, regular production of hard copy; back-up disks held off the premises.

Viral protection for programs and Training users.

Evaluation and testing of programs use Proper recording of input data , to ensure reasonableness of output.


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INTERNAL CONTROLS IN CIS

The internal control over computer based accounting system

General controls

Application controls



General controls; relates to the environment CIS

are developed, maintained and operated, and which are therefore applicable to all the applications.

The application controls and general controls are inter-related. Strong general controls contribute to assurance, which may be obtained by an auditor in relation

If general controls are ineffective, there may be potential for material misstatement in each computer based accounting application. 14Sako MayrickAPT Financial Consultants

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Specific Requirements in order to achieve the overall objective of general controls:- Control over applications development To prevent or detect unauthorized changes to programs To ensure that all programs changes are adequately

tested and documented Control to prevent and detect errors during program

execution To prevent unauthorized amendments to data files To ensure that system software is properly installed

and maintained To ensure that proper documentation is kept To ensure continuity of operations.



Types of General Controls

1. Organizational controls of EDP unit No one individual should be able to

a. access the data;

b. Alter the computer system or programme,

c. Access the computer



Types of General Controls

2. Application development and maintenance controls

Computer programs and related applications design and use of systems manuals, program flow charts, narratives, records and file layout and operators instructions.

3. Hardware controls Manufacturer to detect equipment

failure, how the organisation handles errors the computer identifies



Types of General Controls4. Access to Computer equipment, data files and

programs Safeguarding equipment and records e.g.

locked doors, locked cabinets, segregation of duties, locked cabinets, cabinets containing data files, passwords or security codes and job reports for the computer.

5. Data or procedural controls Keeping the files and programmes off site.

This may prevent losses due to accidental erasure, intentional vandalism or catastrophic loss (fire). Grandfather-father-son method Sako Mayrick 19APT Financial Consultants

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INTERNAL CONTROLS IN CIS Application controls:

The objective of application controls (manual or programmed) are to Ensure completeness and

accuracy of accounting records validity of entries made resulting

from both manual and programmed processing.


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The specific requirements in order to achieve the overall objectives of application controls are:- Control over the completeness and

authorization of input Control over the completeness and

accuracy of processing Control over the maintenance of master

files and the standing data contained therein


Internal Controls in CIS Application Controls

They are specific to particular accounting application Major types of application controls

1. Input Controls Ensures validity, completeness and accuracy of

processed information e.g. Check digits, batch totals, hash totals, limits or reasonableness checks, and validity checks.

2. Processing Controls Accurate processing of data input into the system Data are processed, processed only once and processed

accurately. Most of processing controls are also programmed controls

i.e. the computer is programmed to do the checking. Examples, control totals, logic tests and completeness tests.

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Internal Controls in CIS

3. Output ControlsEnsures that data generated by

computer are valid, accurate, and complete.

Output distributed in appropriate quantities only to authorized people.

The most important output controls is review of the data for reasonableness by someone who knows what the output should look like.


Internal Controls in CIS

4. Controls over master file information Most transactions depends on the accuracy of

information on the master file. For exampleSales transactions depends on price list or

all payroll amounts depends on hourly rate or salary rate.

User departments should get periodic reports containing content of the master file.

There should be procedures in place to verify that the correct version of Master File is being used.


Internal Control in CIS

Auditors obtain information on the general and application controls by Interviewing EDP staffReviewing flowcharts and

documentsReviewing internal control

questionnaires


5 Minutes Break


AUDITING IN THE COMPUTER ENVIRONMENT - Techniques

What are the tools to use? What are the techniques?What are the tricks? What are the risks ?What is the examiners focus?


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COMPUTER ASSISTED AUDIT TECHNIQUES (CAATs)

Definition Techniques in that the auditors are

afforded opportunities to use either the enterprises or another computer to assist them in performance of audit work.

CAATs, are ways in which the auditor may use the computer in a computerized information system to gather, or assist in gathering, audit evidence.


CAATs

Advantages Are independent of the system being audited and will use

a read-only copy of file to avoid corruption of an organization's data

Simplifies audit routines such as sampling Provides documentation of each test performed in the

software that can be used as documentation in auditor’s work papers

Can perform activities such as data queries, data stratification, sample extraction, missing sequence identification, statistical analysis, calculations, duplicate inquiries, pivot talbes and cross tabulation


CAATs

UsesCreation of electronic work papersFraud detection

Analytical testsData analysis reportsContinuous monitoring


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CATEGORIES OF CAAT

Audit softwareTest dataOther techniques


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CATEGORIES OF CAAT

1. Audit software: generalized audit softwarespecialized audit software or

Interrogation softwareutility programs and existing entity programs.

Regardless of the source of the programs, the auditor should substantiate their validity for audit purposes prior to use.


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CATEGORIES OF CAAT

Audit software some usesStratify accounting population and

select monetary unit statistical samples.

Carry out an aging /usage analysis of stocks

Perform detailed analytical reviews of financial statements


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TYPES OF CAATs

Test data Is a CAAT in which test data

prepared by the auditor is processed on the current production version of the client's software, but separately from the client's normal input data.


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TYPES OF CAATs

Other techniques embedded audit facilities

Integrated test facility System Review and control file

( SCARF) Application program examination

Internal control evaluation via; Flowchart verification (Logical Path analysis ) ,Program code verification (Code Comparison Programs), Printout examination.


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CAATs and Sustentative testing

During substantive testing some, CAATs are used frequently. Audit software is used extensively to

examine accounting records maintained on computer files

CAATs assists in carrying out analytical review procedures


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Limits of CAATs

Limits of CAATs Evaluation of general controls

Use ICQ or the ICE approach.


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Program authenticity

Source Program authenticity guarantee that the correct application

program is being tested.“Live test” data, integrated test

facilities and embedded audit facilities as described above are audit techniques, which help in this respect.

General controlsCopy must be identical to orignal


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Knowledge based system

Knowledge based systemsDecision Support Systems and Expert systems can be used to assist with the auditors own judgment and decisions.


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MANUAL Vs CAATs

Factors to consider in choosing between CAATs and manual Techniques:-

Practicability of carrying out audit tests manually Cost effectiveness of the procedures under

considerations. Availability of audit time The availability of appropriate computer facilities and

independence issue The level of audit experience and expertise. The extent of possible reliance upon internal audit

work


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Factors to consider in using CAATs

IT knowledge and experience of the audit team

Availability of CAATs and suitable computer facilities and data

Impracticability of manual testsEffectiveness and efficiencytiming


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PLANNING AN AUDIT IN A COMPUTER ENVIRONMENT

Planning an audit in a Computer environmentPossibilities of attending during

system development stageConsideration of use of CAATsPracticability of manual auditExpertise


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Use of CAATS The pattern cost associated with CAATs, The extent of tests of controls or substantive

procedures achieved by both alternatives, Ability to incorporate within the use of CAAT a

number of different audit tests. Time of reporting


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In using CAAT, computer facilities, computer files

and programs should be available; the auditors should plan the use of

CAAT in good time so that these copies are retained for their use.

Internal auditor CAATs , consider ISA Availability of computer facilities


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INTERNAL CONTROL EVALUATION

Internal control evaluation ICQ . Weak controls = extensive

substantive procedures In determining whether they wish to

place reliance on application controls or general controls ,the auditors will be influenced by the cost effectiveness and ease of testing by the following matters

General controls and application controls


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INTERNAL CONTROL EVALUATION

Check systematic errors and program intergrityManual examination may be useful in

small computer applicationObservation, examination of

documentary evidence or reperforming the procedures may be useful.CAATs can also be useful


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Review of financial statements

Review of financial statements CAATs (audit software)

e.g analytical review. The working papers should indicate the

work performed by CAAT, the auditors conclusion, the manner in which any technical problems were resolved and may include any recommendations about modification of CAAT for future audits.


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AUDIT TRAIL.

Audit trail.

As the complexity of computer systems has increased there has been a corresponding loss of audit trail. Most systems have searching facilities that are much quicker to use than searching through print outs by hand.

This offsets the so- called loss of “audit trail” to a significant extent. The trail is still there, although it may have to be followed through in electronic form.


2 MINUTES BREAK


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COMPUTER SERVICE BUREAUX

These are third part service organization who provide EDP facilities to their clients

Factor to consider in using CSB make or buy decisions Consider and Analyze the cost benefit; Level of management’s own computing

knowledge and their willingness to take risk to unknown third party;


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Factors to consider The volume and frequency of processing

requirements ; The complexity of the program package

required ;The simpler the program the easier it would be to process in – house on Micro;

The importance of timelines in processing of data check the efficiency and economy of DP

The confidentiality of the data being processed.


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Types of Bureaux

Independent companies formed to provide specialist computer services

Computer manufacturers with bureau

Computer users (e.g. universities)


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PLANNING AND CONTROL EXERCISED BY THE USER

When the system using CSB is set up it is essential that

a full feasibility study and system design should be carried

out.

In practice the bureau may provide assistance in performing these tasks.


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The control should include : Prior vetting of bureau standards ; Input controls at preparer’s end; bunching

and providing or authorizing in the same way as usual;

Transit controls ;Physical transfer of documents ;

batch controls ,physical security and authorized personnel;


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The control should include : Electronic transmission of data ;batch

totals, passwords and possibly encryption coding for very sensitive data;

Control over and action on rejection; there must be strong control over the level of rejections; whose fault, the bureaus or ours?;


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Output controls :logging /registering receipt of output material and original documentation ,distribution and filing; Master file amendment controls; suggested control include the usual use of pre-numbered properly authorized forms. Special control of periodic print out of all master file amendments;

Adequate insurance covering loss of data or documents and computer breakdown at the bureau itself ;The external auditor review of bureau controls ;


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A third party review –an independent firm to carry out review of internal controls, both the general and application based. The report is then made available to the auditors of clients of the bureaus. This saves the bureau having to make provision for many different sets of auditors all asking to run CAATs on the bureaux system and complete roughly similar ICQ/ICE forms.

Direct evaluation of the bureau by the auditor using the CAATs , ICQ and ICE.;

Standby /back up /emergency arrangement ;


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The compliance and substantive testing of programmed procedures, the CAATs such as discussed above are appropriate where the client has the data and files on the premises. They may not be possible in context of the computer service bureau. The client may have to arrange to have files copied by the bureau or supplied to the auditor for testing.


2 Minutes Break


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CONTROLS IN ON-LINE AND REAL TIME SYSTEMS

Controls in real time systems The main control problem is that primarily the

concern is on large, multi–user systems with terminals (dumb terminals or networked PCs)

The same person is often responsible for producing and processing the same information. Internal check ,supervisory controls should be strengthened (segregation of duties) ;

The ability of a person using remote terminal to gain access to databases at will results in the need for special controls to ensure that files are neither read nor written to (nor destroyed).


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CONTROLS IN ON-LINE AND REAL TIME SYSTEMS Physical controls;

Operating system; Use passwords( or lockwords) or special badges or

key; Restriction by the operating system of a certain users

to certain files .eg wages dept can be given access to only wages file;

Logging of all attempted violation of the above controls .eg Automatic shut down of the PC or terminal used;

All violations should be speedily and thoroughly investigated

Application controls; Validity checks on input; Reporting of unusual transactions; Passwords


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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS)

Main controls; Control to prevent or detect unauthorized changes to programs; No access to live program file by any personnel

except for the operation personnel at the central computer;

Password protection on programs; Restricted access to the central computer and

terminal ; Maintenance of console; Periodic comparison of live production programs to

control copies and supporting documentation.


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Main controls; Controls to prevent or detect error during operation;

Restriction of access to terminals by use of password; Satisfactory application control over input , processing and

master file ; Use of operation manuals and training all users; Maintenance of logs showing unauthorized attempts to

access; Physical protection over data files ;Training in emergency

procedures Controls to ensure integrity of the database system;

Restriction of access to data dictionary


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Controls to ensure integrity of the database system; Restriction of access to data dictionary( point

of definition and interrelationship of data); Segregation of duties between data

processing manager and data base administration personnel;

Liaison between database administration function and systems development personnel

Preparation and update as necessary of user manual in conjunction with data dictionary


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DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The audit of DBMS creates particular problems as the two principal CAATs , test data and audit software, tend to work unsatisfactorily on programs and files contained within such system.

The auditor may, however, be able to use embedded audit facilities.

Close liaison with the internal auditor may provide audit comfort.

The auditors should if possible be involved at the evaluation, design and development stages, so that they are able to determine their audit requirements and identify control problems before implementation.


5 Minutes Break

QUESTION 3 ( P18. MAY, 2010) You have been asked to evaluate the system of internal

control in an electronic date processing system.

REQUIRED: Specify some of the matters to which you would give

attention in relation to:Division of responsibilitiesFile storage

What will be the auditor’s work or the areas in which he requires to pay special attention in auditing:

College and schools?Charitable institutions?


2 MINUTES BREAK REQUIRED: (NBAA –CPA - Nov. 2009)

a) (i) List the audit procedures to be followed by your assistant in verifying the bank reconciliation in sufficient details for an inexperienced staff member to follow.(6marks)

(ii) Explain the purpose of each procedure in terms of audit objectives. (5 marks)

(b) Discuss the reliability of bank statements as audit evidence. What steps can be taken if it is considered desirable to increase their reliability? (3 marks)

(c) (i) Distinguish between ‘auditing around the computer’ and auditing through the computer’.(3 marks)

(ii) Explain the circumstances when it would be inappropriate for the auditor to rely on auditing around the computer.(3 marks)

(Total = 20 marks)Sako Mayrick 67APT Financial Consultants

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SMALL COMPUTER SYSTEM

Control problems in small computer systems

The problems surrounding PC’s can be grouped as ; Lack of planning over the acquisition

and use of PCs; Lack of documentary evidence ; Lack of security and confidentiality.


2 MINUTES BREAK NBAA: QUESTION 5 – NOVEMBER, 2010 The auditors of Malaga Co. a large engineering company, are now in the

course of auditing the company's financial statements for the year ended 31st October, 2010. At the audit briefing, the audit manager made the following statements:

'Whilst we are all aware of the benefits that Malaga Co. should have gained from using a computer based accounting system, we need to be alert to the specific risks that a computer-based accounting system poses to an entity's internal controls. We will be using audit software.

REQUIRED: (a) State four benefits that Malaga Co.. should have gained from using

a computer-based accounting system. (b) State six specific risks that the use of a computer-based

accounting system poses to an entity's internal controls. c) Explain the term audit software. D) Describe any four functions performed by audit software and for each

function suggest how it could be used for a specific task by the external auditors of Malaga Co. (8 marks)


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COMPUTER FRAUD

Input fraud : Processing fraud; Fraudulent use of computer

system; Output fraud;


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FACTORS- RISK TO COMPUTER FRAUD

Increase in computer literacy – Communications e.g. telephone and

PCs and hackers Reduction of internal Check Improvements in quality of software and

increase in implementation of good software has not kept pace with improvements in hard ware


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COUNTERACT COMPUTER FRAUD

Planned approach to counteract computer fraud. All staff should be properly trained and should

fully appreciate their role in computer function Management policy on fraud should be clear

and firm A study should be carried to examine where the

company is exposed to possible fraud A company should map out an approach or plan

in each area of the business to tackle and prevent fraud.


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CONTROLS TO PREVENT COMPUTER FRAUDS

As with a control system, three areas to examine are; prevention, detection and correction Access to the computer terminals and other parts of the

computer should be restricted Access to sensitive areas of the system should be logged

and monitored Errors logs and reports should be monitored and

investigated on regular basis Staff recruitment should include careful vetting ,include

taking up all references Expert systems software may be used to monitor unusual

transactions


2 Minutes Break

See the separate question – detailed one


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DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPUTERIZED ENVIRONMENT

Many auditors are now finding their clients conducting business through the internet. As always, the principle audit concern , will be controls over the use of the internet and the strength of audit evidence obtained through the internet


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INTERNET

Controls over the Internet Unauthorized use of the internet Staffs may use internet for unauthorized

purchases Staff may use internet for accessing data

which have a costs (call) People may be able to access “business “

internal systems via the internet and obtain confidential information or launch virus which disrupts internal systems


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CONTROLS IN INTERNET…

Controls from these risks include Use of passwords, Disabling certain terminals – Firewalls Authorization the technique make sure that a

message has come from an authorized sender

Virus control software –regular updating Physical controls ;against fire, damage etc


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AUDIT EVIDENCE IN THE INTERNET

Audit evidence in the Internet Certain general observations can be made about

audit evidence obtained through the Internet Internet evidence generated by the auditor will be

stronger than evidence generated by client. Comfort may be obtained if the auditor can access the internet and test what the client has posted

Internet evidence can be obtained in written form and thus stronger than oral evidence

If the internal controls mentioned above are strong ,the auditors will have more confidence in the quality of evidence


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WHAT ABOUT E-MAIL?

Email may have numerous advantages in reducing office paperwork and speeding up communication, but it also has dangers from an audit point of view. e.g. unscrupulous employee in a large organization might find it quite easy to send and e-mail from his or her boss’s computer authorizing a substantial bonus /payrise

H/W; what controls could you put to prevent this from happening


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CONTROL IN INTERNET SYSTEM

Control of network system is of uttermost importance .the auditors must be able to analyse the risk of unauthorized access such as line tapping or interception and to evaluate preventive measures

Authentication programs and encryption are used for security , the auditor must understand those matter and should be able to make recommendations on implementation.

Password security is extremely important, and the auditors may be called upon to recommend complex password procedures for sophisticated systems. 80APT Financial Consultants

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ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE

Electronic data interchange (EDI) is now used very widely because it cuts the task of re-inputting data that has already been input into a system in electronic form, saving time and improving accuracy EDI is authentic? What authorization measures

are in place to ensure that transactions above certain value are properly authorized before being transmitted or accepted?

What is the legal position of the two parties if the transaction is disputed?

Encryption and authentication offer some help, as do transaction logs that identify the originator or any transactions generated and transmitted.


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WHAT IS EDI

Is the automated computer-to-computer exchange of structured business transactions between an enterprise and its vendors, customers, or other trading partners in a standard format, with a minimum of human intervention


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CONSIDERATION OF AUDIT STANDARDS

ISA 315, “Understanding the Entity and Its Environment and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement” and

ISA 330, “The Auditor’s Procedures in Response to Assessed Risks” became effective.


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Major issues to be considered by an auditor as per ISA An auditor should consider new CIS

environment affects the audit The overall objective of audit in CIS audit

never changes. The design and performance of appropriate

tests of Controls and Substantive procedures to achieve the audit objective are likely to change.


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Major issues to be considered by an auditor as per ISA The existence of computer is likely to have

an impact on the clients inherent risk and control risk.

The auditor should have sufficient knowledge of CIS to plan, direct supervise and review the work performed.

The auditor should consider whether specialized CIS skills are needed in an audit. 85APT Financial Consultants

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ISA

The ISA makes it clear that auditors should have sufficient knowledge of the CIS to perform such audit effectively. It is not necessary for overly member of audit team to be a computer expert auditors must consider need for specialized CIS skills.ISA 620 “using the work of expert” is relevant.

In planning the portions of audit which may be affected by the clients environment the auditor should obtain an understanding of significance and complexity of CIS activities and the availability of data for use in the audit.


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ISA

Auditor must obtain understanding of accounting and IC sufficient to plan an effective approach.

Where CIS is significant, the auditor must assess the effect of the CIS on in hereunto control risk.

Complexity normally increases risk and deficiencies in program development, mtc, physical security and access controls would have an effect on all applications that the system served.


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ELECTRONIC COMMERCEIAPS 1013

Is any Commercial activity that takes place by means of connected computers. E.g. offering goods for sale directly from office computer; the purchasers’ computer and office computer is connected over Internet.

How do we audit ex-commerce?

International Audit Practice Standard ISPS 1013 (IAP’s) in intended to assist auditors in identifying and assessing the new risk to which the business in exposed when it undertakes e-commerce transactions. 88APT Financial Consultants

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MAJOR AREAS OF FOCUS BY THE IAPS 1013

The skill and knowledge required to understand the implications of e-commerce on audit

The extent of knowledge an auditor should have about the client’s business environment and activities.


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MAJOR AREAS OF FOCUS BY THE IAPS 1013

The business, legal, regulatory and other risk faced by entities engaged in e-commerce transactions.

The effect of electronic records on audit evidence.

The statement may be also helpful to the auditor of any business engaged in e-commerce.


5 MINUTES BREAK

See the Class Presentation on the question


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What is an IT audit?

Like operational, financial and compliance auditors, Information Technology (IT) auditors work to:

Understand the existing internal control environment

Identify high risk areas through a formal methodology

Ensure that adequate internal controls are in place and operate effectively (through the testing of said controls)

Recommend control implementation where risk exists


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Why IT AUDIT?

Because of Information Technology RISK!! Risk: The probability that a particular threat

exploits a particular vulnerability (i.e. an issue which may impact ability to meet objective).

Threat: Event with the potential to cause unauthorized access, modification, disclosure, or destruction of info resources.

Vulnerability: Weakness in a system control, or a design flaw, that can be exploited to violate system, network, or data integrity.


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What Reduces IT Risk and What about any Remaining Risk?

Internal Controls (i.e. safeguards)Control: Protective measure implemented

to ensure company assets (IT or otherwise) are both available and accurate in order to meet the business requirements of that asset.

Residual Risk: The risk that is left over after reasonable internal controls have been both evaluated and implemented.

Internal Controls do not eliminate all risk!!


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INTERNAL CONTROLS OTHER MATTERS

The are two major types of controls:Application ControlsGeneral Controls.


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What about OTHER types of audits that may impact IT

Traditional Audit Types: Financial – “opinion” audits (CPAs) Operational – process audits – now

includes environmental & construction Compliance – laws/regulations and

policies, standards, and procedures IT – usually considered “operational”

unless performed so “opinion” auditors may “rely” on financial info provided

Hybrid - Integrated Audit – today almost all audits are actually hybrid


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Operational Audits Review operating policies/procedures

Documented policies/procedures? Informal policies/procedures?

Work flow examined (thru flowchart or description requested/developed)

Controls identified and documented Examine the business process and

recommend improvements – control related or efficiency/effectiveness


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MANUAL AND PROGRAMMED CONTROLS

Many controls over computers are manual controls, and prodding that the manual controls exercised by users are sufficient to provide reasonable assurance of the completeness, accuracy and authorization of output, test of control may be limited to those manual controls. In a payroll system, for example, if users test check gross pay, deductions net pay and authorization at the output stage, and if they compare net pay with approved bank transfer documentation and perform regular bank reconciliation’s; there may be no need to test programmed controls.


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MANUAL CONTROLS

Other Controls: Manual Controls

Physical Controls: -Is a matter of common sense. -Limit access to a computer room, -

Locks and keys, only to specified people -Prevention of smooking.

Back-up of disks: -Create and update an identical back up

disk for every disk in the system; Data files&Program files; The disk should be stored in separate place.


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MANUAL CONTROLS

Other Controls: Manual Controls

Data filing: -Each disk should be labeled clearly and filed

securely.The labeled disks should be filed in special disk boxes to provide a degree of protection against liquid being spoilt on the disks or their being bent or plied.

Documentation: It is vital, as it provides both a support system for work already stored on disk and filed, and progress report on data currently being processed or updated.

Staff Training:Proofing:There is always room for manual checking or

proofing, to control data on disk.


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PROGRAMMED CONTROLS

Programmed Controls:

Passwords; Date/time stamps for compass on of two revisions of data; Prompts – Asking the user to continue with an action or not.

Check Digit: A means of control on that they ascertain whether or not a number, such as ISBN is valid. E.g. customer account No. The computer will detect of the number is ever input incorrectly.

Batch totals and hash totals:102APT Financial Consultants

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PROGRAMMED CONTROLS

Programmed Controls: Reasonable checks: Checks to ensure that

data input is reasonable given the type of input it is e.g. A payroll system would check that his recorded for a falls within a range of 30 to 50.

Existence checks: Checks to ensure that the data input is valid by checking that the entity already exists in the system. E.g. employee number.

Dependency checks: Data input fields can be compared with other fields for reasonableness.


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SMALL STAND ALONE MICRO-COMPUTER

Main problems. Internal Controls.

Major controls appropriate in this environment are:-

Authorization: Physical security AUDIT PROCEDURES

Substantive tests


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Internal controlsInherent limitations of the system of IC in elimination of

frauds & errors. The need to balance the cost of control with its benefits; The fact that IC are applied to systematic transaction,

not one-off year-end adjustments, which are often larger and subject to error;

The potential human error; Possibility of circumvention of IC through collusion of

managers or employees with other parts inside /outside the entity;

Abuse of controls or override of controls e.g. ordering of personal goods; Obsolescent of controls


Sako Mayrick

FURTHER CONSIDERATION OF CAATs

Further considerations of CAATs ISA requires auditors to obtain appropriate audit

evidence to be able to allow reasonable conditions on which to base their opinion.

Advantages of CAATS: Helps to test larger number of data hence increase

confidence in their opinion; Help’s to test Accounting Systems its records

(Tables & Disk files) rather than relying on testing printout;

Are cost effective once set up for obtaining audit evidence;

Comparison can easily be made from clerical audit work hence increase confidence.


Sako Mayrick

OTHER DETAIL MATTERS

Difficulties of using computer programs cost. Cost; Changes to clients system; Small

installations PC; Over –elaboration; Larger quantities of output; Version of file used for lest.

Test Data: Is a data submitted by the auditor for

processing the clients computer-based accounting system.


Sako Mayrick

OTHER MATTERS

Major approached to the use of test data Using live data Using dummy data in a normal

production nun. Using dummy data in special nun.

Difficulties of test data: Cost Limited objective Dangers of live testing Difficult in recording audit evidence


Auditing in Computer Environment Sako

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