Audit seminar
description
Transcript of Audit seminar
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RCREEEA N M E
RCREEE Energy Audit in BuildingTraining Course Program
Tunis, Ist - 5th June 2010
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VfEnergy audit of air-conditioning and
cooling systemsQmby
Adel MourtadaJS tmTW
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1Content1
- Refrigeration cycP- AC/Refrigeration Systems andComponents
-Type of refrigeration
-Assessment of refrigeration and AC
-Energy Efficiency Measures
-Energy Audit of HVAC System inCommercial Suiluing Utilities
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TXVr**
Chiller:
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J}Suction LinejK- Low SideHigh Side
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i1TypicalRefrigeration
Cycle
c CompressorCiXL mmCondenser
k* ReceiverS**H3B
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Thermodynamic Cycle4
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SATURATED V AA OR
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K.*! r? - Refrigeration cycle- AC/Refrigeration Systems anON
-Type of refrigeration
- Assessment of refrigeration and AC- Energy Efficiency Measures- Energy Audit of HVAC System inCommercial Building Utilities
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ComponentsT? TXVT\r y Refrigerant
Evaporator/Chiller
CompressorCondenser
ReceiverThermostaticexpansionvalve (TXV)
Chiller
=Suction LineJLow SideHigh Side JI
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Condenser
0 *a &L.I ReceiverPCT' \
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CompressorsThere is a large variety of
| compressors. Some of variationsare:
The compressor manufacturer
Piston, vane, or scroll type
The piston and cylinderarrangement
How the compressor is mounted
Style and position of ports
Type and number of drive belts
Compressor displacement
Fixed or variable displacement
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Evaporator Types
Plate evaporators, top, area series of stampedaluminum plates that arejoined together. Tube andfin evaporators, bottom,have tubes for therefrigerant that are joinedto the fins.
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f? RefrigerantJ* Desirable properties:
High latent heat of vaporization - max cooling Non-toxicity (no health hazard) Desirable saturation temp (for operating pressure) Chemical stability (non-flammable/non-explosive) Ease of leak detection Low cost
Readily availableCommonly named "FREON" (R-114, etc.)
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Condenser Types;v
Condensers A and C areround tube, serpentinecondensers.
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oval/flat tube, serpentinecondenser.
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oval/flat tube, parallelflow condenser.
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Flat tube condensers aremore efficient.
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I Expansion Devicesy* The expansion device separates the high
side from the low side and provides arestriction for the compressor to pumpagainst.
There are two styles of expansiondevices:- The TXV can open or close to changeflow. It is controlled by the superheatspring, thermal bulb that sensesevaporator outlet temperature, andevaporator pressure- The OT is a tubular, plastic device with asmall metal tube inside. The color of theOT is used to determine the diameter ofthe tube. Most OT have a fixed diameterorifice.
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IAC Systems
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AC options / combinations:
Da* Air Conditioning (for comfort / machine)
Split air conditioners
Fan coil units in a larger system
Air handling units in a larger system
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Refrigeration systems* 5
Small capacity modular units of directexpansion type (50 Tons of Refrigeration)
* Centralized chilled water plants withchilled water as a secondary coolant (>50TTiJ9I TR)
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IRefrigeration at large CommercialBuildings* Bank of units off-site with common
Chilled water pumps
Condenser water pumps
Cooling towers
* More levels of refrigeration/AC, e.g.
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* Comfort air conditioning (20-25 C)
Chilled water system (5-10 C)0
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- Refrigeration cycle-AC/Refrigeration Systems andComponents
Qjype of refrigeration- Assessment of refrigeration and AC-Energy Efficiency Measures
-Energy Audit of HVAC System inCommercial Building Utilities
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Type of refrigerationf
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ia2S!Qrr Refrigeration systemsLr
* Vapour CompressionRefrigeration (VCR): usesmechanical energy
* Vapour Absorption Refrigeration(VAR): uses thermal energy
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1Type of refrigeration
Vapour Compression RefrigerationChoice of compressor, design ofcondenser and evaporator determined
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by: Refrigerant
Required cooling
LoadItTl (/s * Ease of maintenance Physical space requirements
Availability of utilities (water, power)ftr*
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What's Solar Cooling?
The core idea is to use the solar energy directly toproduce chilled water.
The high temperature required by absorptionchillers is provided by solar troughs.
The system doesn't require "High Technology"materials (like in PV systems] and has peakproduction in the moment of peak demand.
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tJSystem combined to sub-floor exchanger
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11 11Cooling towerU Storage tank
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Type of refrigeration
Evaporative Cooling* Air in contact with water to cool it close to wet
bulb temperature
* Advantage: efficient cooling at low cost
Disadvantage: air is rich in moisture
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I-'L Type of refrigerationMain Features of Cooling Towers/f*
$/GiMlAnatomy of a Cooling Tower
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itanJ* 4 dritt cccd air tobuilding
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_ eliminator:; A* f mmmmtmsmi heatedrefrigerantA .;.y- -
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I Type of refrigerationComponents of a cooling tower
* Frame and casing: support exteriorenclosures
Fill: facilitate heat transfer bymaximizing water / air contactSplash fill
* Film fill
* Cold water basin: receives water atbottom of tower
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L Type of refrigerationComponents of a cooling tower Drift eliminators: capture droplets in
air stream
Air inlet: entry point of air
* Louvers: equalize air flow into the filland retain water within tower
Nozzles: spray water to wet the fill
* Fans: deliver air flow in the tower
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Type of refrigeration
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
* Large fans to force air throughcirculated water
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maximum heat transferJ a*5 Cooling rates depend on many
parameters
* Large range of capacities
Can be grouped, e.g. 8-cell toweri
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Type of refrigerationf
I! * T Forced Draft Cooling Towers
Air blown through towerby centrifugal fan at airinlet
Advantages: suited forhigh air resistance & fansare relatively quiet
Disadvantages:recirculation due to highair-entry and low air-exitvelocities
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Fill
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- Refrigeration cycle-AC/Refrigeration Systems andComponents
-Type of refrigeration
-Assessment of refrigeration and A
-Energy Efficiency Measures
- Energy Audit of HVAC System inCommercial Building Utilities
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HT! Assessment of Refrigeration
* Cooling effect: Tons of Refrigeration*
1 TR = 3024 kCal/hr heat rejected
TR is assessed as:TR = Q x-Cp x- (Ti- To) / 3024Q = mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hrCp- is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg deg CTi - inlet, temperature of coolant to evaporator (chiller) in 0CTo - outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in 0C
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Assessment of RefrigerationSpecific Power Consumption (kW/TR)
* Indicator of refrigeration systemsperformance
* kW/TR of centralized chilled watersystem is sum of* Compressor kW/TR
Chilled water pump kW/TRCondenser water pump kW/TRCooling tower fan kW/TR
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Assessment of RefrigerationCoefficient of Performance (COPCarnot) Standard measure of refrigeration efficiency
Depends on evaporator temperature Te andcondensing temperature Tc:
i
IUS COP Te / (Tc - Te)CarnotI
COP calculated for type of compressor:
Coolingeffect (kW)... COP =Power input to compressor (kW)....i
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IAssessment of Air Conditioning
Measure5
Airflow Q (m3/s) at Fan Coif Units (FCU) or AirHandling Units (AHU): anemometer
Air density p (kg/m3)
Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature: psychrometer
Enthalpy (kCal/kg) of inlet air (hjn) and outlet air(Hout): psychrometric charts
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LL r Assessment of Air ConditioningIndicative TR load profile
* Small office cabins: 0.1 TR/m2
Medium size office (10 - 30 peopleoccupancy) with central A/C: 0.06TR/m2
* Large multistoried office complexeswith central A/C: 0.04 TR/m2
9 m
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Considerations for AssessmentFFrffiHS''SML1 * Accuracy of measurements
Inlet/outlet temp of chilled and condenserwater
Flow of chilled and condenser water
* Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV)kW/TR for 100% load but most equipment
operate between 50-75% of full load
IPLV calculates kW/TR with partial loads
Four points in cycle: 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%
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Assessment of Cooling TowersMeasured Parameters
Ita.
Wet bulb temperature of air
Dry bulb temperature of air
Cooling tower inlet water temperature
Cooling tower outlet water temperature
Exhaust air temperature
Electrical readings of pump and fanmotors
Water flow rate
Air flow rate
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Central Plant metrics
I Chiller efficiency - kW/tonWJi Cooling tower efficiency - kW/ton
Condenser water pump efficiency - kW/tonJ
Chilled water pump efficiency - kW/ton.
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- Refrigeration cycle-AC/Refrigeration Systems andComponents
-Type of refrigeration
-Assessment of refrigeration and AC
Efficiency Measures- Energy Audit of HVAC System inCommercial Building Utilities
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mIn Energy Efficiency Measures1. Optimize process heat exchange
2. Maintain heat exchanger surfaces3. Multi-staging systems
4. Matching capacity to system load
5. Capacity control of compressors
6. Multi-level refrigeration for plant needs
7. Chilled water storage
8. System design features9. Optimize cooling tower
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i Energy Efficiency Measurest1. Optimize Process Heat Exchange
High compressor safety margins:energy loss
1. Proper sizing heat transfer areas ofheat exchangers and evaporators
Heat transfer coefficient on refrigerant side:1400 - 2800 Watt/m2K
Heat transfer area refrigerant side: >0.5 m2/TR
2. Optimum driving force (difference Te andTc): 1C raise in Te = 3% power savings
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Energy Efficiency Measures1. Optimize Process Heat Exchange//rai!irVI B Evaporator
Temperature (C)Refrigeration
Capacity(tons)Specific Power
Consumption (kW/TR)Increase
kW/TR (%)5.0 67.58 0.81
0.0 56.07 0.94 16.0-5.0 45.98 1.08 33.0
-10-0 37-20 1-25 54-0
-20-0 23-12 1-67 106-0
Condenser temperature 40 Cwm; r\
'Q1 CondensingTemperature (C) RefrigerationCapacity (tons) Specific PowerConsumption (kW/TR) increasekW/TR (%)/V) 26.7 31.5 1.1735.0 21.4 1.27 8.540-0 20-0 1-41 20-5Kb
compressor using R-22 refrigerant. Evaporator temperature.-10 C
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f11 f Energy Efficiency Measurest1. Optimize Process Heat Exchange
Selection of condensershx **
* Options: Air cooled condensers Air-cooled with water spray condensers* Shell & tube condensers with water-cooling
* Water-cooled shell & tube condenser Lower discharge pressure* Higher TR Lower power consumption
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; Energy Efficiency Measures
2. Maintain Heat Exchanger Surfaces
* Poor maintenance = increased powerconsumption
Maintain condensers and evaporators* Separation of lubricating oil and refrigerant Timely defrosting of coils
* Increased velocity of secondary coolant
* Maintain cooling towers* 0.55 C reduction in returning water from cooling
tower = 3.0 % reduced power
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I Energy Efficiency Measures/rai; 2. Maintain Heat Exchanger Surfaces
Effect of poor maintenance oncompressor power consumption
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SpecificPower
Consumption(kW/TR)
IncreasekW/TRTe Tc Refrigeration
Capacity (TR)Condition (C)
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Energy Efficiency Measures
3. Multi-Staging Systems* iSuited for
* Low temp applications with high compression
* Wide temperature range
Two types for all compressor types
* Compound
* CascadeKLA0V
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Energy Efficiency Measures3. Multi-Stage Systemsa. Compound
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Two low compression ratios = 1 high First stage compressor meets cooling load
Second stage compressor meets loadevaporator and flash gas
Single refrigerant
b. Cascade
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* Two systems with different refrigerantst >-
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Energy Efficiency Measures
4. Matching Capacity to Load System* Most applications have varying loads
* Consequence of part-load operationCOP increasesbut lower efficiency
* Match refrigeration capacity to loadrequires knowledge of Compressor performanceVariations in ambient conditions Cooling ioad
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Energy Efficiency Measures5. Capacity Control of Compressors
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* Cylinder unloading, vanes, valves* Reciprocating compressors: Step-by-Step through
cylinder unloading:
* Centrifugal compressors: continuous modulationthrough vane control
Screw compressors: sliding valves
* Speed control Reciprocating compressors: ensure
lubrication system is not affectedCentrifugal compressors: >50% of capacity
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Energy Efficiency Measures
5. Capacity Control of Compressorsrf rz
Temperature monitoringReciprocating compressors: return water (if
varying loads), water leaving chiller(constant loads)
Centrifugal compressors: outgoing watertemperature
Screw compressors: outgoing watertemperature
Part load applications: screwcompressors more efficient
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Energy Efficiency Measures
6. Multi-Level RefrigerationBank of compressors at central plant Monitor cooling and chiller load: 1chiller full
loadmore efficient than 2 chillers atpart-load
Distribution system: individual chillers feed allbranch lines; Isolation valves; Valves to isolatesections
Load individual compressors to full capacitybefore operating second compressor
Provide smaller capacity chiller to meet peakdemands
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Energy Efficiency Measures rr1
6. Multi-Level Refrigerationi
Packaged units (instead of central plant)Diverse applications with wide temp rangeand long distance
* Benefits: economical, flexible and reliable
* Disadvantage: central plants use less power
Flow control
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Operation at normal flow with shut-off periods5t t-
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Energy Efficiency Measures
7. Chilled Water Storage
* Chilled water storage facility withinsulation
* Suited only if temp variations areacceptable
Economical because Chillers operate during low peak demand
hours: reduced peak demand charges Chillers operate at nighttime: reduced tariffs
and improved COP
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r Energy Efficiency Measures8. System Design Features
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FRP impellers, film fills, PVC drift eliminators
Softened water for condensers
Economic insulation thickness
Roof coatings and false ceilings
Energy efficient heat recovery devices
Variable air volume systems
Sun film application for heat reflection
Optimizing lighting loads
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Energy Efficiency Measures
9. System Design FeaturesVI
- Selecting a cooling tower-Fills
- Pumps and water distribution- Fans and motorsi
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Energy Efficiency Measures
r ft? r Selecting a cooling tower
Capacity
* Heat dissipation (kCal/hour)
* Circulated flow rate (m3/hr)
Other factors
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Energy Efficiency Measures
Selecting a cooling tower>Range
Range determined by process, not by system
Approach* Closer to the wet bulb temperature
* Bigger size cooling tower
More expensive
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Energy Efficiency Measuresft! f
>"1 Selecting a cooling tower
Heat Load
* Determined by process
Required cooling is controlled by thedesired operating temperature
* High heat load = large size and costof cooling tower
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Energy Efficiency Measurest!* n * Selecting a cooling tower
Wet bulb temperature - considerations:Bfif
Water is cooled to temp higher than wet bulbtemp
Conditions at tower site
Not to exceed 5% of design wet bulb temp Is wet bulb temp specified as ambient (preferred)
or inlet
Can tower deal with increased wet bulb temp
Cold water to exchange heat
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L Energy Efficiency Measures// Selecting a cooling towerRelationship range, flow and heat loadRange increases with increased
Amount circulated water (flow)
Heat load
Causes of range increase
Inlet water temperature increases
Exit water temperature decreases
Consequence = larger tower
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Energy Efficiency MeasuresSelecting a cooling tower
1
5 Relationship Approach and Wet bulbtemperature
If approach stays the same (e.g. 4.45 oC)
Higher wet bulb temperature (26.67 oC)
= more heat picked up (15.5 kCal/kg air)= smaller tower needed
Lower wet bulb temperature (21.11 oC)
= less heat picked up (12.1 kCal/kg air)= larger tower needed
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Energy Efficiency Measures
1 iff H* Fill media* y s
* Hot water distributed over fill mediaand cools down through evaporation
* Fill media impacts electricity use* Efficiently designed fill media reduces pumpingcosts
* Fill media influences heat exchange: surfacearea, duration of contact, turbulence
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f Energy Efficiency MeasurestPumps and water distribution* Pumps: see pumps session
* Optimize cooling water treatmentIncrease cycles of concentration (COC) bycooling water treatment helps reduce makeup water
Indirect electricity savings
* Install drift eliminators
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ift* N Reduce drift loss from 0.02% to only 0.003 -
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Energy Efficiency MeasuresCooling Tower Fans
Fans must overcome systemresistance, pressure loss: impactselectricity use
* Fan efficiency depends on bladeprofileReplace metallic fans with FBR blades (20-
30% savings)
Use blades with aerodynamic profile (85-92%fan efficiency)
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il Benefits of Variable Flow1 1JF/
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X* Lowest Energy consumption Low Differential Pressure Easier Operation Reduced & Timely Maintenance Greatest Diversity Fewer or smaller chillers possible
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Why Variable Flow?
1 Power varies with Cube of New FlowRatio.- New Energy = New Flow / Old Flow (!4), Cubed
= 1/8- Most reliable operation.
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Therefore, Energy Savings = 7/8 of theoriginal energy (less any losses fromnew equipment)!
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Energy Efficiency Measurest!* n * Fill media
Comparing 3 fill media: film fill moreefficient
wo* 5
1SplashFill FilmFill Low Clog
FilmFill
Possible UG Ratio 1.1 -1.5 1.5 -2.0 1.4- 1.8
Lt? 150 m2/m3 85- 100m2/m3Effective Heat ExchangeArea
30-45m2/m3
Fill Height Required 5-10 m 1.2 -1.5 m 1.5- 1.8 m' s Pumping Head
Requirement9-12m 5- 8 m 6-9 m
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Quantity of Air Required High Much Low Lowia-'Adel Mourtada 63
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VPF system configurationsManifolded pumps
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fr - Redundancy- Reduced energy- VFD on aii pumps- Allows "overpumping"
for "Low ATSyndrome"
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Keep it Simple1F\
pranau Well designed control system ismandatory.
Minimize manual operation.Develop clearly written operating
procedure and backupfailure mode.
Continual training ofthe operators.
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- Refrigeration cycle-AC/Refrigeration Systems andComponents
-Type of refrigeration
-Assessment of refrigeration and AC
-Energy Efficiency Measures
-Energy Audit of HVAC SysternirP-Commercial Building Utilities
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Typical Cooling Load Profile
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Energy Saving,Possibilitiesiilfp.
Jkedteeabiftg: LoadmmmmmL _'........................W7: . .
PPS
/m -/< ' NiflewlVr Shift Cooling Demand To '
Off Peak hours;, :: . i-xf v yJ-"'H|| , _ JJF
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S&K: Redore Required chiHer- : ;
Capacity for meeting :
te lhtKlk i)ia.I _
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' Reduce Maximum '.Generate Hof Watexjo to :
:/: : ;$QT through:; i :.....waste neat recovery : - :sj"! " ':,I from Chiller V '
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I Interior Window FilmsFn
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If acceptable bybuildingmanagement,window films may bea useful option.Choose film tailoredfor climate.
$
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Pay Back Period 2 yearsT .
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I Programmable Thermostats or BMSFf
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VAV Fans Control1i(
Static Pressure Reset on VAV Systems.
Provides significant fan energy savingssince system is often at part load
Reduces fan noise"Variable air volume (VAV ) terminal units
shall be programmed to operate at theminimum airflow when the zonetemperature is within the setdeadband."
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Heat recovery from Chiller
-* c Air-conditione
d Space
5 -AChiller Mode MS y
700 kW (200TR) coolingload
140 kWElectricalInput
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,r>- -Ph +>+ 840 kW heat
RejectedthroughCT/aircooledcondenser
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0 About 8-12% of heat can be recovered in Chiller mode (Le, 65-100 kWheat) through desuperheater (Free of Cost )"0.1Carbon credit per hour" 720 Carbon Credits/ Year (24hrs K 30 Q Days}
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Partial Heat Recovery1Jf
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I 1 Recovery1 Aircooled orwater cooledcondenser
50C 55CAdditionalrefrigerantfluid tank.
g * *
LDesuperheater
DesuperheatedLiquid I GasGas
IExpansionvalvei Compressorsrr I Partial heat recovery(Desuperheater) does not requireany additional electrical input. Itrecovers (8-12%) of waste heatfree of cost.
Evaporator
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B Hot Water Economics1/'W r ESTIMATES OF ANNUAL SAVINGS:
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X Hot water capacity : 10000 Lts/dayDiesel cost : 0.70$ per liter ;Diesel NCV :10100 Kcai/Liter;Boiler efficiency : 85%Saving by Heat Recovery system over diesel fired boiler7000 US$/year
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ALMEE
r\MID-ENIC
ALMEE TW rM * -wI
::: SjDescription of the project_Zgharta - North Lebanon _200 m ALT, 95 Km from Beirut1Building7 stories Hospital 1000 m3 floor110 beds , surgery X Ray. etc.Built in 1996.operating since 1997
[ -IImil \Iw_
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ALMEE
No Description KW /0 0 Save % of Investment PaybacYearsSaved Total total EurosAmount
Euros BillKWh1 Roof thermal
insulation2 Changing conventional
fluorescent ballast toelectronic ballast andinstalling harmonic filter
20,500 1.2 % 3.-200 C 1.3% 16,000 5
9.1% 13,750 9.5% 25,000 1.3120,000
3 Installation of BMS/DSM 160,000 N/A 23,125 C 11,7% 13,800 0.6retrofit system to ( of fuel)manage KW demandallowing operation on
one 500 KVA Generator
Total 300,500 45,075 C 22,5% 54,800 1.22
-
9/f
rfi*ur.il%
Thank you for your attentionp
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;'l 79Adel Mourtada
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Annex
- Instruments Required
- Cost Effectives Measures
BOAdel Mourtada
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L Instruments Required/ Power Analyzer: Used for measuring electricalparameters of motors such as kW, kVA, pf, V, Aand Hz
Temperature Indicator & Probe Pressure Gauge: To measure operating
pressure and pressure drop in the system Stroboscope: To measure the speed of the
driven equipment and motor Ultra sonic flow meter or online flow meter Sling hygrometer or digital hygrometer Anemometer In addition to the above calibrated online
instruments can be used PH meter
* * -i I *'
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& 81Adel Mourtada
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Measurements & ObservationEnergy consumption pattern of pumps and coolingtower fansMotor electrical parameters (kw, kVA, Pf, A, V, Hz,THD) for pumps and cooling tower fans
Pressure drop in the system (between dischargeand user point)
> Pressure drop and temperatures across the users(heat exchangers, condensers, etc)
> Cooling water flow rate to users - Pump /Motorspeed
> Actualpressure at the user end> User area pressure of operation and requirement
1
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Exploration of Energy Conservation Possibilities*> Water pumping and cooling towerImprovement of systems and drivesUse of energy efficient pumpsCorrecting inaccuracies of the Pump sizing / Trimming of
impellersUse of high efficiency motorsIntegration of variable speed drives into pumps: The
integration of adjustable speed drives (VFD) into compressorscould lead to energy efficiency improvements, depending onload characteristics
High Performance Lubricants: The low temperature fluidityand high temperature stability of high performance lubricantscan increase energy efficiency by reducing frictional lossesImprovements in condenser performanceImprovement in cooling tower performanceApplication potential for energy efficient fans for cooling towerfansMeasuring and tracking system performance
1 tffTjt!
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83Adel Mourtada
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Exploration of Energy Conservation Possibilities
q Measuring water use and energy consumption isessential in determining whether changes inmaintenance practices or investment inequipment could be cost effective
In this case it is advised to monitor the waterflow rate and condenser parameters, coolingtower parameters periodically i.e. at least oncein a three months and energy consumption ondaily basis. This will help in identifying the -- Deviations in water flow rates- Heat duty of condenser and cooling towers- Measures to up keep the performance
*
PCT' \
84Adel Mourtada
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h Exploration of Energy Conservation PossibilitiesSystem Effect Factors
Equipment cannot perform at its optimum capacity iffans, pumps, and blowers have poor inlet and outletconditions
Correction of system effect factors (SEFs) can havea significant effect on performance and energysavings
Elimination of cavitation: Flow, pressure, andefficiency are reduced in pumps operating undercavitation. Performance can be restored tomanufacturers specifications through modifications.This usually invo ves inlet alterations and mayinvolve elevation of a supply tank
mji
.- J
ML:
i,i. 85Adel Mourtada
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Exploration of Energy Conservation Possibilities
Internal Running Clearances: The internal runningclearances between rotating and non-rotatingelements strongly influence the turbo machinesability to meet rated performance. Proper set-upreduces the amount of leakage (re-circulation) fromthe discharge to the suction side of the impeller
Reducing work load of pumping: Reducing ofobstructions in the suction / delivery pipes therebyreduction in frictional losses. This includes removal ofunnecessary valves of the system due to changes.Even system and layout changes may help in thisincluding increased pipe diameter. Replacement ofcomponents deteriorated due to wear and tear duringoperation, modifications in piping system
*
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Sources:
a - Energy Equipments UNEP/SIDA/Gerlap,- HVAC System Design, Mark Hydeman, P.E., FASHRAETaylor Engineering, LLC.
- Building Automatic System Bradley Chapman, DWEYER
- Solar Cooling, Eco buildings, SARA.- Ventilation for buildings Energy performance of buildings Guidelines forinspection of air-conditioning systems- EN 15240, Intelligence Energy.- Energy Efficiency Guidelines, Brahm Segal, Power Correction System.
- Results of HVAC system monitoring of tertiary buildings in Italy, M. Masoero,C. Silvi, J. Toniolo ,Politecnico di Torino, HarmonAC- Saving Energy Municipal Buildings and More, Ben J. Sliwinski BuildingResearch Council School of Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Kreider Curtis Rabl, Mac gGaw Hill.- Cleanrooms Energy Benchmarking, Lawrence Berkley laboratory.
I
ffCT* XI T
87Adel Mourtada
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