att_value_ethic.ppt

7/25/2019 att_value_ethic.ppt

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Chapter 4Attitudes, Values, & Ethics


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ffect Physiological indicators I dont like

Verbal statements my boss. about feelings

ehavioral bserved behavior I !ant to

intentions Verbal statements transfer to

about intentions another dept.

M.J. Rosenberg and C. I. Hovland, Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Components

of Attitude, in M.J. Rosenberg, C.I. Hovland, !.J. Mc"uire, R.#. Abelson, and J.H.

Brehm,Attitude Organization and Change, $%&'

AC !odel of an Attitude

"omponent #easured by $%ample

ognition &ttitude scales I believe my

Verbal statements boss plays

about beliefs favorites.

&

"

'


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Cognitive "issonance

Cognitive "issonance -a state of tension that is

produced

when an individual

experiences conflict

between attitudes

and behaviorattitude

behavior


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#wo $nfluences on

Attitude %ormation"irect Experience

ocial 'earning -the process of deriving attitudes

from family, peer groups, religious organi(ations,

and culture


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Attitude-ehavior Correspondence

*e+uirementsAttitude specificity-a specific attitude

Attitude relevance -some self-interest!easurement timing -measurement close to

observed behavior

)ersonality factors -ex self-monitoringocial constraints -acceptability


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or. Attitudes/ 0ob atisfaction

0ob atisfaction - a pleasurable or positive emotional

state resulting from the appraisal of one1s 2ob or 2ob

experience

3rgani(ational Citi(enship ehavior

ehavior that is above and beyond duty

*elated to 2ob satisfaction


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or. Attitudes/ 3rgani(ational

Commitment

&ffective "ommitment&ffective "ommitment

"ontinuance "ommitment"ontinuance "ommitment

)ormative "ommitment)ormative "ommitment

rgani*ationalrgani*ational

"ommitment"ommitment

The strength of an

individuals

identification withan organization


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Values

Values -enduring beliefs that a specific mode of

conduct or end state of existence is personally

or socially preferable to an opposite or conversemode of conduct or end state of existence


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Values

$nstrumental -values that represent the acceptable

behaviors to be used in achieving some end

state

#erminal -values that represent the goals to be

achieved, or the end states of existence


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or. Values

Achievement 5career advancement6

Concern for others 5compassionate behavior6

7onesty 5provision of accurate information6

%airness 5impartiality6


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Cultural "ifferences in Values

Authority is a right of

office and

rank

Group

input is important.

Decisions

should be

challenged.

+rance

(he )etherlands


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7andling Cultural "ifferences

'earn about others1 values

Avoid pre2udging

3perate legitimately within others ethical points ofview

Avoid rationali(ing

*efuse to violate fundamental values

e open and above board


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Ethical ehavior

Ethical ehavior -acting in ways consistent with

one1s personal values and the commonly held

values of the organi(ation and society


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8ualities *e+uired for Ethical

"ecision-ma.ing

(he competence to identify ethical issues and evaluate

the conse,uences of alternative courses of action

(he self-confidence to seek out different opinions about

the issue and decide !hat is right in terms of a situation

(ough-mindedness--the !illingness to make decisions

!hen all that needs to be kno!n cannot be kno!n and !hen

the ethical issue has no established unambiguous solution


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$ndividual93rgani(ational !odel of

Ethical ehavior

Individual InfluencesValue systems

/ocus of control

#achiavellianism"ognitive moral development

rgani*ational Influences

"odes of conduct)orms

#odeling

0e!ards and punishments

$thical

'ehavior


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Values, Ethics & Ethical ehavior

Value ystems -systems of beliefs that affect what

the individual defines as right, good, and fair

Ethics -reflects the way values are acted out

Ethical behavior -actions consistent with one1s

values


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!achiavellianism

!achiavellianism -A personality characteristic

indicating one1s willingness to do whatever itta.es to get one1s own way


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Ethics

#he system of rules that governs the ordering ofvalues Addresses such +uestions as/

hat are the meanings of the ethical concepts ofgood and right:

7ow can a person reach a conclusion about anethical dilemma:

"o ethical dilemmas have answers that would beuniversally accepted as right, proper, andappropriate:


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Ethics

Universalism tates that

individuals should uphold

certain values, li.e honesty,

regardless of the results#he important values are the

ones society needs to

function 5*ule based or

deontological, an inherent;right1 apart from any

conse+uences6

Utilitarianism tates

that the greatest good for

society should be theoverriding concern of

decision ma.ers

5Conse+uential, or

teleological6 emphasi(esthe results of behavior6


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Ethics

Justice Theories tate

moral standards are based

upon the primacy of a single

value, which is 2usticeEveryone should act to

ensure a more e+uitable

distribution of benefits, for

this promotes self-respect,essential for social

cooperation

The Four Way Test

$s if %A$* to all concerned:? ill it build @33"$''

and better friendships:

4 ill it be EE%$C$A' to

all concerned:


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!oral *easoning

#he thin.ing processes involved in 2udgmentsabout +uestions of right and wrong

Bohlberg1s wor. 51?, 1D, 1F


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!oral *easoning

Pre-conventional

0udgment based solely on a person1s own needs and

perceptionsConventional

Expectations of society and law are ta.en into account

Post-Conventional

0udgment based on abstract, personal principles not

necessarily defined by society1s laws


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Bohlberg1s !oral "ilemmas

7ypothetical situations in which no choice is

clearly and indisputably right


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#he 7ein( "ilemma

A man1s wife is dying #here is one drug that

could save her life, but it is very expensive, and

the druggist who invented it will not sell it at aprice low enough for the man to buy it %inally,

the man becomes desperate and considers

stealing the drug for his wife hat should he doand why:


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Bohlberg1s or.

tage < 5)re conventional6

Punishment-obedience orientation

G %ear of authority and avoidance of punishment arereasons for behaving morally

tage > 5)re conventional6

Personal reward orientationG atisfying personal needs determines moral choice


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Bohlberg1s or.

tage ? 5Conventional6

Good boy-nice girl orientation

G !aintaining the affection and approval of friends andrelatives motivates good behavior

tage 4 5Conventional6

Law and order/authority orientationG A duty to uphold rules and laws for their own sa.e 2ustifies

moral conformity


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Bohlberg1s or.

tage 5)ost conventional6 ocial contract orientation

G e obey rules because they are necessary for socialorder, but rules can be changed if there were betteralternatives

tage 5)ost conventional6

!orality o" individual #rinci#les and conscienceG ehavior which conforms to internal principles 52ustice and

e+uality6 and may sometimes violate society1s rules


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Carol @illigan

In a Different Voice


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!oral reasoning is delimited by

Itwo moral perspectives thatorgani(e thin.ing in different waysJ

!en/ define morality in terms of 2ustice

omen/ less in terms of rights and more in

terms of standards of responsibility and care


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Believes that)

3hat response orientation is of a higher order than ustice

rights orientation

Because 4ohlberg(s theor+ is hierarchical 2ith ustice-rights

the basis552omen 2ould necessaril+ sho2 a less reasoned

perspective on his scales.

irst studies of 4ohlberg onl+ conducted 2ith men


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#he two perspectives are not

opposite ends of a continuum,Iwith 2ustice uncaring and caring

un2ustJ, but rather, Ia differentmethod of organi(ing the basic

elements of moral 2udgment/ self,

others, and the relationship betweenthemJ

5@illigan, >6


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I3ne moral perspective dominates

psychological thin.ing and is

embedded in the most widely used

measures for measuring maturity of

moral reasoningJC @illigan, >


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@illigan1s #heory

Based on two observationalstudies.

Study One: 25 college students

Study Two: 29 women consideringabortion


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@illigan1s *esearch/

shift[s] the focus of attention from wayspeople reason about hypothetical dilemmas

to ways people construct moral conictsand choice in their lives...and [maes] itpossible to see what e!periences peoplede"ne in moral terms# and to e!plore the

relationship between the understandin$ ofmoral problems and the reasonin$strate$ies used and the actions taen inattemptin$ to solve them.% &illi$an# '()*#

p.+'


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Alternative tage e+uence/

Three levels with transitionalphases between each:

Level One:Level One:Complete concernfor self (Individual Survival).

Transitional Phase: ,rom self tocare and concern for others.


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'evel #wo

Level Two: Primary interest in the

care of others (to gain their acceptance)(Self sacrice and Social conformity).

Transitional Phase: awareness of selfrelative to developin$ relationships with others:

responsibility toward their care and needs.


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'evel #hree

Level Three: -onviolence anduniversal carin$.

articulates an ethic of responsibility thatfocuses on the actual consequences ofchoice,,,the criterion of adequacy or moral

principles changes from obective truth to!best "t#, and can only be established withinthe conte$t of the dilemma itself%&

urphy and &illi$an# '()/# p.)0


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@ood )oints/

Concept of care giving and nurturing

*elationship of self to others, responsibility

Empathy

Effect on environment


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7awthorne Effect/

ub$ects may try harder sim#lybecause they are in the control

grou#%


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*osenthal Effect/

&esearcher's biases tend to sway theresults to be what the researcher

wants to "ind


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(&ather than arguing over the e)tent to which se)bias is inherent in *ohlberg's theory o" moral

develo#ment+ it might be more a##ro#riate to

as, why the myth that males are more

advanced in moral reasoning than "emales

#ersists in light o" such little evidence%Walker, 1984, p.688


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Cognitive !oral "evelopment

Cognitive !oral "evelopment -#he process of

moving through stages of maturity in terms of

ma.ing ethical decisions

/evel l

Premoral

/evel ll

"onventional

/evel lll

Principled

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