Attitudesare the mental, moral, ethical dispositions adopted by individuals to

others and the situations and environments in which they find themselves

Attitudes can be broken down into following components

Emotional: feelings of positivity, negativity, neutrality, indifferences, rejection, jealousy, satisfaction etc etc

Informational: nature and quality of information present and importance that it is given…wrong and incomplete may lead to frustration

Behavioural: tendency to act in a particular way in a given situation

Past Experience: memories of past affect current and future feelings

Specific influences: of peer groups, individuals, superiors, colleagues, religions etc

Defense: once formed attitudes and values are internalized and become part of individual04/11/23 08:57 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 1

Valuesare the absolute standards by which people order their lives

Theoretical: where everything is ordered, factual and in place

Economic: making the best possible use of available resources, result oriented, people’s standard and costs of living

Aesthetic: the process of seeing and perceiving beauty

Social: the sharing of emotions with other peopleIntegrity: matters of loyalty, honesty, openness,

trust, honour, decency, concern from truthPolitical: the ways and choices concerning the

ordering of society and its subsections and strataReligious and ethical: the dignity of mankind,

inherent worth of people, morality, absolute standards, human conduct 04/11/23 08:57 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 2

Values – stable, long lasting beliefs about what is important to the indidvidual

Five cross cultural values:Individualism-collectivism: the extent to which people value

their group membership and group goals (collectivism) or value their individuality and personal goals. E.g. indebtedness, friendliness, pride, anger

Power distance: the extent to which people accept unequal distribution of power in a society. High p d -commands, rules, regulations/ Low p d – participative management, suggestions, people network

Uncertainty avoidance: the degree to which people tolerate ambiguity (low uncertainty avoidance) or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high uncertainty avoidance)

Achievement vs nurturing orientation: assertiveness, competitiveness, materialism, challenges, personal responsibility/ relationships, interaction and caring rather than competition and personal success

Long vs short term orientation: thought more into the future/ thought more on past and present

04/11/23 08:57 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 3

04/11/23 08:57 AMDr Ashutosh N Misal 4

CollectivismHigh Power

Distance

High uncertainty Avoidance

Achievement orientation

Long-term orientation

Individualism Low Power Distance

Low Uncertainty Avoidance

Nurturing Orientation

Short-term orientation

China

Japan

Germany

USA

Mexico

Japan

GermanyUSA

France

Japan

Germany

USA

Hong Kong

Japan

USA

France

Sweden

ChinaJapan

USA

Russia

Nether lands

--- INDIA

--- INDIA

--- INDIA

--- INDIA

--- INDIA

Attitudes and Values are affected by Past experience and interactions with the given

person, people or situation Continuing experiences and interactions Perceptions and levels of general understanding The presence of, and understanding of, the

particular rules, regulations, and other limitations Particular mental and physical aspects Levels of identity with the others involved and with

the situation

04/11/23 08:57 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 5

Attitudes and Values are affected by The extent to which people/ situation are known or

unknown Aspects of risks and uncertainties Levels of active and passive involvement Positive aspects (the extent to which something good

and productive is certain or expected to come out) Negative aspects (the extent to which something

negative and unproductive is certain or expected to come out)

Any strong or prevailing moral, ethical or social pressures

General degree of comfort (usually based on levels of knowledge and understanding

04/11/23 08:57 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 6

Positive Attitude• Equality of opportunity and treatment• Saying what’s meant and meaning what’s said• Identifying and solving problems• Clarity of purpose• Unity of purpose• Reward of achievement, loyalty and

commitment• Openness of management style• Particular of standards set at outset• Absolute standards for everyone• High and equal value placed on all staff• Recognition of every contribution• Pride in the organization• Identity with the organization• High levels of esteem and respect for staff• Clarity of communication• Harmony• High quality information• Open personal relationships• Open operational and professional relationships

Negative Attitude Inequality of opportunity of treatment Expediency Victimization, scapegoating Lack of clarity Fragmentation of purpose Rewards based on favoritism and infighting Remoteness and distance management style

(both physical and psychological} Standards allowed to emerge Different standards for different groups,

departments, divisions and individuals Different levels of value placed on different staff Lack of recognition Lack of pride in organization Lack/ rejection of identity Lack of esteem and respect Lack of clarity in communications Hostility Low quality information

04/11/23 08:57 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 7

•‘Great minds’ discuss ‘Ideas’, ‘Average minds’ discuss ‘Events’ and, ‘Small minds’ discuss ‘People’

Following elements can develop Positive Attitudes

• Setting past experience and interactions aside and focusing on current and continuing activities

• Attention to the level, nature, volume, quality and quantity of information available and the related understanding

• Attention to positive rather than negative. Placing emphasis on rewards and achievements than punishments and threats

• Attention to rules and regulations as they reinforce positive standards

• Resolving problems as they arise. .positive relationships between subordinate and superior

• Identifying and removing threatening aspects..to know what you don’t know

• Gaining active rather than passive involvement..people should be valued to get high positive involvement and commitment

04/11/23 08:57 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 8

Following elements can develop Positive Attitudes

Reinforcing what is saidAttention to reinforcing absolute standards and

quality of product, service, delivery and other factors (community development etc)

Attention to prevailing moral and social pressuresAttention to mutuality of interests in any given

situation (win-win)Attention to clarity of purpose, clear and precise

communicationAttention to job and work satisfaction: pay and

rewards, supervision and management style, co-workers, motivation etc

Attention to basic human needs of pride, esteem, worth, Approach to work, environment, performance

04/11/23 08:57 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 9

Beliefsare the certainties of the worldAbsolute: based on such things as mathematical

fact; , mathematics ,night follows day, mortality, taxation etc

Near Absolute: based on seasonal changes, continuous development of knowledge and awareness, social and technological development etc

Acts and Articles of faith: based on certainties of God, religious allegiance, vastu-, fengshui, pyracards, numerology, astrology etc etc

Other strong Ethical and Moral standpoints: relating to honesty, trustworthiness, right and wrong etc

Strong illusions and perceptions of order, permanence and stability: often founded on long steady state factors 04/11/23 08:57 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 10