Attention• System interrupt attracted by alternative stimuli (dog

in street)• Conscious reallocation device• Attention as limited resource• Attention as bottleneck

– Cocktail party effect : Colin Cherry– Filter theory: Donald Broadbent– Attenuation theory: Anne Triesman– Late selection theory: Donald MacKay (pennies)– Spotlight model: Michael Posner

Memory: Central to the Self

• Early work of Ebbinghaus– Methodology (recall, recognition, savings)– Time course of loss– Overlearning

• Serial position effect and its implications: a multi-store model of memory

Conclusion: a multi-store model of memory

• The serial position results suggest a separation of a short term and a long term store or component of memory

• But there may be more!

Sperling: Sensory Storage (iconic memory)

• Whole vs partial report

• Rapid decay

• Backward masking

H Z R B

P D S C

K V M W

G T X Y

N Q D P

C M L W

M B W X

Q V P T

N Z Y G

R Y D N

V B Q Z

G L S K

W P G D

B Q T C

K G N V

Sperling exper. Whole vs Partial Report

Delay of tone--fast decay

Summary: Iconic Memory

• Capacity: Very large

• Duration: Very short

• Transfer: Readout to STM

• Loss: Phenomenon of backward masking (and its necessity!)

A Multi-store model of memory

• Benefits and limitations

• First memory: sensory store

• Next: Short term memory

Short term memory

• Current contents of memory

• Fundamental bottleneck in processing

• Multiple interpretations

• Capacity

• Duration

• Transfer

• Loss

Basic Operations of STM

• How things enter it

• How things stay in it.

• How we search for things within it.

• How things leave it

Peterson & Peterson: Decay

Waugh & Norman: Interference

Sternberg: Memory scanning

STM-WM (an alternative view)

• Another way of looking at it (STM vs Working Memory) (Baddeley)

• The "bottleneck" issue and an example or two.

• Beating the limits--the work of Chase and Ericcsson: chunks & retrieval structures.

• Finally, how do things move on--elaborative rehearsal

Baddeley: Model of Working Memory

Chase, Ericcsson & Staszewski: Retrieval Structures