2. Determine the equivalence point in the titration by graphical means. Plot (for each trial):

a. pH against volume of the titrant (base)

TRIAL 1

0 5 10 15 20 250

2

4

6

8

10

12

Titration Curve

Volume NaOH, mL

pH

TRIAL 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 180

2

4

6

8

10

12

Titration Curve

Volume NaOH, mL

pH

TRIAL 3

0 5 10 15 20 250

2

4

6

8

10

12

Titration Curve

Volume NaOH, mL

pH

b. ∆pH/∆V against average volume of the titrant (base)

TRIAL 1

0 5 10 15 20 250

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

First Derivative

Volume NaOH, mL

DpH

/DV

TRIAL 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

First Derivative

Volume NaOH, mL

DpH

/DV

TRIAL 3

0 5 10 15 20 250

1234

567

8910

First Derivative

Volume NaOH, mL

DpH

/DV

c. ∆2pH/∆V2 against average of average volume of the titrant (base)

TRIAL 1

0 5 10 15 20 25

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

Second Derivative

Volume NaOH, mL

D(Dp

H)/DV

^2

TRIAL 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

Second Derivative

Volume NaOH, mL

D(Dp

H)/DV

^2

TRIAL 3

0 5 10 15 20 25

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Second Derivative

Volume NaOH, mL

D(Dp

H)/DV

^2