Atoms The smallest particle of an element.. Valence Electrons Electrons located in the outermost...
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![Page 1: Atoms The smallest particle of an element.. Valence Electrons Electrons located in the outermost energy level of an atom.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061323/5697bfc71a28abf838ca7ed5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Atoms
The smallest particle of an element.
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Valence Electrons
• Electrons located in the outermost energy level of an atom
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Proton• located inside
nucleus
• positively charged.
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Neutron• located inside
the nucleus
• no charge.
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Electron
• located outside the nucleus in the electron cloud
• negatively charged.
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Energy Levels / Shells
• The space an electron occupies in the electron cloud
• Determined by the amount of energy the electron contains
• Less energy = lower level
• More energy= higher level.
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Groups
Elements in the same vertical (up and down) column of the periodic table; also called a
family.
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Periods
A horizontal row (side-to-side) of elements in the periodic table.
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Alkali Metals
Elements with only one electron in the outermost energy level of their atoms; located in Group 1 on the Periodic Table; not stable and tend to lose their one electron easily.
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Alkaline Earth Metals
• Elements in group/family 2.
• Form positive ions
• 2 valence electrons
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Transition Metal
• any element in any of the series of elements with atomic numbers 21–29, 39–47, 57–79, and 89–107, that in a given inner orbital has less than a full quota of electrons
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Halogens
Elements that have seven valence electrons in their atoms; need one additional
electron to have a filled outer energy level; tend to gain one electron from other
elements; not stable.
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Noble Gas
The elements located I the far right column of the Group 18; their outermost energy level is holding the maximum number of
electrons possible; stable.
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Metalloid/Semiconductor
• an element that has both metallic and nonmetallic properties, as arsenic, silicon, or boron.
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Lanthanide Series
• Fifteen elements that start with lanthanum (La) at atomic number 57 and finishing up with lutetium (Lu) at number 71.
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Actinide Series
• Fifteen elements that start with actinium (Ac) at atomic number 89 and finishing up with lawrencium (Lr) at number 103.
• They are all radioactive and some are not found in nature.
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MetalsAn element that easily
gives up its valence electron in a chemical reaction and that be classified based on physical properties such as hardness, shininess, ease of malleability, and
ductility.
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Nonmetal
An element that lacks
most of the properties of
metals.
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Ions
An atom that has an electrical charge because it no longer has an equal number
of protons and electrons.
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Isotope
• any of two or more forms of a chemical element, having the same number of protons in the nucleus, or the same atomic number, but having different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus, or different atomic weights.
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Atomic Number
• Number of protons in an element
• Also the number of electrons in a stable element.
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Mass Number
• Number of atomic particles in the nucleus of an atom
• Protons + neutrons = mass number
• Also referred to as atomic mass.
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Average Atomic Mass
• the weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element
• Reported as atomic mass on the periodic table.
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Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or
physical means.
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Malleability
• The ability of an element to be hammered into thin sheets.
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Ductility
• Ability of an element to be pulled into wire.
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