MATTER• WE WILL ADDRESS TWO SEPARATE QUESTIONS

REGARDING HOW MATTER IS ORGANIZED

• IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP IN MIND THESE ARE 2 SEPARATE QUESTIONS:

• 1. WHAT TYPE OF MATTER IS IT?

• IT WILL BE EITHER AN ELEMENT OR COMPOUND

• 2. WHAT ARE THE SMALLEST PARTICLES OF THIS MATTER?

• IT WILL BE EITHER ATOMS OR MOLECULES

ATOMS VS. MOLECULES• REMEMBER THAT MANY SAMPLES OF

PURE ELEMENTS CONSIST OF INDIVIDUAL ATOMS.

• OFTEN IN NATURE ELEMENTS REACT WITH ONE ANOTHER TO FORM NEW SUBSTANCES.

• WHEN THIS HAPPENS ATOMS BECOME BONDED TO OTHER ATOMS.

• THIS COLLECTION OF ATOMS BONDED TOGETHER IS CALLED A MOLECULE.

Atoms Molecule

ELEMENTS VS. COMPOUNDS

• WHILE SOME EVERYDAY MATTER IS ELEMENTS MOST IS NOT PURE ELEMENTS AND ARE CALLED COMPOUNDS.

• ELEMENTS

• COLLECTIONS OF PURE INDIVIDUAL ATOMS ARE CALLED ELEMENTS.

• FOR EXAMPLE

• COLLECTIONS OF MOLECULES THAT ARE MADE FROM ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM ARE ELEMENTS

• FOR EXAMPLE OXYGEN - O2, SULFUR - S8

Neon Ne, Helium He

• COMPOUNDS

• COLLECTIONS OF PURE INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES MADE UP OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATOMS ARE CALLED COMPOUNDS.

• THE MOLECULES CONTAIN AT LEAST 2 DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

• FOR EXAMPLE H2O, CO2, C6H12O6

ELEMENTS VS. COMPOUNDS

SPECIAL TYPES OF COMPOUNDS• THERE ARE A FEW CATEGORIES OF COMPOUNDS THAT ARE OF SPECIAL INTEREST

• ORGANIC

• ALL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS HAVE MOLECULES THAT ARE FORMED FROM CARBON ATOMS

• THE ELEMENT CARBON AND THE COMPOUNDS THAT FORM FROM IT ARE THE BASIS OF ALL LIVING SYSTEMS INCLUDING HUMAN LIFE.

• EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INCLUDE PROTEINS, FATS, GLUCOSE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS INCLUDING GASOLINE, ALCOHOLS

SPECIAL TYPES OF COMPOUNDS• POLYMERS

• MOST BUT NOT ALL POLYMERS ARE ALSO ORGANIC BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN CARBON

• COMPOUNDS MADE UP OF VERY LARGE MOLECULES THAT HAVE REPEATING GROUPS OF ATOMS.

• THE REPEATING GROUPS OF ATOMS ARE KNOWN AS MONOMERS

• THE MONOMER GROUPS COMBINE TO FORM MOLECULES THAT ARE LONG CHAINS

• SOME POLYMERS EXIST IN NATURE AND MANY ARE MAN MADE.

• EXAMPLES OF POLYMERS INCLUDE:

• PLASTIC ITEMS• PAINTS, SEALANTS AND

ADHESIVES

• PROTEINS• COMSMETIC ITEMS LIKE

HAIR GEL, HAIR SPRAY

SPECIAL TYPES OF COMPOUNDS

SPECIAL TYPES OF COMPOUNDS

• Inorganic compounds (AKA Salts) • Formed when a metal

combines with one or more nonmetals

• Solids at room temperature but most will dissolve in water.

• Examples:• Table Salt – Sodium Chloride

– NaCl• Road Salt – Calcium chloride

- CaCl2

• Chalk – Calcium carbonate – CaCO3

CHEMICAL BONDS• CHEMICAL BONDS ARE

FORCES OF ATTRACTION THAT HOLD ATOMS TOGETHER

• BONDS FORM WHEN THE OUTERMOST ELECTRONS OF ATOMS INTERACT.

• THERE ARE TWO MOST COMMON TYPES OF BONDS

1. IONIC BONDS

2. COVALENT BONDS

IONIC BONDS• Ionic bonds form when one atom

gives up one or more electrons to another atom.

• Metals tend to give up electrons and become positively charged• Called cations

• Nonmetals tend to accept or gain electrons and become negatively charged• Called Anions

• Example – Table salt which is sodium chloride (NaCl)

COVALENT BONDS• COVALENT BONDS FORM

WHEN TWO ATOMS SHARE THEIR OUTERMOST ELECTRONS

• BY SHARING ELECTRONS BOTH ATOMS WIND UP WITH A FULL OUTTER SHELL OF ELECTRONS.

• EXAMPLES – WATER - H2O

TYPES OF MATTERType of Matter

Element Compound

Individual Atoms

2 or more like atoms combined

Example: Oxygen O2,

Sulfur S8

Atoms of At least 2 different elements bonded

Example: Water H2OGlucose C6H12O6

Example: Helium HeNeon Ne

Could be: Could be:

Must b

e

TYPES OF PARTICLEType of Particle

Atom Molecule

Single atoms not bonded to any others

Example: Neon NeHelium He

Could be:Could be:

Two or more atoms bonded together

Example: Oxygen O2

Water H2OGlucose C6H12O6