Kinds of Bonds. Chemical Bonds are formed when atoms gain, lose, or share electrons.
Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules What is “stuff” made of?
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Transcript of Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules What is “stuff” made of?
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Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules
What is “stuff” made of?
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
A. Matter
1. ‘Elemental’ forms of matter, or ‘the elements’, are different forms of matter which have different chemical and physical properties, and can not be broken down further by chemical reactions.
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
A. Matter
1. ‘Elemental’ forms of matter, or ‘the elements’, are different forms of matter which have different chemical and physical properties, and can not be broken down further by chemical reactions. There are 92 naturally occurring elements…
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
A. Matter
1. Elements are different forms of matter which have different chemical and physical properties, and can not be broken down further by chemical reactions.
2. The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element is an atom.
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
A. Matter
1. Elements are different forms of matter which have different chemical and physical properties, and can not be broken down further by chemical reactions.
2. The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element is an atom.
3. Atoms are WICKED SMALL and are mostly SPACE. The material ‘things’ in atoms are protons and neutrons in the nucleus, orbited by electrons:
Proton: in nucleus; mass = 1, charge = +1 - Defines Element
Neutron: in nucleus; mass = 1, charge = 0
Electron: orbits nucleus; mass ~ 0, charge = -1
NOT TO SCALE
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
A. Matter
B. Properties of Atoms
1. Subatomic Particles
Proton: in nucleus; mass = 1, charge = +1 - Defines Element
Neutron: in nucleus; mass = 1, charge = 0
Electron: orbits nucleus; mass ~ 0, charge = -1
Orbit at quantum distances (shells)
Shells 1, 2, and 3 have 1, 4, and 4 orbits (2 electrons each)
Shells hold 2, 8, 8 electrons = distance related to energy
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Neon (Bohr model)
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
A. Matter
B. Properties of Atoms
1. Subatomic Particles
2. Mass = protons + neutronsO
8
15.99
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
A. Matter
B. Properties of Atoms
1. Subatomic Particles
2. Mass = protons + neutrons
3. Charge = (# protons) - (# electrons)...
If charge = 0, then you have an ...ION
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
A. Matter
B. Properties of Atoms
4. Isotopes -
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
A. Matter
B. Properties of Atoms
4. Isotopes - 'extra' neutrons... heavier
Some are stable
Some are not... they 'decay' - lose the neutron
These 'radioisotopes' emit energy (radiation)
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
A. Matter
B. Properties of Atoms
4. Isotopes - 'extra' neutrons... heavier
Some are stable
Some are not... they 'decay' - lose protrons/neutrons
These 'radioisotopes' emit energy (radiation)
So, K40, with 19 protons and 21 neutrons, decays to Ar40 (18 protons, 22 neutrons) with the conversion of a proton into a neutron. As neutrons weigh slightly less than protons, the mass that is lost in this conversion is lost as energy
(E = mc2)
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
A. Matter
B. Properties of Atoms
4. Isotopes - 'extra' neutrons... heavier
Some are stable
Some are not... they 'decay' - lose the neutron
These 'radioisotopes' emit energy (radiation)
This process is not affected by environmental conditions and is constant; so if we know the amount of parent and daughter isotope, and we know the decay rate, we can calculate the time it has taken for this much daughter isotope to be produced.
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
A. Molecules
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
A. Molecules
1. atoms chemically react with one another and form molecules - the atoms are "bound" to one another by chemical bonds - interactions among electrons or charged particles.
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
A. Molecules
1. atoms chemically react with one another and form molecules - the atoms are "bound" to one another by chemical bonds - interactions among electrons or charged particles. 2. Bonds form because atoms attain a more stable energy state if their outermost shell is full. It can do this by loosing, gaining, or sharing electrons. This is often called the 'octet rule' because the 2nd and 3rd shells can contain 8 electrons.
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
A. Molecules
B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are shared
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
A. Molecules
B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are shared
C. Ionic Bond - transfer of electron and attraction between ions
ClNa
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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
A. Molecules
B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are shared
C. Ionic Bond - transfer of electron and attraction between ions
D. Hydrogen Bonds - weak attraction between partially charged hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negative region of another molecule
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D. Hydrogen Bonds - weak attraction between partially charged hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negative region of another molecule
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D. Hydrogen Bonds - weak attraction between partially charged hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negative region of another molecule
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D. Hydrogen Bonds - weak attraction between partially charged hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negative region of another molecule
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Biologically Important Molecules
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Biologically Important Molecules
I.Water
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Biologically Important Molecules
I.WaterA. Structure
- polar covalent bonds
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Biologically Important Molecules
I.WaterA. Structure
- polar covalent bonds
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Biologically Important Molecules
I.WaterA. Structure
- polar covalent bonds - partial charges
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Biologically Important Molecules
I.WaterA. Structure
- polar covalent bonds - partial charges - hydrogen bonds
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I. WaterA. StructureB. Properties
- 1. cohesion“water sticks to itself through H-bonds”
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I. WaterB. Properties - 2. adhesion
“water sticks to other charged surfaces”
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I. WaterB. Properties - consequences of cohesion/adhesion
Capillary action – rotating water water molecules stick to the inner surface of thin tubes, and act as a fulcrum for other water molecules that can spin and contact the surface above them… through cohesion, those in contact with the new surface are themselves a surface for now water molecules to attach.
- important in the mvmt of soil water up from the water table to the root zone, and up vascular plants in xylem tissue.
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I. WaterB. Properties - 3. High specific heat
‘specific heat’ is the amount of energy change required to change the temperature of 1 g of that substance 1oC. By definition, a calorie is a change in heat energy needed to change 1ml (or g) of water 1oC. (Dietary “calories” are usually kilocalories).
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I. WaterB. Properties - 3. High specific heat
‘specific heat’ is the amount of energy change required to change the temperature of 1 g of that substance 1oC. By definition, a calorie is a change in heat energy needed to change 1ml (or g) of water 1oC. (Dietary “calories” are usually kilocalories).
Water has a high specific heat because of the hydrogen bonds, which must be broken before the molecules can move faster (increase temperature).
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I. WaterB. Properties - consequences of water’s high specific heat
Water is an excellent thermal buffer - aqueous solutions change temperature more slowly than air (less dense aqueous solution).
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I. WaterB. Properties - consequences of water’s high specific heat
Water is an excellent thermal buffer - aqueous solutions change temperature more slowly than air (less dense aqueous solution).
So, aqueous environments are more thermally stable (air temps vary more dramatically than water temps…)
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I. WaterB. Properties - consequences of water’s high specific heat
Water is an excellent thermal buffer - aqueous solutions change temperature more slowly than air (less dense aqueous solution).
So, aqueous environments are more thermally stable (air temps vary more dramatically than water temps…)
So, terrestrial organisms change temperature more slowly than the environment, giving them time to adjust behaviorally (like leaving!)
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I. WaterB. Properties - 4. High heat of vaporization
Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to change to a gas.
Water’s high heat of vaporization means that: - water doesn’t change state quickly; it can absorb a lot of energy
without changing state.
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I. WaterB. Properties - 4. High heat of vaporization
Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to change to a gas.
Water’s high heat of vaporization means that: - water doesn’t change state quickly; it can absorb a lot of energy
without changing state. - when it does change state, the most energetic molecules
evaporate and leave the liquid (or surface); so the average kinetic energy (temperature) of the liquid or surface drops dramatically – this is evaporative cooling.
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I. WaterB. Properties - 4. High heat of vaporization
Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to change to a gas.
Water’s high heat of vaporization means that: - water doesn’t change state quickly; it can absorb a lot of energy
without changing state. - when it does change state, the most energetic molecules
evaporate and leave the liquid (or surface); so the average kinetic energy (temperature) of the liquid or surface drops dramatically – this is evaporative cooling.
- evaporative cooling keeps water bodies cooler than air, and cools living organisms (evapotranspiration, perspiration).
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I. WaterB. Properties - 6. solvent
Ionic and polar compounds dissolve in water
Salts dissolve in water when their constituent ions separate and bond to water molecules instead of each other.
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I. WaterB. Properties - 7. Water dissociates
Although the H+ is always bound to another water molecule (as a hydronium ion), we represent it (H+) and it’s concentration as if it is ‘free’. In pure water, the concentration is 1 x 10-7.
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I. WaterB. Properties - 7. Water dissociates
In all aqueous solutions at 25oC,The product of [H+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14
So, if the pH is 6.0, the concentration ofOH- ions is 1 x 10-8
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I. WaterC. Water and Life
Why Life on Earth in Water?
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I. WaterC. Water and Life
Life on Earth is inconceivable without water.Life requires rapid and continuous chemical reactions
facilitated by a dissolution of reactants in a liquid solvent.Water’s solvent properties are ideal.Water is a liquid over a wide temperature range that is very
common on Earth. (High specific heat, vaporization).Water is abundant on Earth, covering over 70% of the surface.Water is a thermally stable internal/external environment.No surprize that life probably originated in water, and did not
adapt to exploit the desiccating terrestrial environments until the last 10% of Earth history.
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Biologically Important Molecules
I.WaterII.Carbohydrates
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II. CarbohydratesA. Structure
1. monomer = monosaccharidetypically 3-6 carbons, and CnH2nOn formula
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II. CarbohydratesA. Structure
1. monomer = monosaccharidetypically 3-6 carbons, and CnH2nOn formulahave carbonyl and hydroxyl groups
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II. CarbohydratesA. Structure
1. monomer = monosaccharidetypically 3-6 carbons, and CnH2nOn formulahave carbonyl and hydroxyl groupscarbonyl is either ketone or aldehydein aqueous solutions, they form rings
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II. CarbohydratesA. Structure
1. monomer = monosaccharide2. polymerization:
dehydration synthesis reaction
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II. CarbohydratesA. Structure
1. monomer = monosaccharide2. polymerization3. Polymers = polysaccharides
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Disaccharides
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Polysaccharides
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Polysaccharides
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Polysaccharides
The ‘cross-linkages’ in cellulose are not digestible by starch-digesting enzymes, so animals cannot eat wood unless they have bacterial endosymbionts. Decomposing fungi and bacteria also have these enzymes, and can access the huge amount of energy in cellulose.
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Polysaccharides
H-bonds link cellulose molecules together
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Polysaccharides
glucosamine
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II. CarbohydratesA. StructureB. Function
- energy storage (short and long) - structural (cellulose and chitin)
CO2
H2O
Glucose, Cellulose,Starch
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Biologically Important Molecules
I.WaterII.CarbohydratesIII.Lipids
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III. Lipids - not true polymers or macromolecules; an assortment
of hydrophobic, hydrocarbon molecules classes as fats, phospholipids, waxes, or steroids.
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III. LipidsA. Fats - structure
glycerol (alcohol) with three fatty acids
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(or triglyceride)
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III. LipidsA. Fats - structure
-saturated fats (no double bonds)
Straight chains pack tightly; solid at room temperature like butter and lard.
Implicated in plaque build-up in blood vessels (atherosclertosis)
Animal fats (not fish oils)
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III. LipidsA. Fats - structure
-unsaturated fats (no double bonds)
Plant and fish oils
Kinked; don’t pack – liquid at room temperature.
“Hydrogenation” can make them saturated and solid, but the process also produces trans-fats (trans conformation around double bond) which may contribute MORE to atherosclerosis than saturated fats)
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III. LipidsA. Fats - structure - functions
- long term energy storage (dense) not vital in immobile organisms (mature
plants), so it is metabolically easier to store energy as starch. But in seeds and animals (mobile), there is selective value to packing energy efficiently.In animals, fat is stored in adipose cells
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III. LipidsA. Fats - structure - functions
- long term energy storage (dense) - insulation (subcutaneous fat) - cushioning
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III. LipidsA. FatsB. Phospholipids
- structure
Glycerol 2 fatty acids phosphate group (and choline)
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
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III. LipidsA. FatsB. Phospholipids
- functionselective membranes
In water, they spontaneously assemble into micelles or bilayered liposomes.
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III. LipidsA. FatsB. PhospholipidsC. Waxes
- structureAn alcohol and fatty acid
Wax Alcohol Fatty Acid
CarnubaCH3(CH2)28CH2-OH CH3(CH2)24COOH
BeeswaxCH3(CH2)28CH2-OH CH3(CH2)14COOH
SpermaceticCH3(CH2)14CH2-OH CH3(CH2)14COOH
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III. LipidsA. FatsB. PhospholipidsC. Waxes
- structure - function
Retard the flow of water (plant waxes)Structural (beeswax)Signals – waxes on the exoskeleton can signal an insect’s
sexual receptivity.
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III. LipidsA. FatsB. PhospholipidsC. WaxesD. Steroids
- structuretypically a four-ring structure with side groupscholesterol and its hormone derivatives
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Cholesterol
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Biologically Important Molecules
I.WaterII.CarbohydratesIII.LipidsIV.Proteins
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IV. ProteinsA. structure
- monomer: amino acids
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IV. ProteinsA. structure
- monomer: amino acidsCarboxyl group
Amine group
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IV. ProteinsA. structure
- monomer:
amino acids
20 AA’s found in proteins, with different chemical properties. Of note is cysteine, which can form covalent bonds to other cysteines through a disulfide linkage.
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IV. ProteinsA. structure
- monomer: amino acids- polymerization: dehydration
synthesis
The bond that is formed is called a peptide bond
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IV. ProteinsA. structure
- monomer: amino acids- polymerization: dehydration
synthesis- polymer: polypeptide
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IV. ProteinsA. structure
- monomer: amino acids- polymerization: dehydration
synthesis- polymer: polypeptideMay be 1000’s of aa’s longNot necessarily functional (“proteins” are functional polypeptides)Sequence determines the function
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IV. ProteinsA. structure
- monomer: amino acids- polymerization: dehydration
synthesis- polymer: polypeptide- protein has 4 levels of structure
1o (primary) = AA sequence
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IV. ProteinsA. structure
- monomer: amino acids- polymerization: dehydration synthesis- polymer: polypeptide- protein has 4 levels of structure
1o (primary) = AA sequence2o (secondary) = pleated sheet or
helix
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The result of H-bonds between neighboring AA’s… not involving the side chains.
Some proteins are functional as helices - collagen
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IV. ProteinsA. structure
- monomer: amino acids- polymerization: dehydration synthesis- polymer: polypeptide- protein has 4 levels of structure
1o (primary) = AA sequence2o (secondary) = pleated sheet or
helix3o (tertiary) = folded into a glob
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The three dimensional structure of the protein is stabilized by all types of bonds between the side chains… ionic between charged AA’s, Hydrogen bonds between polar AA’s, van der Waals forces, and even covalent bonds between sulfurs.
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IV. ProteinsA. structure
- monomer: amino acids- polymerization: dehydration synthesis- polymer: polypeptide- protein has 4 levels of structure
1o (primary) = AA sequence2o (secondary) = pleated sheet or
helix3o (tertiary) = folded into a glob4o (quaternary) = >1 polypeptide
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Actin filament in muscle is a sequence of globular actin proteins…
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http://3dotstudio.com/prenhall/muscle.jpg
50 myofibrils/fiber (cell)
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IV. ProteinsA. structureB. functions! - catalysts (enzymes) - structural (actin/collagen/etc.) - transport (hemoglobin, cell membrane) - immunity (antibodies) - cell signaling (surface antigens)
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IV. ProteinsA. structureB. functions!C. designer molecules
If protein function is ultimately determined by AA sequence, why can’t we sequence a protein and then synthesize it?
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IV. ProteinsA. structureB. functions!C. designer molecules
If protein function is ultimately determined by AA sequence, why can’t we sequence a protein and then synthesize it?
Folding is critical to function, and this is difficult to predict because it is often catalyzed by other molecules called chaparones
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IV. ProteinsA. structureB. functions!C. designer molecules
If protein function is ultimately determined by AA sequence, why can’t we sequence a protein and then synthesize it?
Folding is critical to function, and this is difficult to predict because it is often catalyzed by other molecules called chaparones
Perhaps by analyzing large numbers of protein sequences and structures, correlations between “functional motifs” and particular sequences will be resolved.