ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS...
Transcript of ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS...
![Page 1: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ATOMMS Status Report IROWG 2012
E. R. Kursinski1
A. Otarola2, D. Ward3, M. Stovern3, J. McGhee 4,
J. Hagen3, W. Sisk3, J. Hainesworth3
1Broad Reach Engineering, 2TMT
3University of Arizona, 4TVI
![Page 2: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
March 30, 2012 IROWG2
Rationale: Observational Needs for Climate
Climate models are wrong in ways that we don’t yet know.
When you don’t understand something, you measure it
Need observations as complete as possible to determine the atmospheric state and what is actually happening,
independent of models
Can we achieve this via satellite to satellite occultations?
![Page 3: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Atmospheric Spectrum below 200 GHz
![Page 5: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ATOMMS vs. GPS Profiles • H2O vapor,
temperature & pressure simultaneously
• O3 and H2O isotopes • LoS winds >mid strat • Sees thru clouds • Very little sensitivity to
ionosphere • Profiles extend to
~mesopause • Requires new
transmitters in orbit
![Page 6: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
October 21, 2009 ISTP-8
Precision of Individual ATOMMS Profiles
10% 1%
1% 10%
With turbulence
water vapor temperature
1K 0.1K
90km
0km
![Page 7: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Field Measurement Summary
• Water vapor measurements & Spectroscopy
• Turbulence measurements
• Cloud & rain water measurements
• August 18, 2011 measurements
– Movie
– Droplet & Rainfall inferences
– Turbulence
– Water vapor estimates
• Conclusions
![Page 8: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3 Field Test Geometries
• Rooftop: 840 m
• Lemmon to Bigelow: 5.4 km
• Hopkins to Lemmon: 84 km
840 m
5.4 km
Lemmon
Bigelow
Rooftop to Rooftop
View of Mt. Lemmon from Mt. Bigelow
![Page 9: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
View from Mt Hopkins to Mt. Lemmon
![Page 10: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Deployed Instrument
Photos
Mt. Lemmon
Mt. Lemmon
Mt. Hopkins
Mt. Bigelow
![Page 11: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Spectroscopy & Water Vapor Retrievals
• 840 m Rooftop measurements
Sensitivity to pressure error
Amplitude noise: 0.3%
Spectroscopic model comparisons
Comparison with hygrometer
![Page 12: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Water Vapor June 28-29, 2011
• 22 & 183 GHz systems
• Mt. Bigelow to Mt. Lemmon
• Arrows indicate times of max and min water vapor
• Used to generate water vapor ratio spectrum
• Evaluate spectroscopy farther from line center & at lower pressure
• First ATOMMS measurement of H2
18O isotope
H218O
chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow
Water vapor partial pressure
![Page 13: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
84 km 18-24 GHz Measurements
View from Mt. Hopkins to Mt. Lemmon July 2, 2011
Mt. Lemmon
rain
![Page 14: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
22 GHz Water Vapor
Measurements
• Blue line: change in water vapor derived from the 8 channels of ATOMMS 22 GHz system and comparisons with AM model spectra using average pressure & temperature measured at Mt. Hopkins & Mt Lemmon.
• Red line: water vapor measured at Mt. Lemmon. • Green line: water vapor measured at Mt. Hopkins.
virga
rain
![Page 15: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Atmospheric Turbulence
• Atmospheric turbulence causes amplitude and phase scintillations in occultation signals
• Scintillations are a source of noise when trying to isolate the water vapor absorption signature
• We need to know how the scintillations will limit the accuracy of observations from orbit
• The best way to estimate this prior to orbit is via aircraft occultation measurements
• Scintillation measurements between rooftops & mountaintops are shown here
![Page 16: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Turbulence Measurements
• PSD of 150 sec of log amplitude fluctuations at 23.5 GHz.
– PSD 6 mHz frequency resolution
• 10-ms amplitude estimates (50 Hz Nyquist rate).
![Page 17: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Time evolution of turbulence intensity
• Cnr2 maximum around noon, then decrease
• Relative maximum as thunderstorm came near in late afternoon
noon
6pm
![Page 18: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
August 2010 & 2011 Mt. Bigelow & Lemmon
Field Experiments
Mt Lemmon Mt Bigelow
![Page 19: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Attenuation due to Cloud & Rain Drops
Use Mie scattering theory to interpret ATOMMS, radar and visible measurements
visible 197
22
cloud rain
Extinction coefficient
𝑘 𝐷, 𝜆 = 𝜎 𝐷 𝑛 𝐷 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑄 𝐷, 𝜆𝜋
4𝐷2𝑛 𝐷 𝑑𝐷
Q(r,l)
![Page 20: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Clouds & Rain August 28, 2010
• Simultaneous 197 GHz, weather radar & visible obs.
• Separate cloud & rain
• t (197 GHz) ~ t (visible)
=> Rain at onset
• Consistent with radar
cloud
rain
RADAR time
Bigelow Lemmon
![Page 21: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Bigelow-Lemmon August 18, 2011
• Weather radar
![Page 22: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
5 minute images
![Page 23: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
14:05:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 24: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
14:10:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 25: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• c 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
14:15:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 26: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
14:20:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 27: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
14:25:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 28: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
14:30:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 29: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
14:35:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 30: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
14:40:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 31: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
rain
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
14:45:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 32: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
14:50:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 33: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
14:55:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 34: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:00:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 35: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:05:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 36: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
2 minute images
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:10:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 37: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:12:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 38: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
rain
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:14:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 39: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:16:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 40: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:18:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 41: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:20:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 42: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:22:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 43: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:24:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 44: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:26:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 45: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:28:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 46: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:30:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 47: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Onset of heavy rain
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:32:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 48: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:34:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 49: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:36:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 50: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:38:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 51: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:40:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 52: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:42:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 53: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:44:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 54: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:46:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 55: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
VERY heavy rain
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:48:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 56: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:50:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 57: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:50:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 58: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:52:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 59: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:54:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 60: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:56:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 61: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
• Extremely windy 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
15:58:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 62: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:00:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 63: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:02:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 64: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:04:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 65: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:06:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 66: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:08:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 67: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:10:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 68: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:12:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 69: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:14:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 70: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:16:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 71: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:18:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 72: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:20:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 73: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:22:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 74: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:24:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 75: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:26:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 76: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
30 second images
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:28:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 77: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:28:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 78: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:28:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 79: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:28:30 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 80: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:29:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 81: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:29:30 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 82: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:30:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 83: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:30:30 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
Cloud
![Page 84: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:31:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 85: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:31:30 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 86: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:32:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 87: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:32:30 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 88: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:33:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 89: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:33:30 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 90: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:33:30 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 91: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:34:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 92: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:34:30 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 93: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:35:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 94: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:35:30 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 95: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:36:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 96: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:36:30 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 97: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:37:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 98: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:37:30 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 99: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:38:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 100: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:38:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 101: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:40:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
2 minute images
![Page 102: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:42:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 103: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:44:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 104: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:46:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 105: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:48:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 106: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:50:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 107: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:52:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 108: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:54:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 109: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:56:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 110: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
16:58:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 111: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:00:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 112: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:02:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 113: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:04:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 114: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:06:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 115: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:08:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 116: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:10:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 117: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:12:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 118: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:14:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 119: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:16:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 120: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:18:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 121: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:20:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 122: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:22:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 123: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:24:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 124: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:26:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 125: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:28:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 126: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:30:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 127: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:32:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 128: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:34:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 129: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:36:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 130: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:38:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 131: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:40:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 132: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:42:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 133: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:44:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 134: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:44:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 135: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:48:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 136: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:50:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 137: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:52:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 138: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:54:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 139: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:56:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 140: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
17:58:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 141: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
• x 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
18:00:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 142: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
• x 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
18:02:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 143: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
18:04:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 144: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
18:06:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 145: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
chan
ge in
opt
ical d
epth
18:08:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 146: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Summary of August 18, 2011 large opacity variations
heavy rain
rain
cloud
Humans opening tents
Humans closing Lemmon tent
rain
clear clear rain
7:1 1.5mm
2:1 2.6mm
<0.4mm
9:1 1.4mm
3:1 2mm
![Page 147: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Crude estimate of maximum rainfall
• At 15:50: t24.4 GHz = 10.5
• Assume t198.6 GHz /t24.4 GHz = 2:1 (3:1) based on measured ratio at onset of heavy rainfall
• Implies droplet radius of ~1.3 (1.0 mm) • Fall speed: 7.6 m/s (6.5 m/s) • Mass density: 2.7 g/m3 (3.2 g/m3 )
=> Rainfall: 53 mm/hr (55 mm/hr) • Reasonable agreement with our local,
precise rainfall measurements • Rainfall rate measured at nearby Scout
Camp was 46.4 mm per hour.
![Page 148: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Turbulence in Clear Air • Amplitude variations ~6%
• FFT spectra shows 3 intervals
• Middle interval is Kolmogorov
• Equivalent Cn2: 3e-13 m-2/3 (LARGE!)
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
change in o
ptical depth
18:08:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
![Page 149: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Cal-Tone Attenuation of Scintillations
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (hours MST)
change in o
ptical depth
18:08:00 MST
24.4 GHz
198.611 GHz
with caltone ratioing
raw data
• Ratio of 16:54 vs. 14:20 spectra • Without & with normalization by
caltone
![Page 150: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Thermodynamic Conditions
• Surface pressure is representative of pressure along signal path
• Surface air temperature is NOT representative of air temperature over the mountain valley
• Estimate average air temperature along signal path from the pressure scale height
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5730
735
740
745
750
755
760
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.50
5
10
15
20
25
30
time MST
Air t
em
pera
ture
(C
)
T scale height
T surface Bigelow
T surface Lemmon
Surface Pressure
Air Temperature
![Page 151: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
• Sensitive to water vapor variations of ~0.1 mb which is < 1% absolute
187.5 188 188.5 189 189.5 190 190.5 191 191.51
1.5
2
2.5
Frequency (GHz)
norm
aliz
ed a
mplit
ude r
atio
Ref (time=14.35, P=743 mb, T=18.7 C, e=15 mb); Sol (time=16.89, P = 743 mb, T = 13.3 C)
ATOMMS
e2 = 14.7 mb
e2 = 14.9 mb
e2 = 15.1 mb
e2 = 15.3 mb
e2 = 15.5 mb
e2 = 15.7 mb
e2 = 15.9 mb
e2 = 16.1 mb
e2 = 16.3 mb
187.5 188 188.5 189 189.5 190 190.5 191 191.51
1.5
2
2.5
Frequency (GHz)
norm
aliz
ed a
mplit
ude r
atio
Ref (time=14.35, P=743 mb, T=18.7 C, e=15 mb); Sol (time=16.70, P = 743 mb, T = 13.3 C)
ATOMMS
e2 = 14.7 mb
e2 = 14.9 mb
e2 = 15.1 mb
e2 = 15.3 mb
e2 = 15.5 mb
e2 = 15.7 mb
e2 = 15.9 mb
e2 = 16.1 mb
e2 = 16.3 mb
![Page 152: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Summary • Instrument is working well in the field
– High dynamic range: Max t measured so far ~11 • Can push this further with longer integration time
– Water vapor retrievals working • 183 GHz results equivalent to better than 1%
– Scintillations due to turbulence are generally in expected range • Ratioing reduced scintillations
• Powerful ground tool for atmospheric research – H2O, T, P, spectroscopy, droplet size distribution, radar
interpretation, hydrology, turbulence – Looking to deploy instrument in mountains for
extended periods • Issues: clear line of sight, power, internet, security,
lightning protection
![Page 153: ATOMMS Status Reportirowg.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kursinski.pdf•First ATOMMS measurement of H 2 18O isotope H 2 18O chilled mirror hygrometer at Mt Bigelow Water vapor](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071115/5ffbe5a2aca39f579463311c/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Aircraft to Aircraft Demonstration
• Instrument presently too heavy for WB-57 nose
– Identified mechanical changes to lighten instrument
• Problem with compact optics design
– Modifying optics design to separate 22 & 183 GHz optics
• Conducted review for NSF
=> Need more funds
• Transferring NSF grant to U. Colorado next month
– Work with LASP, NSF & NASA to obtain funds needed to perform the air-to-air demo