Atomic Theory and Structure Unit 2. Atomic Theory Based on experimental data Elements are made of...
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Transcript of Atomic Theory and Structure Unit 2. Atomic Theory Based on experimental data Elements are made of...
![Page 1: Atomic Theory and Structure Unit 2. Atomic Theory Based on experimental data Elements are made of only one kind of particle. This basic particle is called.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072013/56649e655503460f94b6009d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Atomic Theory and Structure
Unit 2
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Atomic Theory Based on experimental data
Elements are made of only one kind of particle.
This basic particle is called an atom
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory All matter is composed of very small particles called atoms.
Atoms of a given element are identical; atoms of different elements are different.
Atoms cannot be subdivided, created or destroyed. [LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER]
Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios (1:1, 1:2, 3:5, etc.) to form chemical compounds. [Law of Definite Proportions]
In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.
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Modern Atomic Theory Atoms of the same element may have
different masses (isotopes), but will always have the same atomic #.
Atoms are made of smaller particles.
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Changing Models of the Atom
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Dalton’s Model 1830
Major change: particle model
Physical model: solid spheres, billiard balls Could not be created,
divided into smaller particles, or destroyed
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J.J. Thomson Model 1898
Major change: protons and electrons
Physical model: plum pudding Negatively charged
electrons were distributed throughout a uniform positive charge
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Rutherford’s Model 1911
Major change: nucleus
Physical model: solar system model Electrons orbit around
the nucleus which contains proton and neutrons
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Bohr’s Model 1931
Major change: energy levels
Physical model: energy level model Protons and neutrons
located within the nucleus but electrons are located on orbitals with different energy levels
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Quantum, Wave mechanical,Schrodinger Late 1930’s
Major change: uncertainty principle
Physical model: cloud model Atom consist of cloud of
electrons around a very small nucleus of protons and neutrons
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Evolution of the Atom
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Properties of Particles That Make-Up the AtomParticle Mass Rel.
MassCharge Rel.
ChargeLocation
Electron 9.110 x 10-28 0 -1.602x10-19 -1 e-
cloud
Proton 1.673 x 10-24 1 +1.602x10-19 +1 Nucleus
Neutron 1.675 x 10-24 1 zero 0 Nucleus
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STOP
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Atomic Structure Continued…
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Facts About The Atom All atoms are electrically neutral; therefore an
atom must have equal numbers of protons and electrons.
Any atom of a given element contains the same number of protons as any other atom of that element. (this also applies to electrons.)
For a given element, two different atoms of that element may contain differing numbers of neutrons. (definition of an isotope)
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Characteristics of Atoms Atomic number- The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. In a neutral atom,
this is also the number of electrons.
Mass number- The total number of particles in the nucleus of the atom. # protons + # neutrons
AZX
A: mass number & z: atomic number
Isotopes- Atoms with the same atomic numbers but different mass numbers. That is, with the same number of electrons and protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
Nucleus- Very small and very positive. Contains most of the mass of the atom. Made up of protons and neutrons.
Nuclear forces- Hold the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.
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Isotopes atoms of the same element with different numbers
of neutrons and therefore different atomic mass. Example: carbon-12 and carbon-14 Isotopes of Hydrogen
Protium Hydrogen-1 Protons___ Electrons___ Neutrons___
Deuterium Hydrogen-2 Protons___ Electrons___ Neutrons___
Tritium Hydrogen-3 Protons___ Electrons___ Neutrons___
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Law of Multiple ProportionsA compound consists of molecules of integral
numbers of atoms. In a series in which one element forms more than one compound with a second element, the atoms must
combine in small integral numbers. Hence, the weights of the second element
combining with a fixed weight of the first element will be in the ratio of small integral
numbers.
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Compound g of oxygen combining with 1g of nitrogen
Ratio of weights
Atomic grouping
Nitrous oxide
0.57 1 NO
Nitricoxide
1.14 2 NO2
Nitrogen trioxide
1.71 3 NO3
Nitrogen tetroxide
2.28 4 NO4
Nitrogen pentoxide
2.85 5 NO5