Niels Emil Jannik Bjerrum-Bohr Niels Bohr International Academy Niels Bohr Institute
Atomic Structure Timeline · Niels Bohr (1913) • Introduced the idea of electrons traveling...
Transcript of Atomic Structure Timeline · Niels Bohr (1913) • Introduced the idea of electrons traveling...
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Atomic Structure Timeline
History of Atomic Theory
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Essential Questions
• What does it mean when my science
teacher says stuff cannot be created or
destroyed?
• What is matter made up of? And who
figured it out?
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Evolution of Modern Atomic Theory
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Democritus (400 B.C.)
• Proposed that matter was
composed of tiny indivisible
particles
• Not based on experimental
data
• Greek: atomos
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The Early Atom
• Aristotle succeeded Democritus and did not believe in atoms. Instead, he thought that all matter was continuous. It was his theory that was accepted for the next 2000 years.
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Alchemy (next 2000 years)
• Mixture of science and mysticism.
• Lab procedures were developed, but alchemists did not
perform controlled experiments like true scientists.
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Lavoisier 1777
• French chemist, who is considered the founder of modern chemistry.
• Lavoisier clarified the concept of an element as a simple substance that could not be broken down by any known method of chemical analysis
• He devised the Law of Conservation of Mass
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Basic Laws of Matter
• Law of Conservation of Mass- mass is
neither created nor destroyed during
ordinary chemical reactions or physical
changes.
CH4 + 2O2 → 2H2O + CO2
16g + 64g → 36g + 44g
Antoine Lavoisier
stated this about 1785
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Alka Seltzer in Water
• Ziploc bag
• Alka seltzer tablet
• Water
Using the reaction between the tablet and the water, prove that the Law of Conservation of matter is true.
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Proust (1794)
• Proust stated the Law of Definite
Proportions.
• The law states that the ratio of elements
in a compound is always the same.
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Basic Laws of Matter
• Law of Definite Proportions – no matter how much salt you have, it is always 39.34% Na and 60.66% Cl by mass.
Example: Sodium chloride always contains 39.34% Na and 60.66% Cl by mass.
2NaCl → 2Na + Cl2100g → 39.34g + 60.66g
116.88g → ? + ?
Joseph Louis Proust
stated this in 1794.
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John Dalton (1808)
• Dalton add his own - the Law of multiple
proportions
• He proposed a theory to summarize and
explain these three laws
I was a school
teacher at the
age of 12!
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Basic Laws of Matter
• Law of Multiple Proportions- Two or more
elements can combine to form different
compounds in whole-number ratios.
Example
John Dalton
proposed this
in 1803.
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John Dalton
Dalton’s Four Postulates
1. Elements are composed of small indivisible
particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are identical.
Atoms of different elements are different.
3. Atoms of different elements combine together
in simple whole number ratios to create
compounds.
4. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged,
but not changed.
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John Dalton’s Elements
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Was Dalton right?
Elements are
composed of small
indivisible particles
called atoms.
Subatomic particles –
electrons, protons,
neutrons, and more
Atoms of the same
element are identical.
Atoms of different
elements are different.
No, isotopes are atoms
that have the same
number of protons but
a different number of
neutrons
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Was Dalton right?
Atoms of different
elements combine
together in simple
whole number ratios to
create a compound.
Yes! He was right!
In a chemical reaction,
atoms are rearranged,
but not changed.
Yes! He was right!
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Essential Questions
• So, Dalton figured out the atom, how did
we figure out what the inside of an atom
looks like?
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How Big (Small) Is the Nucleus
of an Atom?
• If the total atom was the size of a
football field, then the nucleus would be
the size of an apple in the middle of the
field.
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How Small is an Atom?
The width of a human hair = 1,000,000
carbon atoms across
One bucket full of water contains more
atoms than there are bucketfuls of water
in the Atlantic ocean
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Discovery of the Electron
• In the late 1870’s many experiments
were performed in which electric current
was passed through gases at low
pressures due to the fact that gases at
atmospheric pressure don’t conduct
electricity well.
• These experiments were carried out in
glass tubes called cathode-ray tubes or
Crookes tubes for the man that
developed them.
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Crookes Tube
CRT
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J. J. Thomson (1903)
• Cathode Ray Tube
Experiments
– beam of negative particles
• Discovered particles
smaller than the atom!
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J.J. Thomson (1903)
• Proved that the atom was divisible and that
all atoms contain electrons.
• This contradicted Dalton’s Atomic Theory.
• This allowed a new model of the atom.
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J. J. Thomson (1903)
Plum-pudding Model
– positive sphere (pudding)
with
negative electrons (plums)
dispersed throughout
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=GzMh4q-2HjM
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Robert Millikan (1910’s)
• American physicist
• Determined the mass and charge of an
electron
• Oil drop experiment
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMfY
Hag7Liw
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Oil Drop Experiment
• Millikan dropped negatively charged microscopic
oil particles into a chamber containing metallic
plates and viewed them with a microscope.
• By applying voltage to the metallic plates,
Millikan created an electric field.
He was able to suspend the
oil droplets by adjusting the
electric field to the
appropriate strength and
direction to overcome
gravity.
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Oil Drop Experiment
• Knowing the mass of the droplets and
the strength of the electric field
necessary to suspend them, he was
able to calculate the charge of the
electron.
• He noticed that the charge was always
a whole-number multiple of 1.602 X10-19
Coulombs.
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Ernest Rutherford (1911)
• Gold Foil Experiment
• Discovered the nucleus
– dense, positive charge in
the center of the atom
• Nuclear Model
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Gold Foil Experiment
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Gold Foil Experiment
• As expected, most of the alpha particles
passed straight through with little or no
deflection.
• However, 1/8000 of the positively charged
alpha particles were deflected, some back
at the source.
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Gold Foil
Experiment
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Gold Foil Experiment
• From this experiment, Rutherford discovered that there must be a very densely packed positively charged bundle of matter within the atom which caused the deflections.
• He called this positive bundle the nucleus.
• He tried this experiment with other metals and found the same results.
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Gold Foil Experiment
• The volume of the
nucleus was very small
compared to the volume
of the atom.
• Therefore, most of the
atom was composed of
empty space.
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“It was about as believable as if you had fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper, and it
came back and hit you.”
-Ernest Rutherford
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Ernest Rutherford (1911)
• Nuclear Model
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBq
Hkraf8iE
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Let’s take a break
• Work with a partner to complete the
“Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment”
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Evolution of Modern Atomic Theory
Almost there!
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Niels Bohr (1913)
• Met with J.J. Thomson
but didn’t impress him
• Worked with Rutherford
and liked his model of the
atom
• Incorporated idea of
quantum mechanics into
the Rutherford model
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Niels Bohr (1913)
• Introduced the idea of electrons traveling
around the nucleus in orbits or energy
levels.
• Like the planets, there are multiple orbits
like concentric circles around the nucleus
• Planetary Model
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Niels Bohr (1913)
• He used Bright-Line Spectrum
– tried to explain presence of
specific colors in hydrogen’s
spectrum
• Built upon Max Planck’s
concepts of quantized energy
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Erwin Schrödinger (1926)
• Treats electrons as waves
• Tells us the probability of finding an electron at any given location at any given moment
• Electron cloud model– Atomic orbital: region around
the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found
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Erwin Schrödinger (1926)
Electron Cloud Model (orbital)
• dots represent probability of finding an e-
not actual electrons
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James Chadwick (1932)
• Studied under Rutherford
and built upon his model
• Discovered neutrons
– neutral particles in the nucleus
of an atom
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• He projected alpha particles (from a
decaying polonium) towards beryllium
target.
• The particles released are uncharged
and have the same mass as protons.
• He called them neutrons.
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James Chadwick (1932)
Neutron Model
• revision of Rutherford’s Nuclear Model
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Models of the Atom Timeline
Let’s recap with a video (10:52)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSAgL
vKOPLQ
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Dogs teaching Atoms
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M9k
hs87xQ8&list=FLTWKpM0RNaHUX5D
RoXcf7qw&index=2
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Atomic Timeline Poster Project
• Divide into 7 groups and make a poster that includes:
– Year of discovery
– Name of model
– Name of scientist (s)
– Picture of the model
– Picture of equipment used in discovery
– Key information about model
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Poster project
• Group 1 – Dalton (pg 104-105)
• Group 2 – Thompson (pg 108 – 110)
• Group 3 – Millikan (pg. 109)
• Group 4 – Rutherford (pg. 111-113)
• Group 5 – Niels Bohr (handout)
• Group 6 - Schrödinger (pg. 152-155)
• Group 7 – Chadwick (pg. 113-114)