Ato Abraham Assefa

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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

CENG 3103BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Oct. 2009


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CEng 3103 Building Construction

Course Outline

1. Introduction

2. Building Drawings3. Building Structural Systems

Reinforced Concrete Structures

5. Building Construction Elements

Foundation and Basement

Floors

Exterior and Interior Closures:

Walls

Stairs

Prefabricated BuildingSystems

Shell and Dome Structures

4. Planning of Buildings

5. Building ConstructionElements

6. Health and Safety in

Building Construction

Elevators Doors and Windows

Roofs

Finishing

Damp Prevention

Fire Places

Formwork and Scaffolding

Sanitary Systems

Fire and Life Protection

Mechanical SystemsElectrical Systems


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Chapter 1

Presentation Outline

1.1 General

1.2 Development of Building Construction

.

1.4 Building Classification

1.5 Design and Performance requirement

1.6 Steps in Building Construction


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1.1 General

Construction Industry is an industry which is involved

in the planning, execution and evaluation of alltypes of civil works

CI Categories - Construction projects can be broadly

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classified as:Building Construction (includes facilities for habitation, institutional,

educational, light industrial (e.g. warehouse), commercial, social andrecreational purposes),

Engineered Construction (includes highway and heavy (e.g. dams,sewage plant) construction), and

Industrial Construction.

In this course we will focus on Building Construction


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ArchitectArchitect

SubsSubs OwnerOwner


1.1 General

The main players in the construction industry are:

The Client:

The Consultant:

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ContractorContractor

EngineerEngineer

SuppliersSuppliers

VendorsVendors

PublicPublic

e on rac or:Insurance Companies:

Banks:

Suppliers:

Permitting Agencies:

Public:


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1.1 General

Inception and feasibility

Planning and Design

Tendering Stages

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Consultant Architect

Bid Evaluation

Award of Contract

Construction Stage

Commissioning and Acceptance

Provisional Acceptance

Final Acceptance


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1.1. General Introduction


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1.1 General

Building a structure consisting of floors, walls and roofs

erected to provide covered space for different uses such asresidence, business, entertainment, workshop, etc

Building - consists not only of the house, but also the site, road,aths the ard the arden the ate the fence etc

Building Team:Architect

Civil Engineer Structural, Sanitary and related designs

Construction Manager Supervising the Planning and ConstructionPhase

Urban Planner

Quantity Surveyor


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1.1 General

All the above shall Study Building:

Planning, Technical Elements,

Construction Materials

Cost and Durability,

Requirements in relation to the previewing climatic

condition, and soil behavior, etc. Building Codes lay the outline for the design of

building. E.g. EBCS


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1.1 General

Requirements for Building Construction:

Site

Permission from Local Authorities or Municipalities

Professionals: Architects En ineers

Materials

Labor

Finance (most importantly)


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Building During Human Age

Primary motive of Building Houses is the desire for a betterliving conditions, initial causes however include:

Fear of Wild animals

Protection against cold and heat Shelter from Rain and wind

Desire for gathering the family belongings in one place


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Modern buildings are planned to adapt to the purpose

and the existing climatic conditions Building Materials:

r g na y one, an , ar , rass, ogs, ns, e c

Advanced Dressed Stones, Bricks, Cement, Lime, Gypsum,

Iron, Timber, Tiles, Sheet Metals, Aluminums, Paints, etc

Modern Systems Prefabrication, Pre-stressed Concrete


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Building Structural Forms:


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Construction Forms: Vaulting


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Construction Forms: Timber


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Construction Forms: Timber


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Construction Forms: Stone


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Construction Forms: Stone


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Construction Forms: Steel


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Construction Forms: Steel


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Construction Forms: Reinforced Concrete


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Construction Forms: Reinforced Concrete


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Construction Forms: Shell Roofs


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Construction Forms: Shell Roofs


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Construction Forms: Cable Structures


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Construction Forms: Cable Structures


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1.3 Typical Traditional House Construction

Though there are different types of houses in Ethiopia, based onclassification by climate and altitude, housed are divided into:

Low Land Kolla (2700m .

1. House of Kolla (low Land) Climate: Hot and usually Dry

Rains are scarce and if occurs the ground dries quickly.

Strong winds with plenty dust are frequent.

Two types are noticeable: Permanent and Normadic

1.1.1 Houses for Permanent People

Are mainly affected by available building material: Wood is scarce,

but stone, earth and grass are sufficiently available


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Stone Walls 50 cm (tapering)

Height 2 3m

Walls Not Pointed

Roof Flat

Logs, twinges and branches,

stone and earth are added

a ove

Finally Clay or binding agent

Plan Square, Rectangle

Opening Only Door

Ground Unprepared


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Walls Simple and Made of

light material

Roof Canvas or Skin

1.1.2 Houses for Normadic People

Plan CircularGround Unprepared


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1.2 Houses for the High Lands (Dega) Climate: Rainy and Cold Wood and Grass are available

Tid or Red Eucalyptus (1.2 1.5m)

Horizontal Walling 3 Places with

diagonals.Splitted Timber Fills the gap


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Walling - Fermented Earth Mortar

(Two Coats)

Straw more course on the firstcourse

Roof Truss

Center Pole 250 mm

Tied Using Ropes (cut animal skins)Straw roofing material


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1.3 Houses for the Up lands (Woina -Dega)

Similar except for use of materials

Sidama and Wollaita


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Addis Buildings

..\Image Archives\Addis Ababa Bldgs

..\Image Archives\AU - New HQ

..\Image Archives\Sheraton Addis


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Building Classification

According to the Building Code of India: Building is any structure for whatsoever purpose and of

whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereofwhether used as human habitation or not and includesoun a ons, wa s, oors, roo , e c, par o a u ng or any ng

affixed thereto or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose anyland or space.

Building can be classified into different groups dependingon their occupancy use or type of construction. Based on Occupancy of Use: Residential, Educational, Assembly,

Business, Mercantile, Industrial, Institutional, Storage, High Hazard

Based on Type of Construction (Resistance in Fire): - Type 1, 2, 3,4 and5

C 3 03 ld C


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Based on Occupancy of Use:

Residential Private Residences, Apartment Buildings, Dormitories,Hotels

Educational Educational Instructions like schools and colleges

Assembly Theaters, Exhibition Halls, Places of Worship and terminals

Business Garages, Barber Shops, City Halls, Courthouses andLibraries

Mercantile Shops, Stores, Market and Retail Warehouse

Industrial Industries where fabrication and assembly is carried out

Institutional Hospitals, Prisons Storage For goods, merchandize, products, livestock

High Hazard Storage for highly inflammable, combustible orexplosive materials

The above divisions shall have sub divisions with different design standards

CE 3103 B ildi C i


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Based on Based on Type of Construction (Resistance in Fire): Grades of Fire Resistance , 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hours

Indian Standard Type 1, type 2, Type 3, and Type 4 4, 3, 2, and 1hour

Non Combustible vs. Fire Resistant

u ng ypes Type 1 Fire Resisting Construction Type 2 Non Combustible Construction

Type 3 Heavy Timber Construction

Type 4 Ordinary Construction

Type 5 wood Frame Construction

Fire and Life Protection Number of Egress, Min. Distance toEgress, Provision of Fire Lift, Alarm, Fire Hose, Smoke Control andFire Protection (Sprinklers)

CE 3103 B ildi C i


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Basic Design and Performance Requirement

Buildings can be broadly divided into Sub Structure and Super

Structure Sub structure Below the surrounding ground level, and

Super - structure Above the ground level

as c omponen s oun a ons, a s, oors, oors an n ows,

Stairs, Roof and Finishing Materials Basic Design and Performance Criteria

Factor of Safety

Stiffness against deformation

Comfort and Convenience for users Thus, buildings should satisfy the following basic functional requirements:

Strength and Stability, Dimensional Stability, Comfort and Convenience,Resistance to Moisture Penetration, Fire Protection, Heat Insulation, DayLighting and Ventilation, Sound Insulation, Durability, Security, Protection

against vermin and termites, Building Economics

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Basic functional requirements:

Strength and Stability DL, LL, WL, EQ

Dimensional Stability Deformations (Elastic and Plastic),Temperature and Moisture Content

,

lighting and orientation of the building Resistance to Moisture Penetration Building should kept dry

Fire Protection Less Ignition, Egress and Compartmentalization

Heat Insulation Use of thicker exterior walls, Use of cavityWalls, Use of shading devices (projecting roofs, verandahs,Proper Orientation

Day Lighting and Ventilation Good Daylight (East) and NaturalVentilation

CE 3103 B ildi C t ti


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Basic functional requirements:

Sound Insulation Through Cavity walls, airtight windows,raised floors, suspended ceilings

Max. Acceptable Noise Schools 45 50 dB, Hospitals 40

Durability- From 25 50 years Security Against Burglary or thefts, Window Openings,

Alarm Fittings

Protection against vermin and termites Shall be avoidedduring pre - construction

Building Economics However all the above are necessary,the limiting factor will be the money.



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1.6 Steps in Building Design

Design is a process of

Blending, Selecting, Performance, Creation and Message

Design Phase

Site Selection and Site Plan

Architectural Design

Structural Design

Sanitary (Plumbing) Design

Electrical Design

Mechanical (HVAC) Fire and Life Protection

Building Support Systems Data, Voice, CCTV, MATV, etc

Preparation of Bill of Quantity and Specification


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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

CENG 3103

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Oct. 2009



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Course Outline1. Introduction2. Building Drawings3. Building Structural Systems Reinforced Concrete Structures



Floors


Walls

Stairs

Prefabricated BuildingSystems Shell and Dome Structures

4. Planning of Buildings5. Building ConstructionElements6. Health and Safety in

Building Construction

Elevators

Doors and Windows

Roofs

Finishing

Damp Prevention

Fire PlacesFormwork and Scaffolding

Sanitary Systems


Mechanical Systems

Electrical Systems



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Chapter 2 Building Drawings Presentation Outline

2.1 Introduction2.2 Drawing Equipments

.2.4 Drawing for Residential Classification2.5 Working Drawings



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2.1 IntroductionConstruction Industry uses mainly drawings and specifications for

communication.

Drawings present the pictorial view of the building items, withbrief written descriptions andSpecification presents the technical details, method of fabrication,

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test, measurement and related details

Civil and Architectural Drawings Similar to Mechanical Drawingsexcept they use

Line Techniques

Various TemplatesDimensioning

AUTO CAD Drafting

Necessary trainings shall be taken


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2.2 Drawing Equipments

The manual production of drawings requires:

Drawing Board/TableSize of 50 x 62 cm (A2)

Drawin Pa er

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Drawing Paper, Tracing Paper, Blue PrintDrawing Pencils

Very Soft (6B) to Very Hard ( 9 H)

Writing and Lettering - Medium Pencil (HB or F)Drawings Hard Pencil (2H)

Ruler (cm or mm), T Square, Set Square (45 or 30/60)

Accessories - Eraser, Drawing Tape, Templates


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2.2 Drawing Equipments



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2.3 Drawing PapersDrawings shall be

in conformance to

International andNationalStandards.

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tan ar aper

formats arederived from arectangulardrawing of 1m2.

A, B and CA ConstructionB & C Envelopes,

Posters, Folders

Using Golden Triangle (X = 0.841 mand Y = 1.189 m)

X * Y = 1 and X:Y = 1 : 2



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2.3 Drawing PapersBased on International Standards(ISO):Common Sizes are A1 and A2

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2.3 Drawing PapersSide Margin - 3 5 cm shall be provided for fastening tape

of drawing pins

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2.3 Drawing PapersTitle Block

150 mm x 100 mm

Information: Design

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Office (Name), Project Title

(Name and Place), Drawing

Type, Designer (Name),

Drawn By(Name), Checked

By(Name), Date ofCompletion, Scales and

Drawings Numbers



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2.3 Drawing Papers Folding Schemes



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2.3 Drawing PapersDrawings shall be properly numbered:

AR,ST,

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,

EL,AC,

DT,ID..etc

Capital Letters shall be used for all titles and sub- titles



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2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings

Typical Drawings for Residential Buildings:

Title DeedSite Plan

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WorkingDetailed

Construction and Installation Drawings



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2.4 Drawing for Residential BuildingsSite Plan

Location of building

Dimension of Perimeter

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Proximity to the Road

Scale 1:100 or 1:200

North Direction shall be clearlyindicated



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2.4 Drawing for Residential BuildingsSketch Drawings

Preliminary Drawings indicating concerns and details

May include plan of important storey, one or more elevations and cross section of

building

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CEng 3103 Building Construction2 4 D i f R id ti l B ildi


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Detailed

DrawingsShow specific

details: Stair

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Cases, GutterDown Pipe,

Foundation

details, etc

Scale 1:1.

1:5, 1:10 or

1:20

CEng 3103 Building Construction2 4 D i f R id ti l B ildi


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Construction DrawingsPrepared mainly for foundation works, construction of steels, concrete,roofing and wood works and Approval by designer and RE

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Installation

DrawingsPrepared

mainl for

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Sanitary and

Electrical

Installations

Scale of

1:50 is

preferred


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Sanitary DWG

CEng 3103 Building Construction2 4 Drawing for Residential Buildings


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Working Drawings

Prepared mainly for Architectural DesignsFloor Plans, Elevation, Sectional Drawings

1. Floor Plans

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Interior Space - Cutting section 1.2m HighSteps for Preparation

Start laying center line of wallsMark window and door openings

March wall thicknessLocate furniture positionIndicate material typeAdd measurements and Other details



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2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings Floor Plans



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2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings Standard Dimensioning

CEng 3103 Building Construction2 4 Drawing for Residential Buildings


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2. Elevation Plans

Exterior SpaceOrthographic Drawings of the building exteriorFront, Rear, Left and Right

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North, South, West and East Elevations

Steps for PreparationProject Vertical Lines Lines with overall width and lengthProject Horizontal Lines Which represent the height of the eave

line, ridgeline, and chimney line, line aboveground level, etcLocate Roof Lines Ridge and Eave LineAdd Elevation SymbolsGive Elevation Dimensions


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CEng 3103 Building Construction2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings


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3. Sectional Plans

Revel the internal construction of an objectArchitectural Sections Entire Structure (Full Section) or for

specific parts (Detail Section)

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ize an omp exity o t e ui ing usua y etermines t e

number of drawings3.1. Full Section

Longitudinal or Transverse (Scale of 1:50)Cutting PlaneCutting Line and Arrows Two dashed lines

3.2. Detail SectionUse of break lines


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Full Section



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Detail Section

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Construction Symbols


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Typical Drawings for Residential Buildings:

Architectural Site Plan, Floor Plan, Elevation, Section, DetailsStructural Foundation (Footing, Foundation Column, Ground

Floor Slab, Retainin Walls , U er Floor Slabs, Beams,

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Columns), Shear Walls, Truss (Layout, Truss Details, Connection

Details)

Sanitary - Water Supply (Cold and Hot), Waste Water, Storm

Water, Risers

Electrical - Socket, Switch, Lighting, Voice, Riser, Distribution

Boards


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1


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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

CENG 3103


Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Nov. 2009


Course Outline


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1. Introduction

2. Building Drawings

3. Building Structural Systems Reinforced Concrete Structures



Floors


Walls

Stairs

2


Shell and Dome Structures



6. Health and Safety inBuilding Construction

Elevators

Doors and Windows Roofs

Finishing

Damp Prevention

Fire Places


Sanitary Systems


Mechanical Systems

Electrical Systems


Chapter 3 Building Structural Systems


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3.1 Introduction

3.2 Reinforced Concrete Structures

3

.

3.4 Wood Structures3.5 Masonry Structures

3.6 Prefabricated Building Systems

3.6 Shell and Dome Structures


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4

5


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5


3.1 Introduction6


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Building Structural Systems greatly depend on materials and

the expected force systems.

Based on force systems structural elements can be classified into:

Foundation Footing, Pile

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Column

Beam

Truss

Arch

Dome, Shell Plate

Membrane -

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3.1 Introduction8


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3.1 Introduction9


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3.1 Introduction10


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Structural

load

transformation has

more and

more

complex


3.1 Introduction11


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Beams


3.1 Introduction12


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TRUSS


3.1 Introduction13


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TRUSS


3.1 Introduction14


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ARCH


3.1 Introduction15


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VAULT


3.1 Introduction16


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DOME


3.1 Introduction17


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SHELL


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3.1 Introduction

Li h19


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Lightness

Maximum

Diversity/MinimumInventory Element and

Joint Design


3.1 Introduction20


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Common Structural Materials RC, STEEL, WOOD, PREFAB, SHELLAND DOME

New PossibilitiesMaterials - Composites

Carbon Fiber

Cellulose

Panels: e.g. stress skin

Processes

Concrete Tilt-Up Slab

Rapid Curing

FOUR SYSTEM

INTEGRATION


3.1 Introduction21


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Common Structural Materials CONCRETE (PLAIN AND RC), STEEL,WOOD, MASONRY

New Possibilities Materials - Composites

Carbon Fiber

Cellulose

Panels: e.g. stress skin

Processes

Concrete Tilt-Up Slab

Rapid Curing


3.1 Introduction22


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3.2 Reinforced Concrete Structures

f

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Reinforced Concrete - Ethiopia

Concrete Issues Strength in Tension Strength in Compression

CO2 generation

Durability Quality Control

Concrete Advantageous

Form Requirements Availability of Materials

Construction Expertise requirement

Developments SCC, Ductile Concrete, Composite Concrete


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3.3 Steel Framed Structures25


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3.4 Wood Structures

The use of wood extends back in time longer than any other

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The use of wood extends back in time longer than any othermaterial.

In fact, wood represents both the original material of buildingas well as the earliest source of energy.

,resource.

But is mostly underused

Structural Morphology

i. Solid Load Bearing Wall

ii. Timber Frame

iii. Balloon and Platform Framing

iv. Stress-Skin Systems Structural Types

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

CENG 3103


Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Nov. 2009


Course Outline

1. Introduction 5. Building Construction Elements2


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oduc o


3. Building Structural Systems Reinforced Concrete Structures


Floors

Exterior and Interior Closures:Walls

Stairs

Prefabricated Building

Systems Shell and Dome Structures




Elevators

Doors and Windows

Roofs

Finishing

Damp Prevention

Fire Places

Formwork and ScaffoldingSanitary Systems


Mechanical Systems

Electrical Systems


Chapter 5 Building Construction Elements


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5.1 Foundation and Basements

5.1.1 Introduction5.1.2 Functions of Foundations

5.1.3 Essential Requirements of a Good Foundation

5.1.4 Types of Foundation5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration

5.1.6 Causes of Foundation Failures and Remedial Measures

5.1.7 Foundation Construction Setting Out Foundation Trenches

Excavation and Timbering of Foundation

Excavations in Ground with Sub Soil Water Problems


5.1.1 Introduction

Buildings consist of Sub and Super Structure elements

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Sub Structure or Foundation is the lower portion of the building,

usually located below ground level, and transmits the load of thesuperstructure to the sub soil

The soil which is located immediatel below the base of thefoundation is called the Sub Soil or Foundation Soil

Since it remains below ground level, the signs of failure of foundationare not noticeable till it has already affected the building

A foundation should be sufficiently strong to prevent excessivesettlement as well as unequal settlement

Unequal Settlement - might be caused due to weak sub soil, shrinkable andexpansive soil, frost action ground water movement, excessive vibration,consolidation settlement or slipping of strata


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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.3 Essential Requirements of a Good Foundation

Foundation should be constructed to satisfy the following

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y grequirements:

1. Foundations shall sustain and safely transmit the Dead and LiveLoads of the Superstructure, in a way that the pressure will notcause settlement which would im air the stabilit of thebuilding or adjoining structures

2. Foundation shall be rigid to avoid differential settlement,specially when the superstructure load is not evenly distributed

3. Foundations shall be sufficiently deep to guard against damage

or distress caused by swelling or shrinkage of the sub soil4. Foundations should be so located that its performance may not

be affected due to any unexpected future influence.

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation

Types of Foundations can be classified into two:

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yp

A. Shallow Foundation

Spread Footing, Combined Footings, Strap Footings and MatFoundation

B. Deep Foundation

Deep strip, rectangular or square footing, Pile Foundation, Pier orDrilled Caisson Foundation, and Well or Caisson Foundation

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation Shallow Foundation

A. Shallow

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Foundation

SpreadFooting,

Combined

Footings, StrapFootings and

Mat Foundation


A. 1 Spread Footing

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Will spread the force over

a large area

Single Footing

Stepped Footing

Sloped Footing

Wall footing without stepStepped footing for wall

Grillage foundation


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Grillage foundation Timber or Steel Stanchion carrying

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heavy load in weak bearing capacity soils


A. 2 Combined Footing

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Support two or more

columns

There are different kinds:

Rectangular

Trapezoidal

Combined Column

Design Criterion Center

of Gravity of Columnsshall coincide with the

centroid of the footing


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A. 3 Strap/ Cantilever Footings

Strap Footing If

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Strap Footing - Ifindependent footings of two

columns are connected by abeam

between the columns is wide

and with high bendingmoments

Strap beam will nottransfer loads, it will be

assumed to be stiff enoughto result in uniform pressureunder each footing

Border Columns


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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation Deep Foundation

B. Deep Foundation

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Deep strip, rectangular or square footing, Pile

Foundation, Pier or Drilled Caisson Foundation, and Wellor Caisson Foundation

Strip, rectangular or square footings come under the

category of deep foundation, when the depth of thefoundation is more than the width of the footing

Well foundations are used in bridge piers


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Types of Pile Foundation

End Bearing

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End Bearing

Used for multistory buildings tominimize settlement

Friction

Used in granular soil

Combined End bearing andFriction pile

Compaction pileUsed to compact loose granular

soilDont carry loads by themselves

and thus can be made of softmaterials


B. 2 Pier Foundation

Consists of a cylindrical

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Consists of a cylindricalcolumn of large diameter to

support and transfer largeloads

erence w p e s me oof construction

Pier foundation uses onlybearing and has shallow depth

When there is a close hardrock strata and stiff clay

TypesMasonry or Concrete Pier

Drilled Pier


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B. 3 Well Foundation (Caissons)

Are box like circular or

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Are box like circular orrectangular structure which aresunk from the surface either bydead load or water to thedesired depth

Larger in diameter to pier ordrilled caissons

Used in bridge piers,abutments in rivers and lakes,

docks, break water and othershore structures, pump housesand water front structures

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration

Since foundation are to be based in sub soils, sufficient

investigation of the sub soils is a must

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investigation of the sub soils is a must

Sub Soil Investigation is carried out forNew Structures

Selection of type and depth of foundation

Determination of Bearing CapacityPrediction of settlement

Determination of Ground water level

Evaluation of earth pressure against walls, basements and abutments

Provision against construction difficulties

Suitability and degree of compaction of soil


Sub Soil Investigation is carried out for

Existing Structures

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Existing Structures

Investigation of the safety of the structurePrediction of Settlement

detrimental settlement

SITE RECONNAISSANCEInspection of the site and study on topographical

features is often helpful

Following features shall be studied: -Local Topography, excavations, cuttings, quarries, evidence

of land slide, fills, water level and drainage patters


SITE EXPLORATION

Objective to provide a reliable, specific and detailed

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j p , pinformation about the soil and ground water conditions forsafe and economic design of foundationsDe th of Ex loration

Depth (Significant Depth) shall be up to the level where the

pressure increase will cause settlement or shear failure offoundations

Depends on the type of structure, its weight, size, shape anddisposition of loaded areas, and the soil profile and its properties

Assumed One and Half to two times the width (smaller of thelateral dimensions) of the loaded area

DirectionsIsolated Spread Footings 1.5 times the width


Directions

Adjacent footings with clear spacing less than twice the width 1.5 times thelength

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length

Pile Foundation 10 to 30 m, or more, or at least 1.5 times the width of thestructure

Base of Retaining Wall greater of 1.5 times the base width or 1.5 timesthe exposed height

Floating Basement Depth of Construction

Weathering Considerations 1.5 m in general and 3.5 m in black cottonsoils

Min Depth 1.5 m

Methods of Exploration

1. Open Excavation2. Borings

3. Sub Surface Soundings

4. Geo Physical Methods



1. Open Excavation

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Trail pits are the cheapestmethods in shallow deposits

Advantages Soil Stratacan e o serve an samp es(disturbed or undisturbed) can

be conveniently takenSuitable up to 3m depth

For greater depths and forexcavation below ground

water table, specially inpervious soils, measures forlateral support and groundwater lowering is necessary



2. Boring Methods

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g

Methods commonly usedAuger boring

Wash boring

Percussion boringRotary boring

A. Auger boringUsed in cohesive and other soft soils above

water tableOperate mechanically or manually

Hand augers are used up to 6m

Two types Spiral or Post Hole


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2. Boring MethodsC. Wash boring

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Is fast and simple method foradvancing holes in all types ofsoils (except for boulders and

Steps

Driving a casing with hollowdrilled rod with sharp chisel orchopping bit

Forcing water under pressure

Resulting in Chopping andjetting actionForcing the cutting up ward

and reviewing the color of wash


2. Boring MethodsD. Percussion boring

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Soil and rock formations are broken by repeated blows of heavy chiselor bit suspended by a cable or drill rod

Suitable for advancing a hole in all types of soils, boulders and rock

E. Rotary BoringVery fast method

A drill bit is rotated with firm contact to the bottom of the hole

A water solution of bentonite, with or without admixtures is continuouslyforced down

The mud coming up wards bring the cuttings to the surface

Core Boring or Core Drilling commercial diamond studded bits


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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.6 Causes of Foundation Failures and Remedial Measures

Foundations may fail dueto the following reasons:

Unequal Settlement of Sub

36


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q

SoilUnequal Settlement of

Sub Soil moisture

movementLateral Pressure on Walls

Lateral Movement of Sub Soil

Weathering of Sub Soildue to trees and shrubs

Atmospheric Action

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.7 Foundation Construction

Under Foundation Construction,the following topics will bereviewed;

S tti O t F d ti T h

37


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Setting Out Foundation Trenches

Excavation and Timbering ofFoundation Trenches

Excavation in Ground with Sub Soil Water

A. Setting Out FoundationTrenches

Is the process of laying downthe excavation lines and

center lines etc on the ground,before excavation is started

Foundation Layout Plan


38


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B. Excavation andTimbering ofFoundation Trenches

Excavation can be

done either manuallyor with equipmentsManually

Equipments


C. Timbering of Foundation Trenches

When the depth of trench is large,or when the sub soil is loose , thesides of the trench may cave in

39


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sides of the trench may cave in

Timbering or Shoring consist ofproviding timber planks or boardsan struts to give temporary supportto the sides of the trench

Methods:Stay Bracing Firm Soil & 2m

Box Sheeting Loose Soil & 4m

Vertical Sheeting Soft & 10 m

Runner System Extremely LooseSheet Piling


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D. Excavation in Ground

with Sub Soil Water

41


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High water table orwater logged area

Dewatering

Ditches and SumpsWell Point System

Shallow Well System

Deep Well SystemVacuum Method

Electro osmosis Method


42


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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

CENG 3103

BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONInstructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Nov. 2009


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CEng 3103 Building ConstructionChapter 5 Building Construction Elements Floors


5.2 Floors

3


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5.2.1 Introduction5.2.2 Classification of Floors

5.2.3 Functional Requirements of a Floor

5.2.4 Materials for Floor Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes

Brick, Stone, Concrete, Granolithic, Tiled, Wooden,

Terrazzo, Mosaic, Plastic, Marble, Asphalt, Rubber,Cork, Glass, Linoleum, Carpet


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5.2.2 Classification of Floors

Floors can beclassified as:

Upper Floors and

5


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Ground FloorSuspended FloorsSolid Rest Floors

Basement Floors

Flooring is thesingle mostexposed element

of a buildinginterior becauseof constant andoften heavy use.

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.3 Functional Requirements of a Floor

Ground Floor

1. Support Load Especially in Factories

6


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2. Prevent Dampness3. Prevent Growth of Ve etable matter and Livin or anism

4. Durability Min. Maintenance or replacement

5. Surface Finish Standard of Appearance, Comfort, Cleanlinessand heat Retention

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.3 Functional Requirements of a Floor

Upper Floor

1. Support Load

2. Fire Resistance Tall Buildings

7


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3. Minimize noise transfer

4. ura y n. a n enance or rep acemen

5. Surface Finish Standard of Appearance, Comfort, Cleanliness and

Heat Retention6. Prevent Dampness

Upper Floor

Structural Floor Finish (Upper Part)

Ceiling Finish (Lower Part)

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.4 Materials for Floor Construction

Performance Criteria for flooring selection can be

listed as the following:

8


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durable to resist abrasion, indentation, compression,accidental impacts, and dust and dirt

chemically inert to resist cleaning compounds, disinfectants,

solvents, lubricants and other substances that may be spilled comfortable to reduce fatigue of walking, standing and/or

running

safe, non-slippery, non-tripping, non flammable and alsonon-conductive or non-static


The basic Materials used for floors are:

Stone, Brick, Timber, Concrete, and Metal

Timber and Concrete are widely used

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A. Timber Floors

Source and Standard Seasoning and appearance

Versatile Glued, Laminated or bonded to metal or plates

Fire Resistance Coating

Moisture Flow Has to be avoided and kept dry

Ground Floor Suspended system is economicalWooden Floors Applied in dancing halls, auditoriums, living and

dinning rooms etc


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B. Concrete Floors

Commonly used in all building types b/c moderately cheap,quite durable, and easy to construct

C b i i f b i d

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Can be cast in situ or prefabricated

Design Freedom Shape

Form work required Wet ConditionTypes

Solid - Solid or Flat

Better Strength

Flat Slabs No beams

Ribbed or Waffle Based

Flat Ceiling (w/o beams), Better Sound Insulation, Duct provision, Light Loads


Ribbed

Slabs

12


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B. 2 Pre Cast Concrete

Designed to avoid form works, wet free and fast construction

Li ht i i ht

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Lighter in weightDisadvantage Difficult to provide rigid connections and

Transportation, Loading and Unloading, Placement

Available Prefab Addis and Logi

Reinforced Solid or Contain Internal Cores

Pre Stressed

Lighter, Camber, Difficult for modification

Cover part or the whole slab portionMade of Hollow Blocks, Brick Hollow part used for passing utility ducts


Hollow Pre - Cast Section

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Hollow Pre - Cast Section

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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes

Choice of Floor Finish materials depends on:

Initial Cost, Appearance, Durability, Availability, Fire

resistance resistance to water and chemicals so nd

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resistance, resistance to water and chemicals, sound, .

Common Type of Flooring

Brick, Stone, Concrete, Granolithic, Tiled, Wooden, Terrazzo,

Mosaic, Plastic, Marble, Asphalt, Rubber, Cork, Glass,

Linoleum, Carpet


A. Brick Flooring

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A. Brick Flooring

Used in cheap constructions, especially where good bricks areavailable

Suitable

18


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Suitable Warehouses stores edestrian walk wa s

Base Course

Compacted layers with mortar joints with bricksSlope shall be properly provided

Frost Attack About 5 cm thick fine sand is spread

Construction

Bricks shall be socked for 3 7 days (avoid reduction of voids inhydration)

Frost Bricks without mortar


B. Stone Flooring Granite, Marble, Lime stone, Slate

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B. Stone Flooring Granite, Marble, Lime stone, Slate

Used for making rectangular or square size floors

Suitable

Garages, Entrance Corridors, Pedestrian Walk waysC l i k b i hi b bl k d d

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g , , y Common colors are pink, beige, white, brown, black, green, and red.

Properties Hard, Durable and resistant to wear

Easy in construction and MaintenanceNot better in looks

Sub BaseCompacted Ground or Concrete Base

Construction Joints PointedProper Slope


C. Concrete Flooring

Suitable

Residential, Commercial, andIndustrial (Garages

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Residential, Commercial, andIndustrial (Garages,

a ora or es, an are ouses


C. Concrete Flooring

Properties Moderately Cheap, Durable and Easy to construct

Moderately resistant to oils and weak acids

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yTwo Components

Base Concrete and Wearing Surface

Sub BaseConcrete Base

Construction Monolithically casting Good Bond with base and Cracks

Independent Base surface covered with slurry, Mix 1:2:4

Even spreading and surfacing by straight edge steel or wood

Curing 7 days


D. Granolithic Flooring

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D. Granolithic Flooring

Suitable For hard and wear resistant surface (Car passage )

Properties

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pMade of Rich Concrete, with very hard and tough quality course

aggregates , such as granite and basalt

Mix 1:1:2 to 1:1:3


Construction Shall be laid before the base coarse has set

Surface is tamped and floatedSmoothened by steel trowel

Grinding and polishing is done after curing


E. Tiled (Cement or Clay) Flooring

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E. Tiled (Cement or Clay) Flooring

Suitable Residential Houses, Offices, Schools and Public Buildings

Properties M d f l

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Made of cement, clay, concrete or terrazzo

Constructed in square, hexagonal or other shapes and many colours

Sub Base

Concrete BaseCompacted ground base

Construction Similar to laying stone or brick flooring

Cement slurry has to spread to fill the joints

Grinding and Polishing


F. Wooden/Timber (Parquet) Flooring

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F. Wooden/Timber (Parquet) Flooring

Suitable Living and Dinning Rooms, Bed rooms, dance halls, auditoriums

Properties Must have hard, Resistant to wear and durable surface

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,

e ec on s a e ase on ex ure, co or, e ec s an gra n

Shall be avoided in moist areas


Construction Can be glued to concrete floors

Can be joined by nails

Can be simply overlaid on a filler mast

Protective coating like varnish, lacquer, wax shall be applied for long serviceperiods


G. Terrazzo Flooring

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G. Terrazzo Flooring

Suitable

Residential, Offices and other public buildings

Properties

Is concrete containing white and/or colored cement and marble chips as an aggregate(1:2 or 1:3)

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(1:2 or 1:3)

Marble Chips exposed by grinding, may vary from 3 6 mm

Decorative and high wearing resistance

Can be found in market as pre cast terrazzo in the form of tiles (20 30 cm, t = 2 3m) even for Stair Treads and Risers

Sub Base

Concrete Base

Construction

Shall be casted with the required mix proportionGrinding in three levels and then cement grout to seal holes

Mirror - Polishing


H. Mosaic/Ceramic Flooring

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H. Mosaic/Ceramic Flooring

Suitable

Walls, Floors, Both internal and external, Stairs

Properties

Made of small pieces of broken tiles of china glazed or of cement or of marble arranged in differentpatters

Glazed or Unglazed

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Glazed or Unglazed

Impervious to water and a dense body

Types Porcelain - made by dust press method from ceramic materials with vitreous body, resistant to freezing and

thawing and abrasive wearNatural Clay (Ceramic) made of natural clays or shales, which produce a long wearing body

Sub Base

Concrete Base

Construction

Concrete base made of mortar or comp mortar is spread & leveled to a depth of 5 to 8 cmPieces or Tiles of Ceramic are hammered

Stone roller about 30 cm in dia. and 45 60 cm long is passed

Joint filler Cement grout


I. Plastic or PVC Flooring

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I. Plastic or PVC Flooring

Suitable Residential Area Bed rooms

Properties Made of plastic material Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)

34


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a r ca e n ro s or es w eren co ors

Resilient, smooth, good looking and cleanable

Easily damaged by heat or chemicals


Construction Adhesive shall be applied to the cement screed surface

Tiles are then pressed gently using lightweight rollers

Floor is washed with warm soap water


Concrete Floor Cement Screed

These are used to give a concrete floor a finish suitable to receive thefloor finish or covering specified

Laying Floor Screeds - floor screeds should not be laid in bays since thiscan cause curling at the edges, screeds can however be laid in 3.00 widestrips to receive thin coverings.

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p g

Leveling of screeds is achieved by working to leveled timber screedingbatten or alternatively a 75mm wide band of leveled screed with square

edges can be laid to the perimeter of the floor prior to the generalscreed laying operation.


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J. Marble Flooring

38


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J. Marble Flooring

Suitable Residential buildings (Stairs, Corridor, Kitchens), Public and

Worship placesPro erties

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Made of sedimentary rocks

Different sources Granite, Marble

Durable, Water proof but expensive


Construction Similar to stone flooring

Has to be cured and cleaned before use


K. Asphalt Flooring

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K. Asphalt Flooring

Suitable Garages, stores

Properties Wear resistance and durable

41

es en soun proo non a sor en an mo s ure o proo


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es en , soun proo , non a sor en an mo s ure o proo

Types Asphalt Mastic commonly used in Ethiopia. Made of sand and asphalt mixed hot

and laid in continuous sheetsAsphalt Titles made of asphalt and other ingredients such as asbestos fibers, by

pressing the mix in different sizes, with thickness varying usually from 3 to 6 mm

Asphalt Mosaic similar to mastic but made with chips

Sub Base

Concrete BaseConstruction

Proper primer coat


L. Rubber Flooring

42


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L. Rubber Flooring

Suitable Offices or public building like hospitals and schools

Properties Consist of sheet or piles of rubber, with different patterns and colours

43

M f d b


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Manufactured by mixing

Sub Base

Concrete BaseConstruction

Shall be laid before the base coarse has set

Surface is tamped and floated

Smoothened by steel trowelGrinding and polishing is done after curing


M. Cork Flooring

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M. Cork Flooring

Suitable

Areas where quiet and comfort are of paramount importance.

Rigid subfloors, such as smooth-finished or screeded concrete supported above

grade and free of moisture, or on structurally sound plywood or hardboard. Corktile is not recommended for application below grade or moisture-free conditions

45

mus e ensure .


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Properties

Manufactured by baking cork granules with phenolic or other resin binders

under pressure. Four types of finishes are produced: natural, factory prefinishedwax, resin-reinforced wax, and vinyl cork tile

Sub Base

Concrete Base

Construction

Natural cork tile must be sanded (to level), sealed, and waxed immediately afterinstallation.

Sealed by protective coatings


N. Glass Flooring

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N. Glass Flooring

Suitable

Basement and upper floor where light has to be transmitted

Properties

47

S l l i h f f il l b ( 12 30


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Structural glass, in the form of tiles or slabs ( t = 12 to 30mm)

Suspended on closely placed frames

Sub Base

Steel Frames

Construction

Care should be taken to avoid joint failures


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O. Linoleum Flooring

Suitable Except for Bath rooms, kitchens, etc

Properties Developed 100 yrs ago in EnglandMixing oxidized linseed oil in gum, resins, pigments, wood flour, cork

49

dust and other filler materials


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Seasoned in ovens for 2 4 weeks (given several coats of lacquer forgreater stain and spot resistance)

Attractive, resilient, durable, cheap and easily cleanable

Easily rot in wet conditions

Sub Base

Concrete or Wood BaseConstruction Fixed or glued to base in various patterns


P. Carpet Flooring

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P. Carpet Flooring

Suitable Passage ways, Bed Rooms, Hall ways

Properties A textile floor covering consisting of an upper layer of "pile" attached

51

to a backing.


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The pile is generally either made from wool or a manmade fibre suchas polypropylene, and usually consists of twisted tufts which are oftenheat-treated to maintain their structure.


Construction Carpets and carpet tiles can be laid loose, stuck with a suitable

adhesive or in the case of carpets edge fixed using special grip strips.

52


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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

1


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CENG 3103

BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONInstructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Nov. 2009


Course Outline

1. Introduction


3. Building Structural Systems




Floors


Walls Stairs

2

Prefabricated BuildingElevators


216/344


Shell and Dome Structures4. Planning of Buildings

5. Building Construction

Elements6. Health and Safety inBuilding Construction

Doors and Windows

Roofs

Finishing

Damp Prevention

Fire Places


Sanitary SystemsFire and Life Protection

Mechanical Systems

Electrical Systems

CEng 3103 Building ConstructionChapter 5.3 Building Construction Elements Walls


5.3 Walls

5.3.1 Introduction5.3.2 T es of Walls

3

5 3 3 External Walls


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5.3.3 External Walls

5.3.4 Internal Walls

5.3.5 Cavity Walls

5.3.6 Openings in Walls

5.3.7 Wood and Chika Walls

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.1 Introduction

Definition A wall is a vertical member whose width(i.e. length) exceeds four times the thickness

Wall

Is an essential component of a building

4

It encloses or divides a building space for an assumed


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g pfunction

Provides privacy, security and protection against heat, cold,sun and rain

Structural Wall can provide support to floors and roofs

Design Criterion Strength, Stability, Weather Resistance, Durability, Fire Resistance,

Thermal and Sound Insulation

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.2 Types of Walls

Distinction can be made:

A. Position in the Building

Substructure (Foundation and Basement Walls)

5

E l W ll i i i d d i i l h


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External Walls protection against wind and rain, insulate heat,

water repellent, fire resisting and sound insulationInternal Walls Sound, heat and Water

B. Function

Load Bearing Walls Partition Walls

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.3 External Walls

A. Materials for External Walls Stones, Bricks, HCB, Reinforce Concrete, Glass, Metals,

Plastic, Composites, Agro Stone, Chika

Selection

6

Standard of House


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Climatic Conditions

Cost Aesthetic

Workers

Structural Function

Fire Resistance

Openings Windows and Doors


B. Types of External Walls

Classification can be based on Structural Property or onPhysical Nature

Physical Nature Block, Monolithic or Composite or Panel

7

B 1 Block Construction


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B.1. Block Construction

Are made of stones, brick, hollow concrete blocks, and solidblocks

A. Brick Walls

Widely used for load and non load bearing walls

Egyptians, Babylonian, Romans used it

Ethiopia Not old


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A. Brick Walls Tests of Bricks

A. Field Tests for Soils Balls about 8cm dia. are made and

checked for drying cracks and crumble modes B. Field Tests for Burnt Clay Bricks Appearance, hammer test

10

(highly metallic sound) and hardness test (Scratching the surfaceby knife)


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by knife)

C. Laboratory Tests i. Compressive Strength

ii. Water Absorption

iii. Efflorescence

Build up of white surface deposits on drying Results from dissolved salts

Saturate Bricks and allow to dry

Class Avg. (MPa) Ind. (MPa )

A 20 17.5B 15 12.5

C 10 7.5

D 7.5 5.5


A. Brick Walls

Size 6 x 12 x 25 cm

Terminologies

Stretcher Long face

Header Short face

11

Lap Horizontal distanceb/n vertical joints


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/ j

Bed -

Closer

Queen Closer

King Closer

Beveled Closer

Mitered Closer


A. Brick Walls Types of Brick Bonds

If a joint ofconsecutive layers

are in samelocation, the mass

12

o wa w a Thus BOND


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Bond is the systemof laying bricks insuch a manner thatthere is no verticaljoint in any row or

course immediatelyabove or below theone considered


A. Brick Walls

Strength of Brick Works

Strength of brick shall be adequately satisfied

The Mortar shall also be of compatible strength

13

Joints in Brick Work


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Joints are the weakest point of a masonry structure

Joints also have an appearance value

Jointing finishing of joints as the brickwork proceeds

Pointing finishing of joints after the brickwork is completed

Pointing - If the surface is not plastered, the surface jointsshall be refilled by neat mix of mortar


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Pointing Types

Struck Pointing

Recessed Pointing

Concave Ke ed

15

Pointing


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V Pointing

Projecting Pointing


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A. Brick Walls

Causes of Failures of Brickworks

1. Crushing

17

2. Shearing


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2. Shearing

Provide strong mortar

3. Rupture

Breaking vertical joints


A. Brick Walls

Maintenance of Brickworks

A. Re pointing Old Brick

B. Re Paintin Brickwork

18

C. Cleaning Brickwork


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Using steams or hot waterjets

D. Removal of Efflorescence

Improve damp prevention

Scrubb wall by brush andwater or acid water


B. Stone Walls Defects of Stones for Walls

A. Vents Small figures or hollow in the stone making it

liable to decomposition

19

. ,veins after weathering and render bad appearance

Sand Holes and Cla s Holes cracks or holes filled with


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C. Sand Holes and Clays Holes - cracks or holes filled with

sandy or clayey matter. Liable to decomposition due toweathering action

Cutting and Dressing of Stones

Stones shall be cut in size from original sources They are also dressed into suitable shapes and polished to

give a smooth surface if desired.


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C. Concrete / Clay Block Walls (HCBs) Reducing the mortar amount by using larger size blocks (40 x

20 x 20 vs 25 x 12 x 6 cm) Only 5 10 % of total volume of wall

More economical Purchase, Faster for construction

21

Either Solid or Hollow

Less weight for HCBs


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g

Finishing Plastering , Pointing D. Walls of Monolithic Construction

Can be load bearing or not

Concrete Walls and traditional mud walls are cast in plastic state

Concrete Walls can be plain or reinforced Strength andFreedom


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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.4 Internal Walls

To provide internal spaceCan be load bearing or not

Partition or Internal Walls

Brick

23

Glass

Concrete


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Concrete

Metal lath Solid plaster

Corrugated sheet

Timber

Gypsum Panel

Agro Stone

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.5 Cavity Walls

Consist of two brick walls withcavity between the two and specialconnecting supports

RequiredPrevent Dampness

24

High insulation against heat andsound and economy

Inner and outer walls may be


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Inner and outer walls may be

equal in thickness Inner wall shall be completely

disconnected

Cavity 4 10 cm

Shall have a base depth of 10 cmbelow the damp proof course

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.5 Cavity Walls

Advantages

Damp Prevention

Insulation

Acoustics

25

Notes Cavity Walls


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Horizontal damp proof shall be built in two separate widthsMortar or other material accumulation shall be avoided

Free from projection

Openings shall be focused on damp preventionRust proof ties and prevent water transmission

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.6 Openings in Walls

Openings Doors,Windows,

Cupboards, etc

26

Bridged byprovision on a


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lintel or archA. Arches

Stones, Steel,

ReinforcedConcrete, Bricks


A. Arches

Are constructed where loads are

heavy, span is large, strong abutments

27

,

stone and RC is required


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Stability of ArchesCrushing of material

Sliding of one voussoir on another

Rotation of some joint about the edgeUneven settlement of abutments/pier


B. Lintels

Horizontal member

Easy to build even in weak supporting walls

28

eas cm ear ng ep

Type of Lintels


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TimberStone

Brick

Steel

Reinforced Concrete

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.7 Wood and Chika Walls

Traditional type of wall in Ethiopia

Construction Process

Modern times Reinforced Concrete Grade Beam

29


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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

1


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CENG 3103


Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Dec. 2009

CEng 3103 Building ConstructionCourse Outline

1. Introduction2. Building Drawings



5. Building Construction ElementsFoundation and Basement

Floors


Walls

Stairs

2


Elevators

Doors and Windows

Roofs


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Finishing Damp Prevention

Fire Places


Sanitary Systems


Mechanical Systems

Electrical Systems

CEng 3103 Building ConstructionChapter 5.4 Building Construction Elements Stairs


5.4 Stairs

5.4.1 Introduction

5.4.2 Technical Terminolo ies

3

5.4.3 Classification of Stairs

5.4.4 Materials for Stairs


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5.4.5 Essential Requirements of a Good Stair

5.4.6 Movable Stairs

5.4.7 Ramps

5.4.8 Escalators and Travelators

5.4.9 Lifts


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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.2 Technical Terminologies

Common Terms Tread

Going

Riser

5

Landing

Flight


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Baluster

Strings or Stringer

Hand Rail

Head room

Newel Post

Winders

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.3 Classification of Stairs

Stairs can be classifiedinto two broad heads:

Straight Stairs

Turning stairs

6

Half Turn Stair

Three quarter turn Stairs


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Bifurcating Stairs

Where each can be

Newel Stair

Well or Open Newel Stair

Geometrical stair Circular,Spiral, Helical or elliptical

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.4 Materials for Stairs

Selection depends on availability of material, fund,

desired life, aesthetics and fire resistance

Concrete Stair

Wooden Stair

7

Metal Stair For fire escape

Stone Stairs


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Brick Stairs


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9


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10


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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.5 Essential Requirements of a Good Stair

Exercise Plan a stair for a building where the vertical distancebetween floors is 3.6 m and stair case measures 2.5 m x 5 m

Plan a stair for a building where the vertical distance between floors is

3.9 m and stair case measures 4.25 m x 5.25 m

12


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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.6 Movable Stairs

13


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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.7 Ramps

Ramps shall be provided to allow wheel chair access andluggage path in hotels

14


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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.8 Escalators and Travelators

Escalators provide a continuous mass transportation of people

From 35 300 and Flat section on landing shall be provided

15


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16


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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.8 Escalators and Travelators

Travelators (moving pavement) are a means of conveying people horizontallyor up a slightly inclined plane and transport shopping trolleys, bags, etc

17


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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.9 Lifts

Lifts generally make up thevertical movement ofmodern buildings

Passenger Lifts and GoodsLifts should be planned

properly

18

Lift Capacity 400 Kg,600 kg, 800 Kg, 1,000Kg, etc

Lift Shafts shall be


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Lift Shafts shall beproperly dimensioned

Life 25 40 yrs

Hospital Lifts, Small Load

Lifts, Hydraulic Lifts andPanoramic Lifts

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.9 Lifts

19


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20


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21


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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

1

CENG 3103


265/344

CENG 3103


Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Dec. 2009

CEng 3103 Building ConstructionCourse Outline

1. Introduction2. Building Drawings



5. Building Construction ElementsFoundation and Basement

Floors


Walls

Stairs

2


Shell and Dome StructuresPl i f B ildi

Elevators

Doors and Windows

Roofs

Finishing D P ti


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g Damp Prevention

Fire Places


Sanitary Systems


Mechanical Systems

Electrical Systems

CEng 3103 Building ConstructionChapter 5.5 Building Construction Elements Doors and Windows


5.5 Doors and Windows

5.5.1 Introduction

5.5.2 Doors

3

5.5.3 Windows

5.5.4 Glass and Glazing

5.5.5 Fittings for Doors and Windows


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5.5.5 Fittings for Doors and Windows

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.5.1 Introduction

Door is an openable barrier secured in a wallopening and is provided to give access, protection,

safety and privacy

Servers as a connecting link

4

Window - is a vented barrier secured in a wall opening

Main function admit light and air, expel odor and built up

heat and give view


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g

CEng 3103 Building Construction5.5.2 Doors

Doors provide access to rooms, however their number should bekept low, as they take up circulation space

Location of Doors shall be placed around the corner

Doors on opposite walls facing each other provide better ventilation

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Doors can be Fire Rated including Fire Door with all accessories

Hanging of Doors

Doors shall be hung not diminishing the required passage way, stair or othermeans of exit


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means of exit

Street Facing doors shall be opened to

Ato Abraham Assefa

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