Atmosphere208.93.184.5/~jones/enviro/atmosphere.pdf · Atmosphere. Properties of the Atmosphere...
Transcript of Atmosphere208.93.184.5/~jones/enviro/atmosphere.pdf · Atmosphere. Properties of the Atmosphere...
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Atmosphere
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Properties of the Atmosphere
• Provides us with oxygen
• Protects from UV rays
• Transports/recycles water
• Burns up meteors
• Controls climate
• Made of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and
1% other gases
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Nitrogen
• Most organisms can’t use nitrogen in the atmosphere
• Needs to be “fixed” first
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen into a usable form
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Oxygen
• Early Earth had no oxygen
• Photosynthetic microorganisms built up oxygen gas• Released during photosynthesis
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Relative Humidity
• Ratio of water vapor in air to the maximum amount it can hold at that temperature
• Ex. 50% relative humidity means that the air is holding 50% of the water it can hold at that temperature
• Warm air holds more water than cold air• Condensation – when warm air cools quickly
• Creates water droplets or ice crystals
• Cloud formation• Water vapor condenses on salt crystals, smoke, or dust
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Air Temperature and Pressure
• Temp varies on Earth because sun’s rays strike some areas more directly
• Pressure measured by barometer
• Pressure decreases as altitude increases
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Layers of the Atmosphere
Troposphere oxygenweatheralmost all cloudstemp decreases with altitude
Stratospheretemp increases with altitudeozone layer(ozone found in troposphere is unnatural and considered pollutant
Mesospheremeteoroids burn up
Thermosphereaurora borealis
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Troposphere and Weather
• Weather – day-to-day patterns
• Climate – averages over long periods of time
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Heat Transfer
• Heat always moves from hot to cold objects
• Radiation • No direct contact• Dark objects absorb more radiation than
objects light in color• Light objects reflect radiation
• Conduction• Transfer of heat directly
• Convection• Transfer of heat through movement of currents within a fluid
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Convection Currents
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Air Masses and Fronts
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Sources of Air Pollution
• Emissions of smoke or soot or emissions of gases like sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide• Natural processes
• Wind creating dust storms
• Volcanoes erupting
• Forest fires
• Human activities• Can make natural pollution worse
• Most air pollution from combustion of fossil fuels
• Industries, cars, energy production
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• Primary air pollutants• Directly released into troposphere
• Can harm on their own or reacts with other products to cause damage
• Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide
• Secondary air pollutants• When primary air pollutants react chemically with other
substances
• Tropospheric ozone, sulfuric acid
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Air Pollution Affecting Health
• Respiratory Problems• Particles irritate air passages and lungs
• Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema
• Issues with Carbon Monoxide• Oxygen usually binds to hemoglobin to be carried by red
blood cells through body
• Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin (replacing oxygen) so oxygen not carried through body
• Headaches, nausea, fatigue, heart damage, death
• Cancer• Soot or benzene (found in car exhaust)
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Smog• Smoke + fog
• Industrial smog• Soot + sulfur compounds + water droplets
• Less common in developed nations because of new technologies and government regulations
• Photochemical smog• Needs light
• Sunlight interacts with pollutants to create a brown haze
• Tropospheric ozone most abundant pollutant• Damages living tissue and plant leaves
• Car/truck exhaust main source of pollutants
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• Earth warms air, warm air rises and disperses pollutants
• Temperature inversion • Layer of cooler air located beneath warmer air
• Air doesn’t rise and mix
• Pollutants stay near the surface
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Acid Deposition• Acids that settle to the surface of Earth
• Acid pH below 7
• Most rain is slightly acidic (5.6)
• Some areas as low as 4.3
• Comes from burning fossil fuels sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
• Mix with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid
• Can fall in areas far from where the pollutants were produced
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Effects of Acid Deposition
• Harm ecosystems and structures
• Kills trees
• pH in lakes too low, plants and fish die
• Erodes stone buildings and statues
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The Clean Air Act
• Goal• Protects and improves quality of air
• Reduce emissions
• Limits release of pollutants
• Provisions• Limits emissions from vehicles and industries
• Set standards for air quality based on amount humans can tolerate without being harmed
• People can sue industries that break rules
• Set aside funds for pollution control
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• Worst air pollutants down 57%
• Vehicles create less pollution• Catalytic converter reduces pollutants in emissions
• Cleaner gasoline less lead
• Industries and power plants required to reduce pollutants released• Scrubbers remove pollutants or change them chemically before
leaving smokestacks
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Ozone
• Ozone hole found over Antarctica between August and October
• CFCs found as a reason for ozone depletion• Used in aerosol cans
• Montreal Protocol• Treaty called for major cuts in CFC production
• Reduced by 95% since 1980s
• Ozone layer is recovering