Atm History

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Automated teller machine

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"cash machine" redirects here. For the Hard-Fi song, seeCash Machine.

AnNCRPersonas 75-Series interior, multi-function ATM in the United States
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Smaller indoor ATMs dispense money insideconvenience storesand other busy areas, such asthis off-premiseWincor Nixdorfmono-function ATM in Sweden

An automated teller machine (ATM), also known as a cash point (which is a trademark of

Lloyds TSB), cash machine or sometimes a hole in the wall inBritish English, is acomputerised telecommunications device that provides theclientsof afinancial institutionwith

access tofinancial transactionsin a public space without the need for a cashier, human clerk orbank teller. ATMs are known by various other names includingATM machine, automated

banking machine, and various regional variants derived fromtrademarkson ATM systems held

by particular banks.

Invented byIBM, the first ATM was introduced in December 1972 atLloyds Bankin the UK.

However, there is a plaque on Barclays Bank in Enfield Town, north London stating that the first

ATM (in the world) was installed there on the 27th June 1967. On most modern ATMs, thecustomer is identified by inserting a plasticATM cardwith amagnetic stripeor a plasticsmart

cardwith achip, that contains a unique card number and some security information such as anexpiration date orCVVC(CVV). Authentication is provided by the customer entering apersonalidentification number(PIN).

Using an ATM, customers can access their bankaccountsin order to makecashwithdrawals,credit cardcash advances, and check their account balances as well as purchase prepaid

cellphone credit. If the currency being withdrawn from the ATM is different from that which the

bank account is denominated in (e.g.: Withdrawing Japanese Yen from a bank accountcontaining US Dollars), the money will be converted at a wholesaleexchange rate. Thus, ATMs

often provide the best possible exchange rate for foreign travelers and are heavily used for this

purpose as well.[1]

Contents

1 History 2 Location 3 Financial networks 4 Global use 5 Hardware 6 Software 7 Security

o 7.1 Physicalo 7.2 Transactional secrecy and integrityo 7.3 Customer identity integrityo 7.4 Device operation integrityo 7.5 Customer securityo 7.6 Alternative uses

8 Reliability 9 Fraud

o 9.1 Card fraud
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_machine#Card_fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICAs_uttagsautomat_ICA_Metro_Skanstull_Stockholm_2005-07-18.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Card_fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Reliabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Alternative_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Customer_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Device_operation_integrityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Customer_identity_integrityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Transactional_secrecy_and_integrityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Physicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Global_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Financial_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Locationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identification_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identification_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_Security_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_stripehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_tellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_TSBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincor_Nixdorfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_store


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10 Related devices 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links

[edit] History

An oldNixdorfATM

The idea of self-service in retail banking developed through independent and simultaneous

efforts in Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. In the USA,Luther GeorgeSimjianhas been credited with developing and building the first cash dispenser machine .[2]

There

is strong evidence to suggest that Simjian worked on this device before 1959 while his 132ndpatent (US3079603) was first filed on 30 June 1960 (and granted 26 February 1963). The rollout

of this machine, called Bankograph, was delayed a couple of years. This was due in part to

Simjian's Reflectone Electronics Inc. being acquired by Universal Match Corporation.[3]

Anexperimental Bankograph was installed inNew York Cityin 1961 by theCity Bank of New

York, but removed after 6 months due to the lack of customer acceptance. The Bankograph wasan automated envelope deposit machine (accepting coins, cash and cheques) and it did not have

cash dispensing features.[4]

A first cash dispensing device was used in Tokyo in 1966.

[5][6]

Although little is known of thisfirst device, it seems to have been activated with a credit card rather than accessing currentaccount balances. It was followed in 1967 by a machine inUppsala.[7]
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Reg Varney, first to use a cashpoint in the UK

Plaque commemorating installation of world's first bank cash machine

In simultaneous and independent efforts, engineers in Sweden and Britain developed their own

cash machines during the early 1960s. The first of these that was put into use was byBarclays

BankinEnfield TowninNorth London,United Kingdom,[8]

on 27 June 1967. This machine was

the first in the UK and was used by English comedy actorReg Varney, at the time so as to ensuremaximum publicity for the machines that were to become mainstream in the UK. This instance

of theinventionhas been credited toJohn Shepherd-Barronof printing firmDe La Rue,[9]

whowas awarded anOBEin the 2005New Year's Honours List.[10]His design used special cheques

that were matched with a personal identification number, as plastic bank cards had not yet been

invented.[11]

The Barclays-De La Rue machine (called De La Rue Automatic Cash System or DACS)[12]

beat

theSwedish saving banks' and a company called Metior's machine (a device called Bankomat)by nine days andWestminster Banks-Smith Industries-Chubbsystem (called Chubb MD2) by a

month. The collaboration of a small start-up called Speytec andMidland Bankdeveloped a third

machine which was marketed after 1969 in Europe and the USA by theBurroughs Corporation.The patent for this device (GB1329964) was filed on September 1969 (and granted in 1973) byJohn David Edwards, Leonard Perkins, John Henry Donald, Peter Lee Chappell, Sean Benjamin

Newcombe & Malcom David Roe.

Both the DACS and MD2 accepted only a single-use token or voucher which was retained by the

machine while the Speytec worked with a card with a magnetic strip at the back. They used

principles includingCarbon-14and low-coercivitymagnetismin order to make fraud more
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wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Ruehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shepherd-Barronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Varneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield_Townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Bank


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difficult. The idea of a PIN stored on the card was developed by a British engineer working on

the MD2 namedJames Goodfellowin 1965 (patent GB1197183 filed on 2 May 1966 withAnthony Davies). The essence of this system was that it enabled the verification of the customer

with the debited account without human intervention. This patent is also the earliest instance of a

complete currency dispenser system in the patent record. This patent was filed on 5 March

1968 in the USA (US 3543904) and granted on 1 December 1970. It had a profound influence onthe industry as a whole. Not only did future entrants into the cash dispenser market such as NCR

CorporationandIBMlicence Goodfellows PIN system, but a number of later patents reference

this patent as Prior Art Device.[13]

After looking first hand at the experiences in Europe, in 1968 the networked ATM was pioneeredin the US, inDallas, Texas, byDonald Wetzel, who was a department head at an automated

baggage-handling company called Docutel. On September 2, 1969,Chemical Bankinstalled the

first ATM in the U.S. at its branch inRockville Centre, New York. The first ATMs were

designed to dispense a fixed amount of cash when a user inserted a specially coded card.[14]

AChemical Bank advertisement boasted "On Sept. 2 our bank will open at 9:00 and never close

again."

[15]

Chemicals' ATM, initially known as a Docuteller was designed byDonald Wetzelandhis companyDocutel. Chemical executives were initially hesitant about the electronic bankingtransition given the high cost of the early machines. Additionally, executives were concernedthat customers would resist having machines handling their money.[16]In 1995, theSmithsonian

National Museum of American Historyrecognised Docutel and Wetzel as the inventors of the

networked ATM.[17]

ATMs first came into use in December 1972 in the UK; the IBM 2984 was designed at the

request ofLloyds Bank. The 2984 CIT (Cash Issuing Terminal) was the first true Cashpoint,similar in function to today's machines; Cashpoint is still aregistered trademarkof Lloyds TSB

in the UK. All were online and issued a variable amount which was immediately deducted from

the account. A small number of 2984s were supplied to a US bank. Notable

[citation needed]

historicalmodels of ATMs include theIBM 3624and473xseries,Diebold 10xxandTABS 9000series,

NCR 1780and earlier NCR 770 series.

[edit] Location

This section does notciteanyreferences or sources. Please help improve thissection by adding citations toreliable sources. Unsourced material may bechallenged

andremoved.(February 2011)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Goodfellowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Goodfellowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Goodfellowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wetzelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wetzelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wetzelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville_Centre,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville_Centre,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville_Centre,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wetzelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wetzelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wetzelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docutelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docutelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docutelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_3624http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_3624http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_3624http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_473x&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_473x&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_473x&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diebold_10xxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diebold_10xxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diebold_10xxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TABS_9000&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TABS_9000&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TABS_9000&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCR_1780&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCR_1780&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_teller_machine&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_teller_machine&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM_pinpad_in_german.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM_pinpad_in_german.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM_pinpad_in_german.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM_pinpad_in_german.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM_pinpad_in_german.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM_pinpad_in_german.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_teller_machine&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCR_1780&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TABS_9000&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diebold_10xxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_473x&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_3624http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docutelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wetzelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville_Centre,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wetzelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Goodfellow


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An ATM Encrypting PIN Pad (EPP) withGermanmarkings

ATM in Vatican with menu in Latin language

ATMs are placed not only near or inside the premises of banks, but also in locations such asshopping centers/malls, airports, grocery stores, petrol/gas stations, restaurants, or anywhere

frequented by large numbers of people. There are two types of ATM installations: on- and off-

premise. On-premise ATMs are typically more advanced, multi-function machines thatcomplement a bank branch's capabilities, and are thus more expensive. Off-premise machines are

deployed by financial institutions and Independent Sales Organizations (ISOs) where there is a

simple need for cash, so they are generally cheaper mono-function devices. In Canada, ABMsnot operated by a financial institution are known as"White Label ABMs".

In North America banks often havedrive-thrulanes providing access to ATMs.

Many ATMs have a sign above them, called a topper, indicating the name of the bank or

organization owning the ATM and possibly including the list of ATM networks to which thatmachine is connected.

[edit] Financial networks

An ATM in theNetherlands. Thelogosof a number ofinterbank networksthis ATM is

connected to are shown

Most ATMs are connected tointerbank networks, enabling people to withdraw and depositmoney from machines not belonging to the bank where they have their account or in the country
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Label_ABMs_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Label_ABMs_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Label_ABMs_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-thruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-thruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-thruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_teller_machine&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_teller_machine&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbank_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbank_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbank_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbank_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbank_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbank_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geldautomaat.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geldautomaat.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM-in-Latin-language.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM-in-Latin-language.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geldautomaat.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geldautomaat.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM-in-Latin-language.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM-in-Latin-language.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geldautomaat.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geldautomaat.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM-in-Latin-language.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM-in-Latin-language.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geldautomaat.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geldautomaat.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM-in-Latin-language.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATM-in-Latin-language.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbank_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbank_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_teller_machine&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-thruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Label_ABMs_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language


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where their accounts are held (enabling cash withdrawals in local currency). Some examples of

interbank networks includePULSE,PLUS,Cirrus,Interac, Interswitch,STAR, andLINK.

ATMs rely onauthorizationof afinancial transactionby the card issuer or other authorizing

institution via the communications network. This is often performed through anISO 8583

messaging system.

Many banks chargeATM usage fees. In some cases, these fees are charged solely to users who

are not customers of the bank where the ATM is installed; in other cases, they apply to all users.

In order to allow a more diverse range of devices to attach to their networks, some interbank

networks have passed rules expanding the definition of an ATM to be a terminal that either has

the vault within its footprint or utilizes the vault or cash drawer within the merchant

establishment, which allows for the use of ascrip cash dispenser.

ADiebold 1063ixwith a dial-up modem visible at the base

ATMs typically connect directly to their host orATM Controllervia eitherADSLor dial-upmodemover atelephoneline or directly via a leased line. Leased lines are preferable toPOTS

lines because they require less time to establish a connection. Leased lines may be comparatively

expensive to operate versus a POTS line, meaning less-trafficked machines will usually rely on adial-up modem. That dilemma may be solved as high-speed InternetVPNconnections become

more ubiquitous. Common lower-level layer communication protocols used by ATMs to

communicate back to the bank includeSNAoverSDLC,TC500overAsync,X.25, andTCP/IP

overEthernet.

In addition to methods employed for transaction security and secrecy, all communications traffic

between the ATM and the Transaction Processor may also be encrypted via methods such asSSL.[18]

[edit] Global use
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAR_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAR_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAR_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINK_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINK_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINK_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8583http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8583http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8583http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_usage_feeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_usage_feeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_usage_feeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrip_cash_dispenserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrip_cash_dispenserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrip_cash_dispenserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diebold_1063&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diebold_1063&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diebold_1063&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATMChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATMChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATMChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Network_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Network_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Network_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_Data_Link_Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_Data_Link_Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_Data_Link_Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TC500&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TC500&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TC500&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_teller_machine&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_teller_machine&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diebold_1063_ATM_with_modem.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diebold_1063_ATM_with_modem.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diebold_1063_ATM_with_modem.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diebold_1063_ATM_with_modem.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_teller_machine&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TC500&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_Data_Link_Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Network_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATMChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diebold_1063&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrip_cash_dispenserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_usage_feeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8583http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINK_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAR_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_(interbank_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(interbank_network)


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There are no hard international or government-compiled numbers totaling the complete number

of ATMs in use worldwide. Estimates developed byATMIAplace the number of ATMs in usecurrently at over 2.2 million.[19]

For the purpose of analyzing ATM usage around the world, financial institutions generally divide

the world into seven regions, due to the penetration rates, usage statistics, and features deployed.Four regions (USA, Canada, Europe, and Japan) have high numbers of ATMs per million

people.[20][21]

Despite the large number of ATMs, there is additional demand for machines in theAsia/Pacific area as well as in Latin America.[22][23]ATMs have yet to reach high numbers in the

Near East/Africa.[24]

The world's most northerlyinstalled ATM is located atLongyearbyen,Svalbard,Norway.[citation

needed]

The world's most southerlyinstalled ATM is located atMcMurdo Station,Antarctica.[25]

While India claims to have the world'shighestinstalled ATM atNathu La Pass,Indiainstalledby theUnion Bank of Indiaat 4310 meters, there are higher ATMs installed inNagchu County,

Tibetat 4500 meters byAgricultural Bank of China.[26][27]

Israel has the world's lowest installed ATM atEin Bokekat the Dead Sea, installed

independently by a grocery store at 421 meters below sea level.[28]

While ATMs are ubiquitous on moderncruise ships, ATMs can also be found on someUS Navy

ships.[29]

[edit] Hardware

A block diagram of an ATM
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An ATM is typically made up of the following devices:

CPU(to control the user interface and transaction devices) Magneticand/orChip cardreader (to identify the customer) PINPad (similar in layout to aTouch toneorCalculatorkeypad), often manufactured as part

of a secure enclosure. Secure cryptoprocessor, generally within a secure enclosure. Display (used by the customer for performing the transaction) Function keybuttons (usually close to the display) or aTouchscreen(used to select the

various aspects of the transaction)

Record Printer (to provide the customer with a record of their transaction) Vault(to store the parts of the machinery requiring restricted access) Housing (for aesthetics and to attach signage to)Recently

[when?], due to heavier computing demands and the falling price of computer-like

architectures, ATMs have moved away from custom hardware architectures usingmicrocontrollersand/orapplication-specific integrated circuitsto adopting the hardware

architecture of apersonal computer, such as, USB connections for peripherals, ethernet and IP

communications, and use personal computer operating systems. Although it is undoubtedly

cheaper to usecommercial off-the-shelfhardware, it does make ATMs potentially vulnerable tothe same sort of problems exhibited by conventional computers.

Business owners often lease ATM terminals from ATM service providers.

TwoLoomisemployees refilling an ATM at the DowntownSeattleREI

The vault of an ATM is within the footprint of the device itself and is where items of value are

kept.Scrip cash dispensersdo not incorporate a vault.

Mechanisms found inside the vault may include:

Dispensing mechanism (to providecashor other items of value)
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Deposit mechanism including a Check Processing Module and Bulk Note Acceptor (to allowthe customer to make deposits)

Security sensors (Magnetic, Thermal, Seismic, gas) Locks: (to ensure controlled access to the contents of the vault) Journaling systems; many are electronic (a sealed flash memory device based on proprietary

standards) or a solid-state device (an actual printer) which accrues all records of activityincluding access timestamps, number of bills dispensed, etc. - This is considered sensitive

data and is secured in similar fashion to the cash as it is a similar liability.

ATM vaults are supplied by manufacturers in several grades. Factors influencing vault grade

selection include cost, weight, regulatory requirements, ATM type, operator risk avoidancepractices, and internal volume requirements.[30]Industry standard vault configurations include

Underwriters LaboratoriesUL-291"Business Hours" and Level 1 Safes,[31]

RALTL-30

derivatives,[32]

and CEN EN 1143-1 - CEN III and CEN IV.[33][34]

ATM manufacturers recommend that vaults be attached to the floor to prevent theft .[35]

[edit] Software

With the migration to commodity PC hardware, standard commercial "off-the-shelf" operating

systems and programming environments can be used inside of ATMs. Typical platformspreviously used in ATM development includeRMXorOS/2. Today the vast majority of ATMs

worldwide use aMicrosoftOS, primarilyWindows XP ProfessionalorWindows XP Embedded.

A small number of deployments may still be running older versions such asWindows NT,

Windows CEorWindows 2000. There is a computer industry security view or consensus that

desktop operating systems have greater risks as operating systems for cash dispensing machines

than other types of operating systems like (secure)real-time operating systems(RTOS).RISKSDigesthas many articles about cash machine operating system vulnerabilities.[36]

AWincor NixdorfATM runningWindows 2000.

Linuxis also finding some reception in the ATM marketplace. An example of this is Banrisul,

the largest bank in the south ofBrazil, which has replaced theMS-DOSoperating systems in its

ATMs with Linux.Banco do Brasilis also migrating ATMs to Linux.
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Common application layer transaction protocols, such asDiebold91x (911 or 912) andNCR

NDC or NDC+provideemulationof older generations of hardware on newer platforms withincremental extensions made over time to address new capabilities, although companies like

NCR continuously improve these protocols issuing newer versions (e.g. NCR's AANDC v3.x.y,

where x.y are subversions). Most major ATM manufacturers provide software packages that

implement these protocols. Newer protocols such asIFXhave yet to find wide acceptance bytransaction processors.[37]

With the move to a more standardized software base, financial institutions have been

increasingly interested in the ability to pick and choose the application programs that drive their

equipment.WOSA/XFS, now known asCEN XFS (or simply XFS), provides a commonAPIforaccessing and manipulating the various devices of an ATM.J/XFSis a Java implementation of

the CEN XFS API.

While the perceived benefit of XFS is similar to the Java's"Write once, run anywhere"mantra,often different ATM hardware vendors have different interpretations of the XFS standard. The

result of these differences in interpretation means that ATM applications typically use amiddlewareto even out the differences between various platforms.

With the onset of Windows operating systems and XFS on ATM's, the software applications

have the ability to become more intelligent. This has created a new breed of ATM applicationscommonly referred to as programmable applications. These types of applications allows for an

entirely new host of applications in which the ATM terminal can do more than only

communicate with the ATM switch. It is now empowered to connected to other content serversandvideo bankingsystems.

Notable ATM software that operates on XFS platforms include Triton PRISM,DieboldAgilis

EmPower,NCRAPTRA Edge,Absolute SystemsAbsoluteINTERACT, KAL Kalignite,Phoenix Interactive VISTAatm, andWincor NixdorfProTopas.

With the move of ATMs to industry-standard computing environments, concern has risen about

the integrity of the ATM's software stack.[38]

[edit] Security

Security, as it relates to ATMs, has several dimensions. ATMs also provide a practical

demonstration of a number of security systems and concepts operating together and how varioussecurity concerns are dealt with.

[edit] Physical
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AWincor NixdorfProcash 2100xe Frontload that was opened with anangle grinder

Early ATM security focused on making the ATMs invulnerable to physical attack; they were

effectively safes with dispenser mechanisms. A number of attacks on ATMs resulted, with

thieves attempting to steal entire ATMs byram-raiding.[39]Since late 1990s, criminal groupsoperating in Japan improved ram-raiding by stealing and using a truck loaded with a heavy

construction machinery to effectively demolish or uproot an entire ATM and any housing to steal

its cash.[40]

Another attack method,plofkraak, is to seal all openings of the ATM withsiliconeand fill the

vault with a combustible gas or to place an explosive inside, attached, or near the ATM. This gasor explosive is ignited and the vault is opened or distorted by the force of the resulting explosion

and the criminals can break in.[41]

This type of theft has occurred in theNetherlands,Belgium,

France,Denmark,GermanyandAustralia.[42][43]

This type of attacks can be prevented by a

number of gas explosion prevention devices also known as gas suppression system. These

systems use explosive gas detection sensor to detect explosive gas and to neutralize it byreleasing a special explosion suppression chemical which changes the composition of the

explosive gas and renders it ineffective.

Modern ATM physical security, per other modern money-handling security, concentrates on

denying the use of the money inside the machine to a thief, by using different types ofIntelligentBanknote Neutralisation Systems.

A common method is to simply rob the staff filling the machine with money. To avoid this, the

schedule for filling them is kept secret, varying and random. The money is often kept in

cassettes, which will dye the money if incorrectly opened.

[edit] Transactional secrecy and integrity
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ATritonbrand ATM with a dip style card reader and a triple DES keypad

The security of ATM transactions relies mostly on the integrity of the secure cryptoprocessor:

the ATM often uses commodity components that are not considered to be "trusted systems".

Encryption of personal information, required by law in many jurisdictions, is used to prevent

fraud. Sensitive data in ATM transactions are usuallyencryptedwithDES, but transactionprocessors now usually require the use ofTriple DES.[44]Remote Key Loading techniques may

be used to ensure the secrecy of the initialization of the encryption keys in the ATM.Message

Authentication Code(MAC) orPartial MACmay also be used to ensure messages have not beentampered with while in transit between the ATM and the financial network.

[edit] Customer identity integrity

ABTMUATM with apalm scanner(to the right of the screen)

There have also been a number of incidents of fraud byMan-in-the-middle attacks, where

criminals have attached fake keypads or card readers to existing machines. These have then been

used to record customers' PINs and bank card information in order to gain unauthorized access totheir accounts. Various ATM manufacturers have put in place countermeasures to protect the

equipment they manufacture from these threats.[45][46]

Alternate methods to verify cardholder identities have been tested and deployed in some

countries, such as finger and palm vein patterns,[47]

iris, andfacial recognitiontechnologies.

However, recently[when?]

, cheaper mass production equipment has been developed and is being
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ocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_Systems


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installed in machines globally that detect the presence of foreign objects on the front of ATMs,

current tests have shown 99% detection success for all types ofskimmingdevices.[48]

[edit] Device operation integrity

ATMs that are exposed to the outside must be vandal and weather resistant

Openings on the customer-side of ATMs are often covered by mechanical shutters to preventtampering with the mechanisms when they are not in use. Alarm sensors are placed inside the

ATM and in ATM servicing areas to alert their operators when doors have been opened byunauthorized personnel.

Rules are usually set by the government or ATM operating body that dictate what happens whenintegrity systems fail. Depending on the jurisdiction, a bank may or may not be liable when an

attempt is made to dispense a customer's money from an ATM and the money either gets outsideof the ATM's vault, or was exposed in a non-secure fashion, or they are unable to determine thestate of the money after a failed transaction.[49]Bank customers often complain that banks have

made it difficult to recover money lost in this way, but this is often complicated by the bank's

own internal policies regarding suspicious activities typical of the criminal element.[50]

[edit] Customer security

Dunbar Armored ATM Techs watching over ATMs that have been installed in a van
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