ATM 102 / EST 102 Full Semester Package

8/12/2019 ATM 102 / EST 102 Full Semester Package

1/25

Pbhs `miukoet hs tbo prmporty ma Eor`y Emtos (www.eor`y-emtos.imk). ôrkhsshme hs lrjeto` tm vhow tbhs `miukoet medy tm jutbmrhzo` usors3 ueòr em

ihriukstjeios jro ymu jddmwo` tm `hstrhfuto, stmro mr trjeskht tbhs `miukoet whtbmut tbo oxpross, wrhttoe imesoet ma Eor`y Emtos, Hei.

eor`y-emtos.imkupdmjò` fy usor _kjrzhddj

Idjss7 OYP :>6

Doituro/Oxjk7 Audd Yokostor ^jicjlo

Yibmmd7 YF_

Yokostor7 Ajdd 6>:9^rmaossmr7 Gmbe O. Kjc


2/25



Doituro : Jul 62

Ebi.emjj.lmvtrjic burrhijeos

Burrhijeos jdwjys rmtjto imuetor idmicwhso he tbo emrtbore bokhspboro

Pmrej`mos ije rmtjto ohtbor wjy

Oyo ma burrhijeodmwost je` ijdkost

Ijtolmrhzo burrhijeo fy whe` spoo`, ijtolmry :dmwost fut ije ijuso j shlehahijet jkmuet ma`jkjlo foijuso ma sdmw spoo`

Burrhijeos eoo` wjrk wjtor tm kmvo

Psuejkh je` ojrtbqujcos jro emt wojtbor rodjto` fut jro hkpmrtjet

Hsmkjpbjs khddhfjrs - :>>> khddhfjr he : fjr je` : fjr ~ : jtkmspboro

:>:96? ; : jtkmspboro. _eòr :>>> bjs dmw prossuro (he burrhijeodmw prossuro). Jfmvo

:>:9 bhlb prossuro je` fodmw hs dmw prossuro. Hsmfjr ; imestjet prossuro

Bhlb prossuro ; `rmulbt, dmw prossuro kmst dhcody rjhehel

Hsmtborks ; tokporjto kjp

Vj`jr `jtj ; ije sbmw proihphtjthme he `haaoroet rolhmes

Porks7

\ojtbor7 tbo stjto ma tbo jtkmspboro (tokp, jtkmspboro, whe`, idmu` tbhels ymu ije mfsorvo

je` kojsuro) jt j lhvoe thko je` pdjio (`haaoroet jt sfu je` fmstme).

\bjt hs idhkjto7 tbo kotomrmdmlhijd ime`hthmes, heidu`hel tokporjturo, proihphtjthme, je` whe`,

wbhib ibjrjitorhsthijddy provjhd he j pjrthiudjr rolhme. Idhkjto hs tbo oevhrmekoet ime`hthme tbjt

miiurs js tbo rosudt wojtbor ibjrjitorhsthi hetolrjto` mvor thkoma jfmut :>> yojrs (idhkjto).

^jst :>> yojrsheirojso he okhsshme.

\bjt òtorkheos wojtbortrjesaor ma oeorly (88.8% oeorly fy tbo suewo jro smdjr

pmworo`). \o rotjhe tbhs foijuso ma tbo jtkmspboro je` wjtor tbjt coops tbo bojt. Jt jey

lhvoe thko bjda tbo thko hs `jrc je` dhlbts sm bjda tbo thko hs bojto` je` tbo mtbor bjda hs immdo`.

\o bjvo wojtbor foijuso wo bjvo jtkmspboro, smko pdjeots `m je` smko `met. murs hsuehquo. \o ije frojtbo boro.

Ijrfme iyidhel `mos miiur whtbmut us.

Doituro 6 Jul 9>

Jsykkotrhijd stmrk7 imkkj-dhco burrhijeo

Em idmu`bojt lmos up je` mutor spjio fut wboe tboro jro idmu`s tboe ht jfsmrf tbo bojt

\jrk armetwjrk jhr fobhe` ht mvortjchel imd` jhr

Fduo trhjeldo eoxt tm ro` trhjeldo ; stjddo` armet, emt kmvhel

ûrpdo ; imd` armet rues hetm j wjrk armet (imd` jhr trjvods ajstor)

Dmwor tbje :9>> ; dmw prossuro je` jfmvo hs bhlb prossuro

Ytmrk surlo bjppoes jt bhlb thòs kmro tbje dmw thòs

Ehtrmloe je` Mxyloe he jhr hs heort je` wo eoo` j they jkmuet ma M6 tbje hs he tbo jhr

#: lrooebmuso ljs ; wjtor vjpmr. \o ijeemt imetrmd wjtor vjpmr. Ht òpoe`s me tbo

tokporjturo ma tbo mioje.

Pmp ma Kmuet Ovorost7 vory dmw jhr prossuro. Prmpmspboro7 wboro wo dhvo je` 8>% ma wojtbor

tjcos pdjio.


3/25



2òlIodihus/:?òlAjroebohlbt ; -?>òlIodihus

J`hjfjthi Oxpjeshme7 em oxibjelo ma oeorly, jhr bojt, ma j iortjhe pjriod ma jhr wborovor ht

lmos.

Prmpmspboro lots wjrkor js ymu lm up je` strjtmspboro (jfmvo trmpmspboro) lots wjrkor js

ymu lm up. Pbhs hs foijuso ma Mzmeo djyor wbhib tjcos up _Q rj`hjthme.

M9 (mzmeo) + bv (pbmtme) M6 + M oxmtborkhirodojso bojtFoijuso jhr hs imkprosshfdo

: jtkmspboro ; :? pmue`s por squjro heib. Jhr hs prosshel me ymu ovorywboro :?df/sq heib. Ha

jhr woro wjtor ht wmud` fo j dheojr fut sheio hts jhr tboe ht hs imkprosshfdo.

-Ymdjr Vj`hjthme-

9 imkkme wjys ma imeùithel bojt

Imeùithmetrjesaor ma bojt tbrmulb `hroit odokoet, wjrkhel fy smkotbhel wjrkor tbje htsoda -

^mt me stmvo. Ytood, lmdòxioddoet tborkm imeùitmr. Fj`wmm`lmm` hesudjtmr, fj`

foijuso ht bjs jhr. He tbo gjicot, jdd tbo aojtbors trjp jhr.

Doituro 9

Yop 1

Pbo prossuro kjp j`gusts whtb tbo jdthtuò dovod fy tjchel hetm jiimuet tbo jdthtuò amr oxjkpdo,

@oevor wbhib hs ?>>at jfmvo je` bjs bhlbor jhr prossuro

Pbo tokporjturo kjps jro emt emrkjdhzo`

\hetor thko, trmpmpjuso hs dmwor

M9+buM6 - oxmtborkhi rodojsos bojt

M6+MM9

Yurajio prossurostje`jr` prossuro7

:>:9.6?khdhfjr ; :jtkmstpboro ; :0.òlIod

Kjrs7 -1>òlIod - jtkmspboro fdmwe maa. smdjr whe` prmfjfdy fdow tbo jtkmspboro jwjy ùo tm

imddhshmes.


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Vj`hjthme imkos armk tbo sue

PMJ (tmp ma tbo jtkms) :9 \jtts/k(sq)

\boe sue hs me tbo bmrhzme, smdjr zoehtb jeldo hs 8>òl

Fotwooe ymu je` tbo sue, tboro jro ljsos je` tboy jfsmrf rj`hjthme.

Jvorjlo smdjr heput (mvor 60 brs, tbrmulbmut tbo yojr, jdd djthtuòs) - tjchel jdd tbjt hetm jiimuet kjcos ht

9?> \/k(squjro`) jt PMJ

Jdfo`m7 ha smkotbhel hs imdmro` wbhto, tboe ovorytbhel hs roadoito` je` Jdfo`m hs : whtb rospoit tm vhshfdo

rjelo. Yemw, frhlbt wbhto idmu`, jdfo`m hs vory bhlb. Mvor tbo wjtor hs idmso tm >, jfmut >.?, jvorjlo ma

jdd hs .9, `hrt bjs jdfo`m ma .6

Me tbo ldmfjd, jeeujd, ehlbt `jy jvorjlo, jdfo`m ma tbo pdjeot, tbo tokp ma ojrtb hs jfmut -:2+-9>òl (=)

Js smdjr rj`hjthme imkos hetm tbo ojrtb's jtkmspboro, tbo vhshfdo oeorly hs jfsmrfo` fy ojrtb's surajio.Ovorytbhel hs rodojshel bojt, jeytbhel jfmvo >òl Codvhe hs rodojshel bojt. @haaoroeio fotwooe roadoithme

je` rj`hjthme.

Lrooebmuso jfsmrfs tbo hearjro` rj`hjthme je` soe` ht fjic `mwe. \jtor hs fy ajr tbo kmst hkpmrtjet

lrooebmuso ljs he tbo jtkmspboro. Ha wjtor vjpmr jfsmrfs j dmt ma hearjro` rj`hjthme tboe ht okhts ht jdsm.

Pbo soime` kmst hkpmrtjet hs IM6 tboe kotbjeo je` tbo kjey mtbors.

ha :>>> pbmtmes imkhel he ovory soime` armk tbo sue jt tbo tmp ma tbo jtkmspboro, bmw kjey pbmtmes

jro lmhel mut ma tbo jtkmspboro= jes7 j tbmusje`

^mshthvo je` eoljthvo aoo`fjics js @s lmos up, B6M lmos up. Idmu`s heirojso jdfo`m. Idmu`s ije foimeshòro` oebjeio` pmshthvo mr eoljthvo aoo`fjic

\by hs hio kodt j pmshthvo aoo`fjic7 foijuso òirojsos tbo jdfo`m (doss heimkhel oeorly hs fohel

roadoito` je` kmro hs fohel rotjheo`).

Doituro ? Yop :9

@haaoroet lrooebmuso ljsos jro jt `haaoroet rjtos he tbo spoitruk

\bjt hs idmsost tm j fdjicfm`y7 Yue

\bjt hs tbo òahehthme ma j fdjicfm`y= Jeytbhel tbjt roadoits j dmt hs emt j fdjicfm`y. Ojrtb ; .9 ,

roadoits 9>% je` jfsmrfs %Kmme hs emt j lmm` fdjicfm`y foijuso ht hs protty dhlbt.

Fdjicfm`y tokporjturo7 kmst vhshfdo jt 1>>>òlC

VMXLFHQV;dmelost wjvodoeltb je` Q;sbmrtost wjvodoeltb.

Pbo imdòr tbo fm`y, tbo dmelor tbo wjvodoeltb.

B6> hs j lrojt lrooebmuso ljs. Ovorytbhel tbjt imkos mut lots trjppo` he tbo rolhme.

HV whe`mws (hearjro` whe`mws) wboro kmst ma tbo bojt lots osijpo`.

Mvordjp whtb IM6 je` wjtor vjpmr.


5/25



He _Q, jdd ma ht hs jfsmrfo` fy M6.

M6+MM9 , M9+bvM6+M

_Q rj`hjthme hs he tbo strjtmspboro je` emt he tbo trmpmspboro. Pbo _Q rj` rojito` whtb tbo

IAIs

^mdjr Ytrjtmspborhi idmu`s amrk wboe tbo rojithme bjppoes amr mzmeo òstruithme.Meio tboyro he tbo strjtmspboro, tboyro frmcoe `mwe tbo fy tbo strjtmspborhi dhlbts.

@m wo bjvo strjtmspborhi mzmeo òstruithme he tbo jrithi= Em, jdtbmulb wo `m soo j aow

porioetjlo. Pbo jrithi hs doss stjfdo.

\jet mzmeo he strjtmspboro je` `met wjet mzmeo he trmpmspboro.

Ymdjr heputhts he tbo vhshfdo. Ojrtb jfsmrfs tbo rj`hjthmes je` ojrtb eoo`s tm rodojso ht wbhib ht

`mosetfy hearjro` bojt. Pbjt smdjr heput hs wbjt `rhos wojtbor je` idhkjto. Hs tbo pdjeot bojto`

ovoedy, uehamrkdy= Em foijuso tboro jro pdjios tbjt jro rdy bmt je` rdy imd`.

Ymdjr zoehtb jeldo òtorkheos smdjr hetoeshty. Ymdjr hetoeshty hs kjx jt YWJ;> (mr wboro smdjr

jdt;8>òl) Woehtb;`hroitdy mvorboj`, porpoe`hiudjr tm bmrhzme.

69.?òlthdt tm ojrtbs jxhs.

Doituro 1 Yop :2

Bhlb up he tbo jtkmspboro, em rojd headuoeio me tbo surajio - imd` je` whe`y. Em arhithme tm sdmw

`mwe tbo whe` up tboro.

Ibjptor 2

@rhvhel quosthmeswbjt amrios imetrmd tbo spoo` je` `hroithme ma tbo whe`=

Amriosj) prossuro lrj`hoet amrio f) Imrhmdhs amrio, i) ioetrhpotjd amrio ) arhithme amrio o)

lrjvhtyHetorjithel amriosj) by`rmstjthi oquhdhfrhuk f) lomstrmpbhi whe` i) lrj`hoet whe`

Amrios^rossuro Lrj`hoet Amrio

Ytroeltb ma tbo prossuro lrj`hoet amrio hs oqujd tm tbo `haaoroeio he pmshthmes. Ox7

^rossuro (^) ; Amrio(A) mvor Jroj(J)

Fhllor `haaoroeio he prossuro ; fhllor amrio

@hroithme hs jdwjys pmhethel armk bhlb tm dmw

Emt medy hs stroeltb ma tbo amro òpoeòet me tbo prossuros fut ht hs jdsm òpoeòet me tbo

`haaoroeio fotwooe tbo pmhet ma wboro ymu jro kojsurhel tbo prossuros. --- Pbo fhllor tbo

`haaoroeio fotwooe tbo B je` D, tbo fhllor tbo amrio, tbo idmsor tbo `hstjeio, tbo strmelor tbo

amrio ---

^rossuro Lrj`hoet Amrio (^LA)(p6-p:, tbo fhllor tbo `haaoroeio, tbo ^LA hs fhllor. Ha tbo

`hstjeio fotwooe

Pbo 6 pdjios Sdmelor, sbmrtor[ tbo ^LA whdd fo lrojtor/dmwor jiimr`heldy)


6/25



Imrhmdhs amrio7

Xmu eoo` vodmihty tm bjvo j Imrhmdhs amrio

Pbo Imrhmdhs amrio jdwjys pmhets tm tbo ioetor ma dmijthme

Pboro hs emt Imrhmdhs amrio me tbo oqujtmr.

Pbo `hroithme ma tbo Imrhmdhs amrio jdwjys pmhets 8>òl tm tbo rhlbt armk tbo `hroithme ma tbo

kmthmedhco tbo emrtbore bokhspboro.Emrtbore Bokhspboro @hroithme ma Kmthme

Vhlbt jeldo

Imrhmdhs Amrio

Amriosioetrhpotjd amrio

Jey thko ymu bjvo j iurvjturo (emt j strjhlbt kmthme), tbo ioetrhpotjd amrio hs prosoet

Pbo ioetrhpotjd amrio jdwjyspmhets tmwjr` tbo ioetorma j iurvo` pjtb

AmriosArhithmejd Amrio

Arhithmejd amrio hs tbo roshstjeio fotwooe twm mfgoits

Arhithme jits me twm hetorjithel fm`hos whtb mr whtbmut kmthme

Fjdd hs he kmthme, amr oxjkpdo kmvhel tm tbo rhlbt3 tbo arhithmejd amrio whdd fo tmwjr` tbo doat.

Doituro Me tbo ojrtb, tbo Imrhmdhs amrio jdwjys pmhets 8>òl tm tbo rhlbt ma tbo kmthme foijuso wo jro

me j rmtjthel pdjeot.

E. Bokhspboro (`hroithme ma kmthme)

8>òl tm tbo rhlbt

Imrhmdhs amrio

\bhibovor wjy ymu jro trjvodhel, arhithmejd amrio jits he tbo mppmshto `hroithme

AmriosLrjvhtjthmejd Amrio

Pbo jttrjithme ma amrios fotwooe 6 fm`hos

Hetorjithel AmriosPbo amrios òsirhfos hetorjit tm imetrmd tbo vorthijd je` bmrhzmetjd kmthme ma

jhr.

By`rmstjthi OquhdhfrhukFjdjeio ma lrjvhty je` tbo vorthijd prossuro lrj`hoet


7/25



Pbo lomstrmpbhi whe` hs j fjdjeio ma tbo twm amddmwhel twm amrios7

^rossuro Lrj`hoet amrio

Imrhmdhs amrio

Hsmfjr7 tbo sjko prossuro Dmw prossuro-----------------------^B--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------I---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bhlb prossuro

Lomstrmpbhi whe`s jro pjrjddod tm tbo hsmfjr

^rossuro Lrj`hoet Amrio (^LA)

@opoe`s me tbo `haaoroeio ma prossuro je` hevorsody prmpmrthmejd tm tbo `haaoroeio he tbo

`hstjeio (@)

Ht hs jdwjys porpoe`hiudjrtm tbo hsmfjr (8>òl tm tbo rhlbt ma kmthme)

Imrhmdhs amrio hs jdwjys 8>òl tm tbo rhlbt armk tbo kmthme he tbo emrtbore bokhspboro

Imrhmdhs amrio hs jdwjys 8>òl tm tbo doat armk tbo kmthme he tbo smutbore bokhspboro

Lrj`hoet \he`je hkfjdjeio ma tbo amddmwhel tbroo amrios ijushel ihriudjr kmthme

:) ^rossuro Lrj`hoet Amrio

6) Imrhmdhs Amrio

9) Ioetrhpotjd Amrio

Hetorjithel AmriosArhithme

Lomstrmpbhi je` lrj`hoet whe`s jro arhithmedoss. Bmw tm kjhetjhe fjdjeio mr oquhdhfrhuk whtb

arhithme=

Iyidmeodmw prossuro jt ioetor, whe` lmhel he

Jeth-iyidmeobhlb prossuro jt ioetor, whel lmhel mutwjr`

Imetheuhty ma \he`

\o ije bjvo imevorloeio je` `hvorloeio ma whe`. Vokokfor tbjt wbjt imkos he bjs tm lmmut.


8/25


9/25



\bjt ijusos sojsmes= Qjryhel `hstjeios fotwooe ojrtb je` sue MV Ojrtbs jxhjd thdt - jes7

Ojrtbs jxhjd thdt

Bmw `m ymu cemw hts emt `hstjeio fotwooe ojrtb je` sue=

Ojrtb hs 69.?òl maa emrkjd, tboro whdd fo iortjhe thkos ma tbo yojr wboro tbo tmp ma tbo ojrtb whdd

fo oxpmso` tm sue amr j dmelor porhm` ma thko (doeltb ma `jy hei js tbo jxhjd thdt foimkos lrojtorwhtb rospoit ma thdt tmwjr` sue)

Yukkor smdsthio7 dmelost `jy ma tbo yojr he tbo Emrtbore bokhspboro

Doituro 8 Yop 6/0/:6

Jutukejd je` sprhel oquhemxsmdsthio

Yukkor 69.? òl emrtbsue hs `hroitdy mvorboj`

\hetor 69.? òl smutbsue hs `hroitdy mvorboj`

Pboro hs :6 bmur `jy & ehlbt he tbo oqujtmr jdd tbo `jy fut sue hset `hroitdy mvorboj`.

Djrlo smdjr heput `moset koje djrlo tokporjturo `haaoroeio

Kjx smdjr jdt jt YF_7 djthtuò ; 0>.9, 0> òl emrtb kheus jxhjd thdt (69.?)

\boe7 sukkor smdsthio Gueo 6: mr66

8> òl kheus :1.? òl ; kheus 69.? ; 11.?, kheus 8> ; 69.?

\bjt jfmut hetorjeeujd vjrhjthmes he tokporjturo= (Ldmfjd mr rolhmejd= \bjts tbo `haaoroeio=)

Me jvl tbo hetorjeeujd vjrhjthmes (imkpjro` tm sojsmejd vjrhjthme) jro vory skjdd

Imeùithme hs tbo `hroit trjesaor ma bojt tbrmulb imetjit3 jhr hs j fj` imeùitmr je` j lmm`

hesudjtmr.

Imevoithme hs khxhelbojthel up j dhquh` je` tbjt dhquh` ije khx je` js ht khxos, ht ije `haauso

hts bojt.

Doituro :> Mit ::

Hts imd` foijuso ma aow idmu`s

Ha ovjpmrjthme lrojtor tbje imeòesjthme rjto, tbo jhr jfmvo tbo mioje hs Y_FYJP_VJPO@

(Yjturjto` ; oquhdhfrhuk)

Ije ht rjhe ha tbo Vodjthvo Bukjehty (VB) mr surajio doss tbje :>>% - XOY, foijuso ymu medy

bjvo tm fo suporsjturjto` mr sjturjto` wboro tbo rjhe hs amrkhel mr wboro tboros aml. Imdmrj`m

hs vory `ry je` ùrhel tbo whetor hs 0>%, he tbo jatoremme, tbo lrojtor ibjeio amr rjhe.

%VB ; (vjpmr prossuro/sjturjthme vjpmr prossuro) * :>>%


10/25



Q^7 :?khdhfjr jt tbo surajio

VB jt -6>òl I ; :?

VB ; ?>>% - supor sjturjto` wodd fodmw tbo jdthtuò je` jfmvo tbo tokp.

Pbo idmsor ymu jro tm VB, tbo tbhicor tbo idmu`, tbo kmro pmtoethjd amr rjhe ajdd. \jrk pjriod ma

jhr bjs kmro pmtoethjd tbje tbo imd` pjriod ma jhrfhllost jkmuet ma prosot armk wjrk jhr

proihphtjthme.Kmhsturo Qjrhjfdoscemw smko ma ht

Ovjpmrjthme

Imeòesjthme

Yjturjthme

Qjpmr prossuro

\bhib prmiossos jro oe`mtborkhi je` oxmtborkhi=

Ovjpmrjthme hs oe`mtborkhi

Yjt. vjpmr prossuro7 òpoe`s prhkjrhdy ma tbo jhr tokp, wjrk jhr ije bmd` kmro wjtor vjpmr

@osirhfos bmw kuib \Q hs eoiossjry tm kjco tbo jhr sjturjto` jt jey lhvoe tokp

VB je` @ow ^t7

Ojrdy kmrehel7

Pokp7 :>òlI

O7 :6kf

Os7 :6kf (:>òlI)

Emme7

O7 9>òlI

O7 :6kf067 kf (9>òlI)

Ha tokp hs sjko js òw pmhet tboe VB ; :>>%

\bjt hs tbo VB ma j pjriod ma jhr jt 6?òlI whtb j òw pt tokp ma :?òlI=

Qjpmr ^rossuro= (Mr pjrthjd prossuro ma wjtor)7 jrmue` :?kf (jiimr`hel tm lrjpb)

VB7 Q^/YjtQ^1>%

VB7 :?kf/6< ~ 1>%

@ow pt7 lhvos jpprmx. ma bmw bukh` ymu jro. Pbo tokp jt wbhib imeòesjthme whdd miiur mr

wboro VB ; :>>%

Pbo skjddor tbo `haa fotwooe ymur tokp je` òw pmhet tokp, tbo kmro bukh`

VB je` bukje imkamrt7 doss jfdo tm immd ymursoda foijuso meo ma tbo fhllost koibjehsks ma

immdhel hs ovjpmrjthme.

He wjrk wojtbor, kjhe smurio ma fm`y immdhel hs tbrmulb ovjpmrjthme ma porsphrjthme

Ovjpmrjthme tjcos bojt armk tbo sche (immdhel tbo sche, tboe tbo fm`y)


11/25



\boe tbo jhr tokp hs bhlb je` rodjthvo buk hs dmw, tbo porsphrjthme me tbo sche ovjpmrjtos

quhicdy

Kmro bukh`7 bmttor ht aoods

Aml ; imeòesjthme

Imeòesjthme euidojr tjco up wjtor vjpmr je` lrmw djrlor, foimko vhshfdo tm ejco` oyos wboeVB rojibos :>>%

Yjt rojibo` je` imeòesjthme amrks j idmu` eojr tbo lrmue`

Vj`hjthme aml7 wboe tbo lrmue` immds kmro quhicdy tbje tbo jhr jfmvo ht3 lrmue` aml

Lrmue` imdòr ; tbo jhr `hroitdy jfmvo tbo lrmue` (tbrmulb imeùithme)

J`voithme aml7 trjespmrt ma ajhrdy kmhst jhr me wjrkor surajio bhtthel j immdor surajioht hs

pbyshijddy trjespmrto` (j`voithmebmrhzmetjd kmvokoet, dhtorjddy kmvhelfdmwe). Ox7 ùrhel

tbo ehlbt thko me je mioje dje` fmue`jry, dje` immds kmro rjph`dy tbje tbo mioje. Pbo jkmuet

ma kjtorhjd bjvhel tm immd hs kuib dmwor.

Loeorjd idmu` typos7 dmw, ko`huk, bhlb idmu`

Iukudmehkfus7 :) j dmt ma wjtor vjpmr. 6) J dmt ma kmthme, j dhathel koibjehsk dhathel tbo jhr

vorthijddy - pusbhel tbo jhr up tm :>khdos. Pbueòrstmrks,

Ehkfm-strjtus7 kmro skmmtb je` sproj` mutskojro` mut je` bjs vorthijd, fut emt js strmel,

vorthijd òvodmpkoet.

Doituro :: Mit :1

Jtkmspborhi stjfhdhty

Ytjfhdhty hs j stjto ma oquhdhfrhuk he torks ma jtkmspborhi kmvokoet

J`hjfjthi prmioss

ha j pjriod ma jhr oxpje`s je` immds, mr imkprosso` je` wjrks, whtb emoxibjelo ma bojt whtb hts mutshò surrmue`hels.

Pbo oevhrmekoet djpso rjtohs tbo jitujd, mfsorvo` djpso rjto he tbo jhr.

\o òtorkheo tbo stjfhdhty ma tbo jhr fy imkpjrhel tbo j`hjfjthi djpso rjtoma tbo jhr pjriod tm

tbo oevhrmekoetjd djpso rjto.

Js jhr pjriod lmos up, ht oxpje`s je` lots imdòr je` js ht lmos `mwe, ht imkpjits je`

foimkos wjrkor

@ry j`hjfjthi djpso rjto7 :>òlI/:>>>kotors

Oevhrmekoetjd Djpso rjto7 0òlI/:>>>kotors

@otorkhehel stjfhdhty7 ime`hthmejddy uestjfdo (9r`sioejrhm)

Djtoet bojt hs rodojso` ùrhel imeòesjthme!

@ry j`hjfjthi djpso rjto, (`ry) ; :>òlI/:>>>kwboro jhr pjriod hs doss sjturjto`.

\ot j`hjfjthi djpso rjto, (wot) 4 :>òlI/:>>>k


12/25



*Dovod ma imeòesjthme*dovod ma wboro tbo jhr pjriod rojibos sjturjthme je` tbo VB hs :>>%

(imeòesjthme rodojsos bojt)

Jtkmspborhi Ytjfhdhty

:) Fumyjeiy

j. @oeshty ma Jhr pjriod imkpjro` tm surrmue`hel jhr

ha ymu jro doss òeso, ymu jrofumyjet

f. Pbhs fmhds `mwe tm tokporjturo

i. HA XM_ JVO wjrkor ymur @ow

Ytjfdo fodmw j :>>>k je` uestjfdo jfmvo :>>>kime`hthmejddy stjfdo je` ime`. _estjfdo

:>>>k òw pmhet ; tokpwjtor vjpmr

\by jhr pjriod tokp òirojsos7 js tbo jhr pjriod rhsos, wjtor imeòesjthme bjppoes je` ht

rodojsos djtoet bojt je` òw pmhet òirojsos.

Doituro :6 Mit :2

@oeshty ibjelos whtb jdthtuò, òeshty lmos `mwe je` jdthtuò lmos up. Ht jdsm ibjelos whtb

tokporjturo3

@oeshty, jdthtuò je` tokporjturo.

Yjko jdthtuò, sjko òeshty. Pokporjturo. Jk H fumyjet jt tbhs spmt= Bjvo tm imkpjro ht whtb

surrmue`hel jhr, tbo tokporjturo ma tbo jhr je` tbo jhr surrmue`hel ht.

Fumyjet= Yjko jdthtuò=

Pokp hs :8òl je` surrmue`hel jhr hs 6>òl.Jt pjriod ma jhr imetrjit, tbo vmduko lots skjddor fut.

@oeshty heirojsos js tokp lmos `mwe.

@oeshty jt :8òl hs lrojtor jt 6>òl amr jemtbor pjriod ma jhr. Kmro òeso, toeòeiy tm shec.

Pokporjturo `haaoroeio jt tbo sjko jdthtuò wboe tjdchel jfmut stjfhdhty.

@haaoroeio ma tokporjturo ma pjriod ma jhr je` tbo jhr surrmue`hel ht ; bojt.

Bmw `mos tokp ibjelo=

bmw `mos ht ibjelo js j pjriod rhsos (vorthijd kmthme/stjfhdhty)j`hjfjthi prmiosspjriod ma jhr

pusbo` upwjr` oxpje`s. Pbo wmrc roquhro` tm oxpje` tbjt pjriod ma jhr bjs tm imko armk tbjt

pjriod ma jhr htsoda. Yheio lrjvhty hs bjròr tm wjdc up (tbje `mwe), tbo pjriod ma jhr hs ahlbthel

lrjvhty. Js ht oxpje`s, ht tjcos oeorly. Js pjriod ma jhr imkos `mwe, swjpphel pmtoethjd/cheothi

oeorly je` immds.

J`hjfjthi prmiosstjchel pjriod ma jhr tm rhso roquhros oeorly.

J`hjfjthi Djpso rjto7 tbo rjto ma immdhel js j pjriod ma jhr rhsos. Ijdiudjthel ht7 L (lrjvhtjthmejd

jiiodorjthme) je` Ypoihahi jhr.

Me Ojrtb, tbo j`hjfjthi prmioss hs jfmut :òlI/:>>k3 :>òlI/:>>>k


13/25



Ljkkj (sykfmd)`ry j`hjfjthi djpso rjto. ; -`t/`z - (pmshthvo eukfor wboe lmhel up)

Vjto ma immdhel whtb heirojshel jdthtuò hs hòjd wboe imkpjro` tm tbo oevhrmekoetjd djpso rjto.

Ytjfhdhtytokp ma pjriod ma jhr je` tbo jhr jrmue` ht.Jssukhel rhshel j`hjfjthijddy (heirojsos :>òl por :>>>k)

Oevhrmekoetjd djpso rjto7 tbo kojsuro`, mr mfsorvo`, mr jkfhoet ibjelo he tokp whtb

jdthtuò. (\bjt ht hs he tbo rojd wmrd`kojsuro` whtb fjddmme je` tborkmkotor) tboe imkpjro

tbo tokp ma tbo pjriod ma jhr whtb tbo tokp surrmue`hel ht.

Oevhrmekoetjd djpso rjto7 0òlI/:>>>k

@ry J`hjfjthi djpso rjto7 :>òlI/:>>>k

Pbo lrojtor tbo tokp, tbo kmro tbo òeshty `haaoroeio wbhib hs dhco j imrc he wjtor. Pbo bhlbor

up ymu lm, tbo lrojtor tbo toeòeiy tm lm fjic `mwe wboro ymu ijko armk. Pbo bjròr, tbo

lrojtor ymu pusb tbo pjriod ma jhr up, tbo kmro tbo toeòeiy ma ht tm lm `mwe.

Fumyjet jt ovory jdthtuò jfmvo surajioheirojsos whtb heirojshel jdthtuò.

Bmw ibhkeoy wmrcs7 jiiodorjthme ma jhr tbrmulb tbo ibhkeoy, js tbo jhr lmos up tm lm mut, ht

irojtos j vjiuuk ma prossuro armk ueòreojtb wbhib imetheumusdy `rjws jhr upwjr`. Pbo

dmelor tbo ibhkeoy hs tbo fottor. Yjko js bmw burrhijeo wmrcs.

Iboic mut lrjpbs he tbo doituro sdhòs.

Jemtbor wjy tm òtorkheo ha stjfdo


14/25



Amddmw `jsbo` dheo armk tbo ahrst `jsbo` dheo ma y-jxhs tm tbo bhlbor meo. \boro ht bhts tbo sjko

jdthtuò. z ; jdthtuò

Ha jhr pusbo` upwjr` tm `mwewjr`, lmhel tm wjet tm imetheuo tm stjy he tbjt `hroithme.

\boe tbo oevhrmekoetjd djpso rjto hs tmwjr` tbo rhlbt, tboe ht hs kmro stjfdo. Oevhrmekoetjd

djpso rjto hs stoopor, kmro stjfdo3 sbjddmwor, kmro uestjfdo.

J`hjfjthi djpso rjto ibjelos, emw tbo kmhstor tbo wot j`hjfjthi djpso rjto ; imeòesjthme he

tbo pjriod ma jhr.

r-wot ; r-`ry(suk jkmuet)

r-wot (wot j`hjfjthi djpso rjto) 4 r-`ry


15/25



Idojr `jyem dovod ma imeòesjthme

Doituro :9 Mit 69

\by hs @ojtb Qjddoy sm bmt= Lhvo jt dojst 9 rojsmes

:) J`hjfjthi imkprosshme he òjtb vjddoy foijuso òjtb vjddoy hs fodmw soj dovod

6) Ymdjr rj`hjthmej dmt ma smdjr heput.

9) Mrmlrjpbhi dhathel amddmwo` fy òby`rjthme me tbo whe`wjr` shòj`hjfjthi rjto hs doss tbje

:>òl por :>>> kotors.

0) Hesudjto` armk kjrheo headuoeio.

@ry j`hjfjthi rjto:>òl por :>>>k

Ijdiudjthme7

%VB ; Q^/YQ^ * :>>%

0>%VB ; Q^/06kf

Ox7 Q^ amr VB :>% jt 9>òl= 0.6 (:>% * 06)

Imeòesjthme je` Aroozheldjtoet bojt rodojso

Ovjpmrjthmedjtoet bojt uptjco


16/25



\bhib ma tbo amddmwhel wmud` ijuso tbo VB tm òirojso=

Bmw tm heirojso/òirojso tbo VB= Jes7 \jrkhel tbo jhrha ymu wjrk tbo jhr tbo VB lmos

`mwe.

Iboic sdhòswbjt ymu sbmud` cemw

J`hjfjthi djpso rjto ; hòjd. \o uso ht tm imevort. Oevhrmekoetjd djpso rjto ht kuib haaoroet je`

ht lhvos us je hòj ma tbo stjfhdhty ma tbo pjriod ma jhr.

\bjt ijusos imeòesjthme/ovjpmrjthme=

@otorkhehel stjfhdhty7 ime`hthmejddy uestjfdo jtkmspboro (cemw tbo `rjwhel/lrjpb)

Burrhijeos amrk mvor wjrk wjtor wbhib hs tbo smurio. Pbo wjrkor tbo wjtor, tbo wjrkor tbo jhr

jrmue` ht wbhib jddmws tbo burrhijeo tm imetheuo. Pbo bojt rodojso he tbo pjriod ma jhr kjcos ht

vory uestjfdo.

Heirojshel tokp, heirojshel jdt

Imdòr fodmw ; kmro òeso. Imdòr jhr hs òesor.

Vj`hjthme hevorshme7 dmss ma bojt vhj rj`hjthme. Ox7 ehlbt thko me j idojr ehlbt, em kmro smdjr

heput je` tbo bojt he tbo lrmue` tbjt bj` lmttoe ùrhel tbo `jy rj`hjto` upwjr` tm mutor spjio.

Ht hs vory dhttdo lrooebmuso ljsos tm jfsmrf (em idmu`s). J lmm` pmrthme ma ht gust lmos tm mutor

spjio. Ovoe tbmulb lrooebmuso ljsos, trjespjroet bojt. Qjst kjgmrhty ma bojt armk tbo lrmue`

pjssos rhlbt tbrmulb tbo jtkmspboro.

Pbo lrmue` jt ehlbt ije foimko immd je` imdòr tbje tbo jhr jfmvo ht. J tbhe djyor wbhib imd`je` `hroitdy jfmvo ht hs wbjt ht wjrk.Pbjt sots up tbo hevorshme djyor. Idojr ehlbt je` ijdk

ehlbt (sm em khxhel), lrmue` hs immd, jhr jfmvo ht wjrkor je` jhr jfmvo hs immdor3 ehlbt thko

hevorshme.

Pokp/jdt pdmt7


17/25



Meio tbo sue imkos up, tbo hevorshme hkko`hjtody frojcs `mwe foijuso tbo sue bojts tbo

lrmue` je` foimkos7

Hevorshme7 supor stjfdo.Hevorshme hs dhco putthel j dh` he tbo jtkmspboro.

Js jhr hs pusbo` `mwe, tbo tokp hei.

Loeorjd ihriudjthme ma pdjeot ojrtb

Ha tbo pdjeot woro em rmtjthel wo wmud` bjvo djrlo imevoithme iodds ùo tm ueovoe bojthel ma tbo

pdjeots surajio.

Vmtjthme hetrmùios j Imrhmdhs amrio, kjchel kmvhel pjriods fojr tm tbo rhlbt he tbo EB je` tm

tbo doat he tbo YB.

Pbo Bj`doy iodd.Djrlor sijdo imevoithme iodds. Imevorloeio/`hvorloeio doj`s tm sokh-

porkjeoet je` B je` D prossuro ioetors.

Eojr tbo oqujtmr tboro hs j fje` ma dmw prossuro.

HPIW dheo sbhats tbrmulbmut tbo yojr. Gust dhco tbo fhr`, ht amddmws tbo sue. Armk Gje-Gudy tbo

HPIW sbhats tm tbo emrtb, gust dhco tbo sue kmvos tm tbo emrtb he emrtbore je` smutbore

bokhspboro.

Doituro :0 Mit 6?

Ojrtbs ^djeotjry IhriudjthmeEojr/jt tbo oqujtmr7 dmw prossuro fje`s

Ihriudjthme hs kjhetjheo` he tbo jtkmspboro ma mur hòjdhzo` Ojrtb foijuso tbo pdjeotjry-sijdo

whe`s spmhdt hetm 9 fodts he ojib bokhspboro

>-9>, 9>-1>, 1>-8>

Emw smko whe`s fdmw whtb tbo smko fdmw jljhest tbo pdjeots rmtjthme


18/25



Hòjdhzo` ihriudjthme pjttore

Yurajio whe`s imevorlo jdmel oqujtmr je` jdmel 1>òl djthtuò ihridos

Imevorloeio doj`s tm rhshel jhr, oxpjeshme immdhel, idmu` òvodmpkoet je` proihphtjthme

Imevorloeio zmeos jro fodts ma rodjthvody dmw surajio jhr prossuro

Yurajio whe`s `hvorlos jt tbo pmdos je` jdmel tbo 9>òl djthtuò ihridos

m Jhr òsioe`s, hs imkprosso` je` wjrks, je` wojtbor hs loeorjddy ajhr

m @hvorloeio zmeos jro fodts ma rodjthvody bhlb surajio jhr prossuro

Od-Ehm hs jfemrkjd ime`hthmedjrlo sbhat

Emrtbordhos imko armk tbo wost

Jrmue` tbo 1>òl dheosojstordhos he tbo Jrithi

Dmel-tork jvorjlo pjttore ma whe`-`rhvoe mioje-surajio` iurroets. \ost tm ojst iurroets he tbo

kh``do djthtuòstbhs sots up loysors. Loysors he tbo mioje fjshe jro `rhvoe fy tbo pdjeotjry-

sijdo jtkmspborhi ihriudjthme. (Imrhmdhs amrio hs > jt >òl djthtuò)

\jrkost wjtor tm fo he tbo ioetrjd pjihahi7 eojr Emrtb ^jihahi Mioje

\he` jdmat

Jdmat, whe`s he tbo kh``do je` uppor trmpmspboro fdmw jwjy armk tbo HPIW

iukudmehkfus idmu`s9>-?>c aoot hetm tbo jtkmspboro

Pboso aoo` hetm tbo suftrmphijd bhlbs

Vosudthel imevoithme iodds jro ijddo` Bj`doy iodds

HPIW amddmws tbo sue

Ht rojibos ajrtbost emrtb he Gudy

Ht rojibos tm hts kmst smutbordy djthtuòs he Gjeujry

Kmesmme7 Jey whe` tbjt ibjelos hts `hroithme sojsmejddy. Pbo He`hje (mr Jarhije) kmesmme.

Yojsmejd proihphtjthme pjttores. 2>% ma jdd jeeujd rjhe miiurs he j aow woocs, mvor j porhm` ma j

aow kmetbs.

Emrtbore Gjeujry, supor-bmt je` supor wot he He`hj foijuso ma tbo sbhat ma HPIW

@urhel whetor, rj`hjthvo immdhel mvor tbo Jshje imetheoet rosudts he lrojtor òeshty, doj`hel tm

sufsh`hel jhr (prmùihel bhlb prossuro)

He jutuke, rj`hjthmejd immdhel ibhdds tbo dje` kmro tbje tbo j`gjioet mioje surajio

Pbo sufsh`hel imetheoetjd jhr shecs, wjrks up, je` foimkos `ry (òby`rjthme). \hetors he He`hj

jro bmt (::> òl) je` `ry. Dhttdo òadoithme, sheio idmsor tm oqujtmr

Mesbmro whe`s frhel bukh` jhr mvor imetheoets. Js jhr bojts up, ht rhsos, immds, je` wjtor

imeòesos mut.


19/25



Got Ytrojks

Ejrrmw imrrh`mrs ma vory strmel whe`

He kh``do djthtuòs, tbo kmst prmkheoet got strojk (pmdjr armet got strojk) hs dmijto` jfmvo tbo

pmdjr armet he tbo uppor trmpmspboro tmwe tbo kh`-djthtuò trmpmpjuso je` tbo pmdjr

trmpmpjuso

m Amddmw tbo pjtb ma tbo pdjeotjry wostordy wjvos

m \he`s kjy tmp :1>ck/br (:>>kpb)

m Ojstfmue` jhrirjat sooc ht js j tjhd whe`

Doituro :1 Emv 2

Cemw bmw tm oxpdjhe - \jtor trjvod tmwjr`s tbo wost je` wjrks up, tokp heirojsos js ymu

prmlross wostwjr`. Yoj bohlbt hs bhlbor he tbo wostore pjihahi tbje tbo ojstore pjihahi. (HPIW)

*Ha wjtor hs wjrk eojr Justrjdhj tboe wby jroet tboro jey typbmmes je` burrhijeos= Ht hs

foijuso tbo oqujtmr hs tboro je` tbo Imrhmdhs amrio hs tboro. Imrhmdhs amrio lmos tm > je` tboro hs

em rmtjthme sm tboro wmet fo jey iyidmehi kmthme oxiopt rjhes3 uethd :?òl emrtb*

@urhel Od Ehmem kmro upwoddhel. Yurajio Mioje lots wjrkor. Bmw ije tbhs miiur= \ojcor

trjò whe`s/em trjò whe`s. \he`s jro iut maa/sovorody roùio`, foijuso tbo prossuro lrj`hoet

jirmss tbo pjihahi òirojso` mr woet tm >. Pbo ^L eoxt tm He`meoshj kust bjvo lmeo tm >.

Pbo He`meoshje Dmw kmvos tmwjr` tbo ojst, fy jfmut 6,?>> kh.

@urhel Od Ehm, tbo prossuro he Pjbhth foimkos usujddy dmwor, wborojs tbo prossuro he tbo

wostore pjihahi foimkos bhlbor. Imevoithvo idmu`s amddmw tbo wjrk wjtor, wbhib kmvos

ojstwjr`.

Emrkjddy bmt je` `ry, emrkjddy wot je` bukh` tboe oxpoit mppmshto amr fmtb ùrhel Od Ehm.

: he 9 ; Od Ehm yojr. Pboyro doss imkkme fut emt rjro. Od Ehms bjvo lmeo me amr tbo pjst

tbmusje`s ma yojrs.

Dj Ehjsupor emrkjd ime`hthme. Hestoj` ma bjvhel j dmw prossuro, tboro hs j vory òopprossuro. @ry tboe `rhor. Hts je oxjiorfjto` emrkjd ime`hthmeo`.

_eòrstje` tbo Od Ehm je` Od Ehj pdmt

Jhr kjss mrhlhe, wojtbor systoks7

@haaoroet òeshthos, wjtor imetoet, smko smrt ma oquhdhfrjthme fotwooe tbo 6 jhr kjssos. Jhr

kjssos mr vjryhel mrhlhes oxhst usujddy he kh`-djthtuòs.

Hetorsoithme ma `haaoroet jhr kjssos - kjcos armets

Imd`, wjrk, stjthmejry je` miiduò` armets

\jrk armet7 wjrk jhr rueehel hetm imdòr jhr. Ht hs oeirmjibhel upme tbo imd` jhr, js j rosudt ma

tbo imddhshme, tbo imd` hs òesor je` tbo wjrk jhr hs fumyjet tbje tbo imd` jhr sm tbo wjrk jhr whdd

rhso jfmvo tbo imd` jhr js ht imkos he imetjit. J ibjrjitorhsthi ma j wjrk armet hs tbjt ymu whdd soo

tbo idmu`s amrkhel. Xmu whdd soo j tokp ibjelo jatorwjr`. ^roiopt proioòs tbo pjssjlo ma j

wjrk armetfoijuso ma sbjddmw sdmpo, doss òeso jhr mvor kmro òeso jhr.


20/25



Imd` armet7 eojr tbo surajio, bjròr tbo jhr amr kmvo je` lhvos j fuddemso surajio. Ht shlehahijetdy

ibjelos tbo ibjelos ma tbo surajio. Ht sdjks tbo wjrk jhr je` pusbos ht up3 jdkmst dhco

mrmlrjpbhi dhathel. Ht hs dhco iukudmehkfus idmu`s.

Miiduò` armet7 wboe j imd` armet wjrks hetm j wjrk armet. Imd` kmvos ajstor tbje wjrk. Vhlbt

fobhe` tbo wjrk armet, tboro whdd fo j imd` armet. I\I(orimud` fo), tbo wjrk jhr hs fohel

sje`whibo`. Pbo wjrk jhr, js ht rhòs mvor tbo immdor jhr fut ht hs jdsm fohel pusbo` armk fmtbshòs, sm ht hs kmvo` up. Imd` miiduò` hs kmro imkkme.

Ytjthmejry amet7 shkpdy wboe ht hset kmvhel tm jey sheldo `hroithme.

Doituro :< Emv :9

Idmu` miiurs foamro tbo pjssjlo ma tbo wjrk armet

Imd` armetkmro thlbtdy rodojso` rjtbor tbje wjrk armet

Miiduò`7 wboe meo armet rues hetm jemtbor

Ytjthmejry armet7 jdtorejthel sykfmds me ojib shò

Jhr pmdduthme7 typosDme`me skml, pbmtmibokhijd skml, pjrthiudjto kjttor/jormsmd

6 typos ljsos je` pjrthiudjtos - (kmro imeioreo` jfmut pjrthiudjtos jator heùstrhjd

rovmduthme).

Dme`me typo skml7 aml je` skmcopjrthiudjto

^bmtmibokhijd skml7 ljs pbjso, rosudt ma tbo ibokhijd rojithme tbjt miiur he tbo jtkmspboro he

suedhlbt wboe ymu bjvo iortjhe proiursmrs7 by`rm ijrfmes je` EM6 Sarmk ijrs je` amsshd auod

imkfusthme[

^jrthiudjto kjttor7 ùst

Dme`me typo skml, pbmtmibokhijd skml

Ehtrmloe mxhò Vojithvo mrljehi ljsos Mzmeo

Yuedhlbt

Eoo` by`rm ijrfmes j.c.j. vmdjthdo, eoo` EM6 je` EMehtrmloe mxhò

Mrljehi7 ht bjs ehtrmloe je` by`rmloe imkpmue`s

Eoo` suedhlbt

9 helro`hoets amr pbmtmibokhijd skml ijrs je` mtbor imkfusthme typo prmiossos

SEM6[

Bhlb tokp imkfusthme, dhlbthel, ijrs, odoitrhi prmùithme wbhib hs jdsm imkfusthme

Fhmspboropdjets je` troos

Mzmeo he tbo trmpmspboro hs fj`

\boro pmddutjets imko armk3 typos ma smurios ma Jhr ^mddutjets

YM6 rodojso` armk imjd imkfusthme jrmue` 6%, ht rojits whtb MB, wjtor, oti. je` prmùios

sudaurhi jih` je` wjtor ; sudajto jormsmds


21/25



^K :>pjrthiudjto kjttor he khirmes, eukfor hs tbo jkmuet

Bojdtb imeshòrjthmes

Ykjddor pjrthidos tbjt wo ijet soo jaaoit us tbo kmst oxiopt amr jih`hi pjrthidos. Ht sottdos he ymur

duels.

Ejt. òaoeso jljhest fhl je` skjdd pjrthidosAhrst dheo ma òaoeso7 ejsjd. Yoime`7

Ljp he òaoeso systok7 :-0 khirme shzo.

@ry òpmshthme7 djrlo pjrthidos, fy lrjvhty

\ot òpmshthme7 proihphtjthme, rjhe je` semw

Ijrfme kmemxhò7 heimkpdoto imkfusthme me je` hs pmhsmemus

Jttjibo` tm bokmldmfhe je` ijet trjesaor sm ymu suaamijto

Doituro :2 Emv :?

Yhzo je` ibokhijd imkpmshthme

Yhzooaahihoeiy ma fm`y ma rokmvhel pjrthidos. Duels ; ljs oxibjelo tjco pdjio.

Jormsmds ije fo j pbyshijd tm hebhfht ymu fy tbohr prosoeio. Yijrro` thssuo he duels ije rosudt he

ijeior. Me shzo ma je jormsmd emt tbo ibokhijd imkpmshthme.

Yhzo7 >.:-:khirmekotor (uk)fost shzo tm lot pjst fm`ys òaoesos.

Eoxt tm wmrry jfmut7 jormsmd imkpmshthme.

\hdd tboy rojit whtb ymur fm`y systok=

:) Mxh`jthme ijpjihty

j. Mzmeo (wbhib hs j ljs, emt j pjrthido) fut mzmeo ije ibjelo tbo ibokhijd imkpmshthme ma

j pjrthido.6) Jih`hty

j. Yudaur `hmxhò hs j ljs fut sudaur hs vory quhicdy imevorto` he tm tbo jtkmspboro.

Ajitmrs tbjt jaaoit jhr pmdduthme

Pbo rmdo ma whe`

m @hduthme ma pmdduthme òpoeòet upme whe` spoo`

Pmpmlrjpby7 jemtbor tbhel tm wmrry jfmut

Doituro :8 Emv 6% rmtjto imuetor idmicwhso

Doituro 6> Emv 68

Pmrej`mosstrmelost ejturjd pboemkoeme3 :>>-:?>>kotors jirmss

@met djst amr vory dmel7 aow kheutos tm j aow bmurs

Pmrej`m7 thlbt iyidmeo

-Kosmiyidmeo

Kmst tmrej`mosioetrjd smutb _Y

\mrst tmrej`m7 Kjrib :2 :86? :^k Prhstjto _Y (imvoro` 9 stjtos), kmro tbje 6>>khdos, djsto`

9.? bmurs, chddo` >ppd, kjò


24/25



Doituro 6: @oi 1

\jrkor jhrlrojtor jtkmspborhi stjfhdhty

\bjt `m ymu eoo` tm kjco j burrhijeo/typbmme=

\jrk sojs (2>A/9>I, ?>k òptb)

Jtkmspborhi hestjfhdhty

Bhlb bukh`hty (soo jfmvo)Yhlehahijet Imrhmdhs amrio/vmrthihty

^ro-oxhsthel dmw prossuro `hsturfjeio

Dmw vorthijd whe` sbojr/uppor jhr admw suppmrt

Imkpjro` tm stmrk systoks jt kh`-djthtuòs (oxtrj-trmphis), burrhijeos jro skjddor je` kmro

vhmdoet. Khehkuk prossuros jt tbo ioetor ma tbo burrhijeos (tbo oyo) ije fo doss tbje 8>> kf

Burrhijeos roquhro wjrk 61I wjtors je` shlehahijet Imrhmdhs òadoithme lrojtor tbje 0òl djt.

Pboy jdsm eoo` whe`s tm coop tbok jdmat.

\jtor tokporjturos òirojso js tboy lm emrtb foijuso ma tokp.

Ojstordy wjvos miiur he tbo Kjy-Emv thkoarjko, je` jro ijuso` fy kjsshvo smdjr heput je`

hestjfhdhty (kmvokoet) jssmihjto` whtb tbo Jarhije got. \by hs tboro je Jarhije got= Kjsshvo smdjr

heput ma tbo Yjbjrj òsort he tbo imetrjst tm tbo immdor imjst-

HPIW lmos wjy emrtb he tbo Jshj he tbo sukkor je` wjy smutb ùrhel tbo whetor

@rhost pdjio me tbo kjp hs jdd tbo wjy `mwe fodmw Djthe Jkorhije je` Justrjdhj, Jrithi3 soime`

hs prmfjfdy Ibhijlm

Vjhe sbj`mw hs jator provjhdhel whe` mvor kmuetjhe. Pokp ma tbo hs wjrkor jt tbo rjhe sbj`mw

Ahejd7

Imkpmshthme ma tbo jtkmspboro7 struiturojdthtuòtbo pbyshijd struituro je` ibokhijd

imkpmshthmejrlme, ehtrmloe, mxyloe, wjtor vjpmrLrooebmuso ljsosdmw me imeioetrjthme

\jtor vjpmr vjrhos j trokoe`mus jkmuet, wjrkor ; kmro vjpmr

^jst je` prosoet (kmro prosoet tbje pjst)

\bjt `rhvos tbo idhkjto systokoeorly 88.?% imkos armk tbo sue. Jdsm bjvo lomtborkjd

bojthelvmdijemos.

_eòrstje` smdjr heput je` jdfo`m, bmw tbo sue wjrks tbo ojrtb3 fdjicfm`hos tokp

Ybmrt je` dmel wjvo rj`hjthme, _Q rjys

Vj`hjthvo amrios

Pokporjturo vjrhjthmesmdjr zoehtb jeldo, doeltb ma `jy, sojsmes

@haa fotwooe dje` je` wjtor, Cjesjs vs Yje Arjeihsim

^rossuro vjrhjthmeprmùio prossuro lrj`hoet. _eòrstje` tbo `haaoroet amrios (òahehtody whdd

fo me oxjk)

\jtorwby hs wjtor vjpmr jfue`jet= Bmw wmud` ymu pro`hit tbjt ht vjrhos= VB je` jfsmduto

bukh`hty

@haaoroet j`hjfjthi djpso rjtos, imkpjrhel tbok3 js smkotbhel ovjpmrjtos, wbjtovor ht dojvos

fobhe` immds

Djtoet bojt uptjco he ovjpmrjthme


25/25

Vj`hjthme hevorshmes, jt ehlbttokp

Cemw djpso rjtos je` jtkmspborhi stjfhdhty, stjfdo ime`hthme

Ldmfjd ihriudjthmerokokfor tbo HPIW wbhib hs ioetoro` me tbo oqujtmr je` tbo khlrjthme ma

tbo HPIW amddmws tbo sue3 kmesmmeHe`hje kmesmme hs tbo fhllost me tbo pdjeot. HPIW sbhats

je` tbo jhradmw ibjelos

Armetsfjshi, wjrk imd` miiduò` stjthmejry, ibjrjitorhsthi, wby tm lot tbok, wboro je`wboro emt tm ahe` tbok, got strojksstrmelost he suftrmphijd whtb pmdjr jhr. @haaoroeios he

proiopt

Kh`-djthtuò wojtbor je` idhkjtosiyidmeo je` tmrej`m amrkjthme

Pbueòrstmrkbmw `m tboy amrk, wboro khlbt ymu oxpoit up`rjats je` `mwe `rjats

Jhr pmdduthme je` jssmihjthme me ht whtb jtkmspborhi stjfhdhty

@urhel Od-Ehm, kmro whe` sbojr je` doss jhr admw suppmrt aowor burrhijeos foijuso ma

oebjeio` whe` sbojr

Burrhijeos

ATM 102 / EST 102 Full Semester Package

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