Atlas of Polarization Data

7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data

1/90

C D

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to

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C O

J2

C O

05

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>

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Z

^

CarderockDivision

Nava lSurface WarfareCen t e r

Bethesda,

Md.

20084-5000

CARDIVNSWC-TR-61

94/44

Apri l1995

Survivabil ity,

Structures,an dMater ialsDi rectorate

Technica lRepor t

Atlas

o f

Polar izat ionDiagrams

fo r

Nava l

Mater ia ls

in

Seawate r

by

Harvey

P .

Hack

w

E

C O

o >

C O

c

o

c o

N

*l

_ c o

o

0 _

C O

C O

O)

CO

I

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* T

( A

Z

>

Q

C C


2/90

D I S C L A I M

N O T I C E

THISOCUMENTSEST

QUALITY AVAILABLE.

HE

COPY

FURNISHED

TO

DTIC

CONTAINED

A

IGNIFICANT

UMBER

F

COLOR

AGESWHICHO

OT

REPRODUCELEGIBLY

ON

BLACK

AND

WHITE

MICROFICHE.


3/90

Carderock

Division

Nava lSurfaceWarfare

Cen te r

Be thesda ,

M d.

20084-5000

CARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44

Apr i l

1995

Survivab i l i ty ,

Struc tures,

andMate r i a l s

Directorate

Techn ica lRepor t

Atlas

o f

Polar izat ionDiagrams

fo rNava l

Mater ia ls

in

Seawater

by

Harvey

P .

Hack

DTICQUALITY

IM3PECTED

2 1

Approved fo r

publ ic

re lease ;

dist r ibut ionis

un l im i ted .


4/90

ABS TRACT

Polarizationcurves

were

developed

inseawater

at

low(quiescent)

flow

and

at

2.4

m/s

flow

forninestructuralalloys.Potentiostatically generatedcurves forupto

120

days

arecompared

with

potentiodynamically

generated

curvesat four

scan

rates

with

freely

corroding

pre-exposures

of

I

or

120 days.

Smoothed

curves

successfully

used

in

comput-

er

modelpredictions

ofcathodic

protection

currentand

potential

distributions

are

also

presented.

These

curvesar ecompared

with

previously publisheddataavailable for80 0

days

exposure

andwith

cathodicprotectioncurrentdensitydesign

guidelines.Corrosion

ratedataasa

function

of

potentialafterupto

120

daysexposurear ealso presented.

Accession

or

HT.IS

O A &I

inannounced

]

.

}

Jgsti.f1n.nt.Inn

JL..

B y

_ .

.Distrib

ution/

?V

e*

availability

(Jedes

(Availnd ,

Bist Special

CARDIVNSWC-TR-61

94/44

in


5/90

CONTENTS

Page

Abstract ii

Administrative

Information

i

Acknowledgments

i

Abbreviations i

Introduction

Materials

Apparatus

and

Procedure

Qu ie sc en t

Flow,

Potentiostatic

Tes t s

Qu ie sc en t

Flow,

Potent iodynamic

Test s

FlowingTest s

Data

Analysis

Techniques

Resultsand

Discussion

Conclusions 0

References

1

AppendixA .

PolarizationCurves FromThisStudyforHY-80

Steel 3

Appendix B .

PolarizationCurves From

This

Studyfor90-10

Copper-Nickel

25

AppendixC .

Polarization

Curves

From

This

Study

for

70-30

Copper-Nickel

37

Appendix

D .

Polarization

Curves

From

This

Study

for

Navy

Type

M

Bronze 47

Appendix E.

PolarizationCurvesFrom

This

Study forNickel-Aluminum

Bronze

59

Appendix F.

Polarization

CurvesFrom

This

Study for

Monel

1

AppendixG.

Polarization

CurvesFrom

ThisStudyfor

Alloy

625

3

Appendix

H.

PolarizationCurves From

ThisStudyforTitanium

50 5

AppendixI.

Polarization

Curves

From

This

Study for

Anode

GradeZinc

...

05

Appendix

J.

CorrosionRates

From

Potentiostatic

Tes t s

in

This

Study

15

AppendixK.

Smoothed

Polarization

CurvesU s e d inBoundary

Element

Study

13 1

Appendix L.

Foster

and

Moores'

800 -DayPolarizationData35

AppendixM. Cathodic

Protection

DesignDataforSteel

49

InitialDistribution 53

Standard

Form

29 8 55



6/90

F IGURES

1 .

xposure

vesse l sfor

quiescent

tests

2.pecimen

mountingfo rquiescenttests

3.

lowing

t es t

cell

de s ign

4.

ne

flowing

cell

te s t

loop

5.

our

flowing

cell

t es tloops

TABLE

Nominal

composition

ofalloys

te s ted

2

ADMIN I STRAT IVE

I NFORMAT ION

This

project

w as

funded

u nde r

the

Surface

Ship

Materials

Technology

Program

sponsoredby

the

O ffice

of

Naval

Research

( O N R )

an d

managed

byM r.

Ivan

Caplan.

T he

work

w asperformed

u nde r

program

e l emen t

62761N,

task

area

SF61541-591,

work

units

1-2803-162

an d1-2803-164.Work

w as

conducted

in

th e

MarineCorrosion

Branch

un -

d e rth e

direction

ofM r.

Rober t

J .

Ferrara.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT S

I

wish

to

particularly

acknowledgethe

contributions

of

D r.

John

R.

Scully,

w hoper-

formed

manyof theexperiments

descr ibedherein.

Alsoacknowledged

is

the

staff

at

the

L a Q u eC en t e rfor

Corrosion

Technologyforhelp

in

the

des ign

and

conduct

of

these

e x-

periments .

ABBREV IAT IONS

A S T M

merican

Society

fo r

Testingand

Materials

C A R D E R O C K D I V ,

N S W C CarderockDivision,

Naval

SurfaceWarfareC en t e r

E G & G

PA R

G& G

Princeton

Applied

Research

IR

urrent

xResistance

rm sootmean

square

V

i

ARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44


7/90

I NTRODUCT ION

Predicting

th e

amount

ofgalvaniccorrosion

an d

the

current

demand

fo r

cathodic

protection

in

seawater

requiresaccurate

polarizationdata

fo r

th ematerialsinvolved.

Computer

model s

that

predict

the

distribution

of

galvaniccorrosion,

stray

current

corro-

sion,

an d

cathodic

protection

also

require

accurate

polarization

data.

Rates

of

galvaniccorrosionare

commonlypredicted

using

tables

of

galvaniccom-

patibility,

1

differences

in

corrosionpotentialb e tween

members

ofthegalvaniccouple

wherethecorrosionpotentialsar eobtainedfromalistorchart,

2

or

by conductingrela-

tively

short-term

exposures

or

electrochemical

testsand

extrapolating

theresultstoapply

to

the

item

in

service .

3

-

4

T he

first

tw omethodsar e

qualitative,

providing

onlyan

indica-

tionof

th e

tendencyfo rcorrosiondamage

in

thegalvaniccouple.Unfortunately,

polarizationcurvesfo r

moststructuralmaterials

in

seawater

ar e

exposure-timed e p e n d e n t

andscan-ratedependen t ,makingquantitativepredictionfromshort-termexposuresinac-

curate.

Current

dens i t ie sfo rcathodicprotectionare frequently

predicted

fromvaluesfound

in

standards .

5

'

6

Thes e

values,

although

based

on

long-term

exposures ,

ar e

not

complete

polarizationcurves

and

are,

therefore,not

adequate

fo r

us e

incomputer

modeling.

T he needfo r

asinglesourceofpolarizationcurvesfo r

commonlyused materials

in

s eawate rand fo raquantificationofexposuretimean dscanrateeffects

le d

to

this

inves-

tigation.Although

portions

of

these

data

have

b een

presented

e l sewhere ,

7-12

this

document

presents

al l

of

thedata

collected ove r

th e

course

of

theinvestigation.

MATER IALS

Materials

inthis

study

were

selected

to

be

representative

of

the

major

classes

of

structuralmaterialsused by th eNavyfo rseawatersys temsonships.T he

fol lowing

mate-

rialsweres tud ied :

Y-80

s t e e l

(MIL-S-16216H*)

0-10copper-nickel(C70600)

0-30

copper-nickel

(C71500)

onel

400(C92200)

ickel-aluminum

bronze

(C95800)

ronzecompositionM (C92200)

itaniumgrade50(R50400)

lloy

625

(N06625)

nodegradezinc(MIL-A-18001J**).

Nominal

compositions

of

the

alloys

tested

appear

in

the

following

table.

Corrosion

sam-

ples

were

prepared

by

roughcutting

blanks

from

the

supplied

bars

or

plates,milling

to

* Steel

Plate,Alloy,Structural,

High

Yield

Strength

(HY-80

an d

HY-100).

** Anod e s ,SacrificialZinc

Alloy.

CARDIVNSWC-TR-61

94/44


8/90

a

CD

w

C D

w

>.

o

c

c

g

*-*

'to

o

Q.

E

o

o

75

c

E

o

z

F

co

c

m

9

*

s

co

_

,-0

o

,_

P

o

C M

d

co

CO

0>

00

oo


9/90

approximate

dimens ions ,and

grinding

to

final

dimens ionsyie ld ing

a32-rms(approxi-

mately120-grit)finish

on

al lsurfaces.

APPARATUS

AND P ROCEDURE

Q U I E S C E N T

F L O W ,P O T E N T I O S T A T I C

TESTS

For

th e

short-termexposures

(5

min

an d

1

day) ,

specimens

were

12.7mmsquare

by

6 .2

mm

thick.

Exposures

were

performed

sequentially

in

beakersof

fully

oxygenated

nat-

ural

seawaterheatedtoa

constant

30C .

Forthe

long-term

exposures ,

specimens

were

25.4

mm

square by

6 .2

mmthick.

Three

specimens

of

identical

material

were

exposed

at

the

same

potentialfordifferentlengths

oftime

connected

to

th e

samepotentiostat.

In

this

way,

al l30-,

60-,

and

120-day

exposures

were

conducted

simultaneously.

A

ser ies

ofin -

dividual

exposure

vesse l s

w as

used

to

avoid

ground

loops

orstraycurrenteffects

( s e e

Figure

1).

O nehundredeight

4-L

vesse l swerefitted intotw o

woodenboxes

l ined

with

thermal

insulation.

Heated ,filterednaturalseawater

was

drip-fed

into

eachcontainer

to

maintain

oxygen

levels

inthebulk

solution

atsaturation

and temperaturesat30C .

Quiescent

floww as

maintained

via

thelo w

refreshment

rate.

Corrosion

coupons

were

suspended

in

the

exposure

vesse l sbymeans

ofathreadedro d

screwed

into

aholetapped

into

the

specimen

e dge .Thisro dwas also

used fo r

electricalcontact

to

the

specimen

( s e e

Figure

2) .

Waterwas

excluded

fromtheelectrical

contact/mounting

ro dby

means

ofa

glasstube

and

Teflongasket .

Platinum-coated

counterelectrodes

were

placed

adjacent

to

th e

specimen

faces.

Ag/AgCl

reference

electrodes

were

placed

inthe

plane

of

th e

corro-

sion

coupons,

directly

belowthe

specimens.

Somevesse l s

contained

three

identical,

freely

corroding

specimens

of

each

material

fo r

sequential

removal

at30 ,

60 ,

an d120

days .

Thes e

vesse l salsocontainedreferencee l ec trodes ,

but

no

counter

electrodes .

A

bank

of7 0

potentiostats constructedfo r

this

exper iment

w as

located

inan

adja-

centtemperature-control ledrooman dw as connected

to

th e

te s t

cells

through

insulated

electrical

l eads .Potential

an d

current

readingsweretakenby

a

computerized

dataac -

quisition

sys tem.

For

the

potentiostats employed,

a

plusor

minus

5-mVvariation

in

s e t

potential

wasmaintained.

Athermal

instability

coefficientofabout1mV/C

airtempera-

turean d

IR

(Current

X

Resistance)

dropthrough

the

cabling

w as

identified

asthe

source

ofthesevariations.

Electrical

l eads

from

thespecimen

groups

ofthree

were

connected

in

ser ies

to1-ohm

resis tors

fo rcurrentmeasurement

as

potential

drop.

Fifteen

to

seventeenpotentials

werechosen

fo r

each

material

in

potentiostatic

polar-

izationexperiments .Exposureswereconducted

in

several

runs,

each

runconsisting

of

s imultaneous

testing

of

al l

materials

ove r

th e120-dayperiod.

Currents ,potentials,

an d

temperatureswere

recorded

once

aminute

fo rthe

firstd ay

ofexposure,

every10

minutes

fo r

th e

first

we e k ,

an d

three

t imes

dailythereafter.

ASTM-recommended

procedures

for

cleaning

drying,

an d

mass ing

were

fol lowed

fo r

mass

lossdeterminations.

13

Specialcare

was

taken

to

ensure

that

the

threaded

hole

w as d ry

priorto

massing.

Mass ing

was

performed

to

the

neares t

0.1

mg.

Q U I E S C E N T

F L O W ,

P O T E N T I O D Y N A M I C

TESTS

Exposure

vesse l s

an dcoupon

mounting

werethesame

as

the

potentiostatic

expo-

sures.

Specimens

were

12.7

mmsquare

by

6 .2

mm

thick.

Platinum-coated

counter



10/90

C O

Q)

*-

0)

o

C O

cr

o

C O

C O

C D

>

C O

o

Q .

X

LU

0)

il



11/90

:*#

Figure

2.

Spec imen

moun t i ng

fo rquiescen t

tes ts .



12/90

electrodesand asaturated calomelreferenceelectrodewithLugginprobewereu s ed .

Instrumentation

consisted of

an

E G & G

PA R(PrincetonApplied Research)mode l

173

potentiostatwitha

lo g

currentconverterand amode l

175programmer.A nApplecom-

puterw as usedfo ranalog-to-digitalconversions an dfo rdatastoragean dretrieval.

Specimenswerestudied u nde rtw oconditions:

-hror

120-day

pre-exposure

atopen

circuit

potential

in

natural

seawater .

In

general ,

te s t

procedures

fol lowed

A S T M

Standard

G5 .

1

4

Separatespecimens wereindependent lypolarized anodically andcathodically

startingatthecorrosionpotential.Duplicatespecimenswere

te s ted

atmostscanrates.

T he followingfour

scan

rateswere

used :

1 .

.5

V/hr

(0 .14mV/s)

2.

V/hr(1.4mV/s)

3.0V/hr(14mV/s)

4.

00V/hr(28mV/s).

F L O W I N GTESTS

T he

te s t

cell

des ign

fo r

flowing

seawater

exposures

is

shown

in

Figures

3

to

5.

T he

direction

of

flow

was

parallel

toth especimenlength

through

a

rectangular

channel

2.54

cm

high

by

0.635

cm

wide .

Eight

1-cm

square

workingelectrodes

an d

eightplatinum

counter

electrodes

were

mounted

flush

against

the

interior

wallof the

rectangular

cross

sectionfacingeachotheracrossoppositewalls

( s e e

Figure3) .A ninsulatedelectricallead

w asattached

to

thed rybackfaceofbothcounteran dworkingelectrodes .T he same

ar-

rangement

w as used

fo r

potentiostatic

and

potentiodynamic

testing.

Reference

electrode

ports

were

dril led

through

theto p

interior

wall

of

al l

parallel

plate

cell

positions

( s e eFig-

ure3) .Hydrostaticpressureforced seawater

through

a

vinyltubecontaining

microelectrodes .

A

0.42-cm

d iameter

Ag/AgClmicroreference

electrode

was

positioned

above

the

referenceelectrode

port.

Avalve

w as

positionedb e tween

the

port

an d

the

ref-

erence

electrodetoallowai rbubbleremoval.

Figure

4

shows

a

single

flow-throughcellte s t

loop.

Heated naturalseawater

was

pumped froma70-L

(17-gal)

holdingtankthrough

the

test

cell

and

backto

the

tank.

Fil-

tered (8

|xm)

naturalseawaterfo rrefreshment

was

fe dfromacommon200-L(50-gal)

preheated makeup

tank

atarate

of

5

L/min

toeach

holding

tank

ineach

loop,

whereit

w as

heated

to

30

C

plus

orminus

3

C ,

an dthe

exces sal lowed

to

overflow.

T he

flow

velocityinthe

te s t

cellsw as2.4m/s.Four

flow-through

cells

were

used

( s e eFigure5).

Concernfo relectrodepositiononaspecimen

downstream

ofmetallostfromaspeci-

me n

upstream le d

to

carefulconsiderationofspec imen

placement

withineach

cell

an d

b e tween

thefour

te s t

loops.

Aluminum

gutterswerealsoplaced ineachholdingtank.

Flowinthiste s tsetupw as de termined

to

be

turbulent

byReynolds

number

analysis .Wall

shear

stresswas

calculated

tobe 17.4to18.7N/m

2

.

Six

to

nine

potentials

were

chosen

fo r

each

material

in

the

potentiostatic

tests.

Onl y

single120-day

potentiostatic

specimenswereexposed .

Anodical ly

and

cathodically

po -

larized

potentiodynamic

specimens,

pre-exposed

fo r

120

day s ,were

exposed

inseparate

cells.O ne-hour,

pre-exposed

potentiodynamic

spec imens

were

exposed

in

individual

flow-through

cells.

Potent iodynamic

scanswere

conducted

attw oscanrates:0 .5an d5

V/hr

(0 .14and

1.4

mV/s,respectively) .

CARDIVNSWC-TR-61

94/44


13/90

REFERENCEELECTRODE

PORT

V.-

SPACING

BETWEEN

SPECIMENS

EPOXY

OUNT

FOR

ORTHOGONAL

SPECIMEN

MOUNTED

PARALLEL

TO

FLOW1 DIAMETER

MOUNT.

m

2

SURFACEAREA

SPECIMEN)

OUTLET

FLOW

INLET

FLOW

'INSULATED

ELECTRICAL

CONNECT ION

Figure

3 .

Flow ing

t e s t

cel l

des ign .

DATA

ANALYS I S

TECHN IQUES

Potential

variability

w as

plus

or

minus 10

mV .

Where

the

actual

potential

devia t ed

significantly

from

the

s e tpotential,

th e

actualpotentialvalue

w as

used

at

th e

timeperiod

being

analyzed .

Currentresolutionw asbetterthan1percentofth ereported

values

for

5-min

exposures ,

betterthan1

iA/cm

2

fo r

1-day

exposures ,

andbetterthan

0 .1

to

0 .6

[iA/cm

2

forlonger

exposures ,

depend ing

onthe

numberofspec imens

in

test.Insome

cases ,data

averaging

or

curve

fitting

w as

used

toreduce

th e

quantity

of

data

hand l ed .

To

obtain

current

dens i t ie s ,

th ecurrent

vs .

time

plotswere

hand-fitted

with

smoothcurves

an dvaluespicked

off

at

the

appropriate

exposure

t imes,

normalizingforthenumberof

specimens

remainingin

te s tat

thatt ime.

Where

duplicate

spec imen

datawereavailable,a

compositecurve

w as

constructed.

In

some

cases ,

d ue

to

rapid

fluctuations,current

w as

numericallyintegrated overthe

exposure

period

of

interest

to

ge t

an

average

value.

Dep th

ofattackmeasurement sm a d e

on

somespec imens

after

th ete s tduration

werelinearly

e x-



14/90

THERMOCOUPLE

CONTROL30C

5

UTER/MIN

SEAWATER

NP

T

FEED

FILTER

SEAWATER

REC IRCULAT10N MAIN

ALUMINUMANKUMP

Cu

+

+

IO N

COLLECTORS

FLOWMETER

AND/OR

ORAF ICE

PLATE

OPT IONAL

KJ U*-.

I SCHARGE

^

ND

CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS

PORT

TI

I I I

WW

M E T E R

'

E

TO

POTENTIOSTATS

ANDDAS

Figure

4 . One f low ing

cel l

test

l oop .

FROM

MULTIMEDIA

FILTER

8

pm

FLOW

METER

REFRESHMENT

li ft' il llUI

i

50

GAL

ft

OVERFLOW

M

17

GAL

-+-ESS1E

< ~ W

^~

3

uwv*


15/90

trapolated

to

estimate

attack

depths

after

1 yr .

Corrosion

rates

reported

ar e

based

on metal

loss

andsurfacearea

and,

therefore,d onot

reflectlocalizationofcorrosion.

RESULTS

AND

DISCUSS ION

T he resultsofthisinvestigation

ar e

contained

in

thepolarizationcurves

in

Appen-

dixes

A

throughI.Detailed descriptionsof

the

behavior

ofeachmaterial,flow,typeof

polarization,exposureduration,scanrate,etc.,wouldbetoolengthytostate

here .

Some

generalresults

ar e

that

scan

rate

an d

pre-exposuretimehaveasignificanteffect

on

poten-

t iodynamicpolarization

behavior.

Exposuretimeha salargeeffectonpotentiostatic

polarization

behavior.T he polarizationcurrentusuallylevelsout

after

30day s

u nde r

quiescent

conditions,exceptat th emostnegativepotentialswhereth eassumed buildupof

calcareous

depositsallows

fo r

continued

current

decay,e v e nupto120days .U n d e r

quiescent

conditions,thecathodic

behavior

ofal l

materials

is

roughly

th e

same ,witha

constant

current

dens i tyofabout10

uA/cm

2

at

potentials

wel l

below

the

corrosion

poten-

tial

an dabove

approximately

-900

mV .

Flowing

potentiostatic

data

have

to omuch

scatter

tomakemany

conclusions

other

than

that

current

dens i t ie s

ar e

typically

significantly

higher

than

u nde r

quiescent

conditions.

None

of

the

potentiodynamic

curves,

even

those

after

a120-daypre-exposure,resemblethelong-term

potentiostatic

curvessufficiently

to

beused fo raccuratepredictionofgalvanicorcathodicprotectionbehavior.

Appendix

J

containscurvesshowingcorrosionratefrom

mass

loss,

normalized

to1

yr ,

of

each

material

except

Ti-50andAlloy625 ,

which

ha d

no

measurable

massloss

un -

d e r

quiescent

flowconditionsas afunctionof

exposure

timean dpotential.

AppendixKcontainsthesmoothed

120-day

potentiostaticpolarizationcurvesused

as boundaryconditionsfo ra

boundarye l emen tmode lof

a

16-m-long,

cathodically

pro-

tectedbarge

in

seawater .

15

Inthat

paper,

th epotential

and

currentdistributions predicted

by

theboundarye l ementmode laccuratelymatchedthosemeasuredonarealbarge.This

meansthatth ecurvesused

in

the

mode l

were

representativeofth elong-termperfor-

mance

of

the

materials

on

the

barge.

Anotherstudyw as

performed

on manyofthesame

materials

as thisstudybyFoster

and

Moores

at the

Defence

Research

Estab l i shment

Pacific

inCanada.

16

Thei rstudywas

conducted inwaterat9C for

time

periodsupto2,000day sexposure,althoughonly

data

up

to

8 00day swerereported.Potentials usedwereas lowas -1,100mVvs .Ag/AgCl .

O n l yaveragecurrentdens i t ie sove r

theentirete s twerereported.T h e s e

ar e

replotted

in

a

format

consistent

withthe

data

generated

inthisstudyin

Appendix

L .Fosterand

Moores'data

ar e

verysimilar

to

thelong-termpotentiostaticdatagenerated

here ,

but

their-1,100-mVspecimens usuallyha dsignificantlyhighercurrentdens i t ie sthanthe

-1,100-mV

spec imensfromthecurrent

study

reported

in

AppendixesA throughI.

ComparisonofHY-80

stee l

datafromthesestudiestoactualcathodicprotection

des igncurrentdens i ty

and

potentialrangesfo r

stee l

is

instructive.Des igndatafrom

N A C E

International,

5

technical

guidance

from

the

Naval

Se a

Sys tems

Command ,

6

an d

several

Norwegian

and

United

Kingdom

des ignguidel ines ,as

reported

byWyatt ,

17

are

showninAppend ixM .

While

al l

des ignguidel ines

recommend

protectionto-800

mV

vs .Ag/AgCl ,thedes igncurrentdens i t ie sused rangeovermorethan

an

ord e rofmagni-

tude,

centered

roughlyaround the

10-uA/cm

2

valuefromthes tee ldata

in

Appendix

A .

T he

data

in

Appendix

A are,therefore,consistentwithdes ignpractice.

CARDIVNSWC-TR-61

94/44


16/90

CONCLUSIONS

Noneof th epotentiodynamiccurvesresemblesthelong-termpotentiostaticcurves

sufficientlytobeused fo raccurate predictionofgalvanicor

cathodicprotectionbehavior.

Adequate

predictionrequiresth eus eoflong-term,

potentiostatically

der ived

polarization

curves.

Data

ar e

presented

that

have

be e n

successfully

usedtopredict

cathodic

protection

current

an d

potential

distribution

on

a

large

structure.

Data

from

this

study

ar e

in

agree-

mentwithdata

from

otherinvestigatorsan dwithcathodicprotectioncurrentdens i ty

de s ignguidel inesfromseveralcountries.

10 ARDIVNSWC-TR-61

94/44


17/90

REFERENCES

1 .

ACE

Corrosion

Engineer'sReferenceBook,R.S.Tresede r ,

Ed. ,

N A C E

Interna-

tional,Houston,

Tex.,

p.

62(1980) .

2.

aQu e ,

F.L.,

MarineCorrosion Causes

an d

Prevention,John

Wileyan d

Sons,

Inc.,

Ne wYork,

N.Y.,

p.

179

(1975) .

3.

ylor,

D.M. ,

an dH.P.

Hack,

Comparative

Galvanic

Corrosion

Effects

of

Noble

Metal s

on

Bronze

in

Seawater,

C O R R O S I O N / 8 2 ,

Paper

No.

61 ,

N A C EInterna-

tional,Houston,Tex.

(1982) .

4.ack,

H.P.,

and W.L.Adamson ,

Analys i s

of

Galvanic

Corrosion

B e t w e e n

a

T i-

tanium

C onden se r

an d

Copper-NickelPiping

Sys t em, CARDEROCKDIV,

NSWC

Report

4553

(Jan1976).

5.

Standard Recommended PracticeCorrosion

Control

ofSteel ,

FixedO ffshore

Platforms

Associated

WithPetroleumProduction,

Standard

RP0176 ,

N A C E

International,Houston,

Tex.

(1983) .

6.

aval

Ships'

TechnicalManual ,Chapter633,

Cathodic

Protection,

S9086-VF-STM-O10/CH-633,

Naval

Se aSys tems

Command ,

Crys tal

City,Va.

( D e c

1991) .

7 .

ack,

H.P,

GalvanicCorrosionPrediction

Us ingLong-TermPotentiostaticPo-

larization

Curves ,

C O R R O S I O N / 8 3 ,

PaperN o.7 3,

N A C E

International ,

Houston,

Tex.

(1983) .

8.

ack,H.P,

ExposureTimeEffectson

CurrentDens i t ie sofPolarizedMarine

Materials ,

C O R R O S I O N / 8 3 ,

Pape r

No.

210 ,

N A C E


Tex .

(1983) .

9.

cully,J.R.,and

H.P

Hack,

GalvanicCorrosion

PredictionUs ing

Longand

Short

Term

Polarization

Cu rve s , CORROSION/84 ,

PaperN o.

34 ,

N A C E

In -

ternational,

Houston,

Tex .

(1984) .

10.

cully,

J.R.,and

H.P.

Hack,

Effectof

Exposure

Timeon

th e

Polarization

Behav-

io rofMarine

AlloysU n d e rFlowing

an d

Qu ie sc en tCondit ions,

C O R R O S I O N / 8 5 ,

PaperN o.

214,

N A C E


Tex .

(1985) .

11 .

ack,

H.P,

and J.R.

Scully,

GalvanicCorrosionPrediction

UsingLong-and

Short-Term

Polarization

Curves , Corrosion,

Vol.

42,No.

2,pp.

79-90

(Feb

1986).

12 .

cully,

J.R.,H.P.

Hack,and

D.G.

Tipton, Effect

ofExposure

Time

onthePolar-

ization

Behavior

of

MarineAlloys

U n d e r

Flowingan d

Quiescent

Condit ions,

Corrosion,

Vo l

42 ,No.

8,

pp .

462-469

(Au g

1986).

13.Standard

Practice

forPreparing,

Cleaning,and

Evaluating

Corrosion

T e s tSpeci-

mens, Standard

Gl,

A S T M

Book

of

Standards,Vo l

03 .02 ,Philadelphia,

Pa

(1986) .

CARDIVNSWC-TR-61

94/44 1


18/90

14 .

Reference

Te s t

Method

for

Making

Potentiostatic

an dPotentiodynamic

Anod ic

Polarization

Measurement s , StandardG5 ,

A S T M

B o o k

ofStandards ,Vol

03 .02 ,

Philadelphia,

Pa

(1986) .

15 .

ack,H.P.,and

R.M.

Janeczko,

Verification

of theBoundary

Elemen t

Mode l -

lingTechnique

for

Cathodic

Protection

of

LargeShipStructures,

C A R D E R O C K D I V ,N S W CReportCARDIVNSWC-TR-6193/02

( D e c

1993).

16.

oster ,

T,

and J .G.

Moore s , CathodicProtection

CurrentDemandof

Various

Alloys

in

Se a

Water,

C O R R O S I O N / 8 6 ,

PaperN o.

295 ,N CE

International ,

Houston,Tex .(1986) .

17.

yatt,

B.S.,

CathodicProtection

Monitoring

an d

Survey

Requirements for

Off-

shore

Platforms

an dPipel ines:

Part

1, Anti-Corrosion( Jun1985) .

12

ARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44


19/90

APPENDIX

A

P O L A R I Z A T I O NCURVES

F R O M THISS T U D Y

FO R

HY-8 0STEEL

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APPENDIX

B

P O L A R I Z A T I O N

CURVES

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REPORT

DOCUMENTAT ION

PAGE

Form Approved

OMB

No.

0704-0188

Public

reporting

burden

for this

collection

of

information

sestimatedto

average

hourperresponse,

ncluding

the timefor

reviewing

instructions,

searching

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data

sources,

gathering

an d

maintaining

the dataneeded,an d

completing

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reviewing

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andto

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Paperwork

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0503.

1.

AGENCY

U SE ONLY

Leave

blank)

2 .

REPORT

DATE

April995

3 .

REPORT

TYPE

AND

DATES

COVERED

Final

4.

TITLE AND

SUBTITLE

Atlas

of

Polarization

Diagrams

fo r

Naval

Materials

in

Seawater

6.

AUTHOR(S)

HarveyP .

Hack

5. UNDINGNUMBERS

Program

Element

6276

IN

Task

AreaSF61541-591

WorkUnits1-2803-162;

1-2803-164

7 . ERFORMING ORGANIZATIONNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES)

Carderock

Division

Naval

Surface

Warfare

Center

Bethesda ,

M d .

20084-5000

8. ERFORMINGORGANIZATION

REPORTNUMB ER


9

SPONSORING/MONITORING GEN Y

NAME S) ND

ADDRESS ES)

O ffice

ofNaval

Research

800

N.QuincySt.

Arlington,Va.22217- 5000

10 . PONSORING/MONITORING

AGENCY

REPORT

NUMB ER

11.

UPPLEMENTARY

NOTES

12a .

ISTRIBUTION/AVAILAB IL ITYSTATEMENT

Approved

fo r

public

release;distribution

is

unlimited.

12b . ISTRIBUTION

CODE

13 .

ABSTRACTMaximum

200

words)

Polarization

curves

weredeve lopedin

seawater

at

low

(quiescent)

flow

andat2.4m/s

flow

fo r

nine

structural

alloys.

Potentiostaticallygenerated curves

for

upto120days

are

compared

with

potentiodynamically

generated

curves

at

four

scan

rates

with

freely

corroding

pre-exposures

of

1

or

120

days .Smoothed

curves

successfully

used

incomputer

mod e l

pre-

dictions

ofcathodic

protection

current

and

potential

distributions

are

also

presented .These

Atlas of Polarization Data

Documents

Transcript of Atlas of Polarization Data