Atlantic Slave Trade and Atlantic Slave Trade and the Columbian Exchangethe Columbian Exchange

World HistoryWorld History

Atlantic Slave TradeAtlantic Slave Trade

Slavery had existed for hundreds of years prior to Slavery had existed for hundreds of years prior to becoming an institution in N. America. becoming an institution in N. America.

As natives started dying off, the colonies looked to As natives started dying off, the colonies looked to Africa for slaves.Africa for slaves. Africans were not as vulnerable to Africans were not as vulnerable to disease, many had farmed before, and they had little disease, many had farmed before, and they had little knowledge of the land and no ties to the native tribes. knowledge of the land and no ties to the native tribes. In other words, there was nowhere they could hide. In other words, there was nowhere they could hide.

The buying and selling of Africans for work in the The buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas was called the Atlantic slave trade.Americas was called the Atlantic slave trade. Between 1500 and 1870, nearly 10 million Africans Between 1500 and 1870, nearly 10 million Africans were transported to the United States. were transported to the United States.

Atlantic Slave TradeAtlantic Slave Trade

Spain and Portugal were the early leaders in the slave Spain and Portugal were the early leaders in the slave trade. They were often brought to work on the sugar trade. They were often brought to work on the sugar plantations. plantations.

As more colonies grew, there was a greater demand for As more colonies grew, there was a greater demand for cheap labor.cheap labor. Sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations were Sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations were some of the areas that slaves worked in. some of the areas that slaves worked in.

Some African rulers even participated in the slave trade. Some African rulers even participated in the slave trade. Merchants would capture members of other tribes and Merchants would capture members of other tribes and sell them to Europeans. Leaders had been selling slaves sell them to Europeans. Leaders had been selling slaves to Muslim leaders and they saw no difference in selling to Muslim leaders and they saw no difference in selling them to Westerners. As profits grew, the slave trade them to Westerners. As profits grew, the slave trade grew also. grew also.

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

Transatlantic trading network.Transatlantic trading network. On one route, Europeans took goods to the On one route, Europeans took goods to the

west coast of Africa. They traded these goods west coast of Africa. They traded these goods for Africans.for Africans.

The Africans were then sold into slavery in the The Africans were then sold into slavery in the Americas. Americas.

Merchants would then bring back sugar, Merchants would then bring back sugar, coffee, and tobacco to Europe to sell. coffee, and tobacco to Europe to sell.

Middle PassageMiddle Passage

This was the voyage that took Africans from their This was the voyage that took Africans from their native country to the Americas. native country to the Americas.

Voyage was often cruel, with Africans packed into Voyage was often cruel, with Africans packed into unsanitary conditions in the lower decks of ships.unsanitary conditions in the lower decks of ships.

Hundreds would die along the way from disease or Hundreds would die along the way from disease or abuse from the ship’s crew. There are accounts of abuse from the ship’s crew. There are accounts of some committing suicide by jumping into the sea.some committing suicide by jumping into the sea.

Nearly 20% aboard each slave ship died en route to Nearly 20% aboard each slave ship died en route to America. America.

Middle PassageMiddle Passage

Slavery in AmericaSlavery in America

Upon arriving, they were immediately sold to Upon arriving, they were immediately sold to the highest bidder. the highest bidder.

Slavery was a horrible existence. Slavery was a horrible existence. They lived They lived on little food and worked extremely long on little food and worked extremely long hours. hours. They were in tight living conditions They were in tight living conditions without the common comforts of their owners.without the common comforts of their owners.

They were subject to regular beatings and They were subject to regular beatings and whippings.whippings.

Children of slaves were also considered slaves.Children of slaves were also considered slaves.

Consequences of Slave TradeConsequences of Slave Trade

Africa lost generations of its people.Africa lost generations of its people. Firearms were introduced into Africa, Firearms were introduced into Africa, which helped which helped

to spread conflict in the continent. to spread conflict in the continent. Many colonies would not have survived Many colonies would not have survived if not for the if not for the

labor provided by the slaves.labor provided by the slaves. African art, music, and food African art, music, and food have gone on to have gone on to

influence American society.influence American society. Many countries in Western Hemisphere now have Many countries in Western Hemisphere now have

substantial African-American populations.substantial African-American populations.

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange This is the global transfer of food, plants, and animals This is the global transfer of food, plants, and animals

during the colonization of the Americas.during the colonization of the Americas. Ships brought a large selection of items that many Ships brought a large selection of items that many

Europeans had never seen before such as Europeans had never seen before such as tomatoes, tomatoes, squash, pineapples, and tobacco.squash, pineapples, and tobacco.

Corn and potatoes Corn and potatoes were the most important because were the most important because they were inexpensive to grow and nutritious. they were inexpensive to grow and nutritious.

Europeans also introduced Europeans also introduced livestock to America such livestock to America such as as horses, cattle, and pigs and food such as yams, horses, cattle, and pigs and food such as yams, bananas, and black-eyed peas. bananas, and black-eyed peas.

Disease was also a large part of the Columbian Disease was also a large part of the Columbian exchange.exchange.

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange Growth in overseas trade led to the Growth in overseas trade led to the Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution. .

This was a new wave of business and trade practices in the 15This was a new wave of business and trade practices in the 15 thth and 16and 16thth centuries. centuries.

CapitalismCapitalism grew. This is an economic system based on grew. This is an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of wealth for profit. private ownership and the investment of wealth for profit.

Another business venture that developed was the Another business venture that developed was the joint-stock joint-stock companycompany. This was a number of people pooling their wealth . This was a number of people pooling their wealth for a common purpose. These helped established colonies. for a common purpose. These helped established colonies.

European nations adopted a policy of European nations adopted a policy of mercantilismmercantilism. This was . This was a theory that a country’s power depended on its wealth.a theory that a country’s power depended on its wealth. Thus, Thus, the goal of every European country was to get as much wealth the goal of every European country was to get as much wealth as possible. as possible.

Favorable balance of tradeFavorable balance of trade could increase wealth because could increase wealth because you were selling more goods than you bought. you were selling more goods than you bought.

Changes in European SocietyChanges in European Society

Commercial Revolution spurred the growth of Commercial Revolution spurred the growth of towns and the rise of the merchant class.towns and the rise of the merchant class.

Merchants rose in status because they Merchants rose in status because they controlled a lot of wealth.controlled a lot of wealth.

Commercial Revolution increased the wealth Commercial Revolution increased the wealth of European nations and the power of their of European nations and the power of their rulers more than anything else. rulers more than anything else.

The First ThanksgivingThe First Thanksgiving

BackgroundBackground

Pre-Columbian Native American population Pre-Columbian Native American population was 10-12 million.was 10-12 million.

As Europeans started to colonize, a plague As Europeans started to colonize, a plague swept through the country. swept through the country.

Smallpox, influenza, swine flu and other Smallpox, influenza, swine flu and other diseases decimated the Native population.diseases decimated the Native population.

BackgroundBackground King James had this to say about the plague- “Thanks to King James had this to say about the plague- “Thanks to

Almighty God in his great goodness and bounty towards us for Almighty God in his great goodness and bounty towards us for sending this wonderful plague among the savages.”sending this wonderful plague among the savages.”

In 1617, disease swept through the New England area, killing In 1617, disease swept through the New England area, killing 90-95% of the coastal population. 90-95% of the coastal population.

Disease helped to inspire the warm reception that the Pilgrims Disease helped to inspire the warm reception that the Pilgrims received. Villages were so weakened that they aligned with the received. Villages were so weakened that they aligned with the Pilgrims out of fear of other tribes. Pilgrims out of fear of other tribes.

Howard Simpson- “Villages lay in ruins because there was no Howard Simpson- “Villages lay in ruins because there was no one to tend them. The ground was strewn with the skulls and one to tend them. The ground was strewn with the skulls and bones of thousands of Indians who had died and none was left bones of thousands of Indians who had died and none was left to bury them.to bury them.

Why Plymouth?Why Plymouth? Mayflower was initially going to Jamestown.Mayflower was initially going to Jamestown. Only 35 out of the 102 passengers were Pilgrims seeking Only 35 out of the 102 passengers were Pilgrims seeking

religious freedom. The rest were people seeking fortune in the religious freedom. The rest were people seeking fortune in the Virginia tobacco farms. Virginia tobacco farms.

Some historians suggest that the Pilgrims may have misled the Some historians suggest that the Pilgrims may have misled the other passengers and went to the New England area on purpose. other passengers and went to the New England area on purpose. Other historians believe they had no real destination in mind. Other historians believe they had no real destination in mind.

What is true is that the Plymouth Company already had detailed What is true is that the Plymouth Company already had detailed descriptions of the area provided a couple years earlier by descriptions of the area provided a couple years earlier by Squanto, a member of the Wampanoag tribe. Squanto, a member of the Wampanoag tribe.

Fishing off of the New England coast was already being done so Fishing off of the New England coast was already being done so they knew that food was available to them.they knew that food was available to them.

The Pilgrims may have also wanted to avoid being under The Pilgrims may have also wanted to avoid being under Anglican control, since they had just left England for that very Anglican control, since they had just left England for that very reason. reason.

The Mayflower (re-creation)The Mayflower (re-creation)

Plymouth RockPlymouth Rock

Meeting the NativesMeeting the Natives Squanto was one of the first Natives to greet the Squanto was one of the first Natives to greet the

Pilgrims. His entire village was nearly wiped out by Pilgrims. His entire village was nearly wiped out by disease years earlier. disease years earlier.

His first impression of the Pilgrims was that they His first impression of the Pilgrims was that they smelled bad. He tried to get them to bathe, but they smelled bad. He tried to get them to bathe, but they wouldn’t listen.wouldn’t listen.

Squanto had learned English as a boy.Squanto had learned English as a boy. He was captured by an English captain in 1605 and He was captured by an English captain in 1605 and

spent 9 years in England before sailing back home.spent 9 years in England before sailing back home. He was kidnapped again in 1614 and sold into slavery He was kidnapped again in 1614 and sold into slavery

in Spain. Squanto escaped and made it to England, in Spain. Squanto escaped and made it to England, where he then took another trip back home. where he then took another trip back home.

The Natives Help OutThe Natives Help Out

The Pilgrims started receiving help the second day The Pilgrims started receiving help the second day they were in Plymouth. This is from a Pilgrim’s they were in Plymouth. This is from a Pilgrim’s journal: “We marched to the place we called Cornhill, journal: “We marched to the place we called Cornhill, where we had found the corn before. At another place where we had found the corn before. At another place we had seen before, we dug and found some more we had seen before, we dug and found some more corn…In all we had about ten bushels, which will be corn…In all we had about ten bushels, which will be enough to seed. It was with God’s help that we found enough to seed. It was with God’s help that we found this corn, for how else we could have done it, without this corn, for how else we could have done it, without meeting some Indians who might trouble us.”meeting some Indians who might trouble us.”

More Native HelpMore Native Help

““The next morning, we found a place like a The next morning, we found a place like a grave. We decided to dig it up. We found first grave. We decided to dig it up. We found first a mat, and under that a fine bow…We also a mat, and under that a fine bow…We also found bowls, trays, dishes, and things like that. found bowls, trays, dishes, and things like that. We took several of the prettiest things to carry We took several of the prettiest things to carry away with us, and covered the body up again.”away with us, and covered the body up again.”

What does that sound like?What does that sound like?

ThanksgivingThanksgiving

Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to plant corn, Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to plant corn, squash, and pumpkins. He also introduced them squash, and pumpkins. He also introduced them to the indigenous turkey, which we eat today. to the indigenous turkey, which we eat today.

Several days were set aside in the Fall of 1621 for Several days were set aside in the Fall of 1621 for feasting. This was the first Thanksgiving.feasting. This was the first Thanksgiving.

Some evidence suggests, however, that the Some evidence suggests, however, that the Spanish had a similar celebration starting in 1565 Spanish had a similar celebration starting in 1565 in St. Augustine, Florida. in St. Augustine, Florida.

First Thanksgiving MealFirst Thanksgiving Meal

VenisonVenison TurkeyTurkey FowlFowl FishFish CornCorn SquashSquash OnionsOnions PumpkinsPumpkins Had enough to feed 53 Pilgrims and 90 IndiansHad enough to feed 53 Pilgrims and 90 Indians

More Thanksgiving FactsMore Thanksgiving Facts Squanto died from a fever in 1622.Squanto died from a fever in 1622. Eastern Indians had actually observed an Autumnal Harvest Eastern Indians had actually observed an Autumnal Harvest

for centuries.for centuries. George Washington set aside several days for Thanksgiving George Washington set aside several days for Thanksgiving

starting in 1789, though it wasn’t a national holiday yet.starting in 1789, though it wasn’t a national holiday yet. Lincoln proclaimed it a national holiday in 1863. Why then?Lincoln proclaimed it a national holiday in 1863. Why then? Franklin Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving back a week in 1941 Franklin Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving back a week in 1941

in order to provide an economic boost.in order to provide an economic boost. The Pilgrims were not commonly known as Pilgrims until the The Pilgrims were not commonly known as Pilgrims until the

1870’s. 1870’s. The Pilgrims weren’t even included in the tradition until the The Pilgrims weren’t even included in the tradition until the

1890’s. 1890’s.

Thanksgiving TodayThanksgiving Today

Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade will Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade will celebrate it’s 80celebrate it’s 80thth anniversary this year. anniversary this year.

Takes place in New York City.Takes place in New York City.

Mr. Potato Head sneaks up on Mr. Potato Head sneaks up on unsuspecting New Yorkerunsuspecting New Yorker

Thanksgiving TodayThanksgiving Today

Thanksgiving week is one of the busiest travel Thanksgiving week is one of the busiest travel weeks of the year, behind only Christmas.weeks of the year, behind only Christmas.

78% of all workers in U.S. are off on 78% of all workers in U.S. are off on Thanksgiving.Thanksgiving.

Thanksgiving TravelThanksgiving Travel

Thanksgiving TodayThanksgiving Today

Thanksgiving Day football games have Thanksgiving Day football games have become an American tradition.become an American tradition.

Some families and friends play in their Some families and friends play in their backyard, while others watch the NFL on backyard, while others watch the NFL on television.television.

Detroit Lions have hosted a Thanksgiving Detroit Lions have hosted a Thanksgiving game every year since 1934.game every year since 1934.

Thanksgiving TodayThanksgiving Today

Day after Thanksgiving is the biggest Day after Thanksgiving is the biggest shopping day of the year. shopping day of the year.

Referred to as “Black Friday” because retailers Referred to as “Black Friday” because retailers get into the black (making a profit) in sales.get into the black (making a profit) in sales.

Retailers provide great deals as incentive to Retailers provide great deals as incentive to shoppers.shoppers.

175 million shoppers.175 million shoppers. $11 billion dollars spent.$11 billion dollars spent.

Black FridayBlack Friday

Have a Great Thanksgiving!Have a Great Thanksgiving!