Athena ‘Emer I’ Classic Lacebark Elmwebdoc.agsci.colostate.edu/bspm/Elm Cultivar Information...

Athena ‘Emer I’ Classic Lacebark Elm

Lineage

Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm, Lacebark elm, Drake elm). Also known as ‘Emerald Isle’.

PP7551

Introduced in 1989 (Dave’s Garden, 2011).

Tree Form

A medium-sized tree with a broad rounded canopy, often with a trunk that forks resulting in a vase

shape similar to that of the American elm (Floridata, updated 11/18/2010). Tree size, leaf size and

growth rate half of that of the American elm, and they are often planted as a single tree (Warren, 2000).

Height: 30 to 40 feet

Width: 35 to 45, up to 60 foot wide crown spread

(Delmar Learning, undated; UConn, undated))

Foliage

Dark green in summer, leathery, almost black; bronze to bronze-brown in fall (Cornell, undated). Leaves

simple, 1 to 2 inches long, but half as wide. Ovate, margins rounded to serrate (Delmar Learning,

undated). Late deciduous, almost evergreen in mild climates (Floridata, 2010).

Culture

NA

Disease and Insect Information

Literature (Dutch elm disease studies, insect resistance assessments, etc.):

Resistant to Dutch Elm Disease (DED), phloem necrosis and Elm Leaf Beetles (Delmar Learning, undated). It resists DED and shows very good performance under dry conditions (UConn, undated). Completely immune to Gypsy Moth, and only 10% of the leaf tissue was consumed by Japanese Beetle, the lowest of all the asian elms tested in a no-choice study (Paluch et al., 2006). When the Japanese Beetles were given a choice of species they did not feed on the U. parvifolia at all (Paluch et al., 2006). In an earlier similar study, U. parvifolia was the most resistant of all cultivars and hybrids to the Japanese Beetle (Miller et al., 1999). In Italy the tree was found by Mittempergher to have the lowest level of susceptibility to DED and Elm Leaf Beetle in natural infections (Mittempergher and Santini, 2004).

National Elm Trial:

In Kentucky in 2007, ‘Athena’ was tied for the third lowest level of defoliation by Japanese

beetle at only 15 percent (range was 2 to 87 percent) (Hartman et al., 2007).

Winter Hardiness USDA Zones 5 to 9

National Elm Trial:

In artificial freezing tests at the Morton Arboretum the LT50 (temp. at which 50% of tissues die) was

found to be -34 ⁰C (-29 ⁰F) (Shirazi and Ware, 2004). In Kentucky, ‘Athena’ suffered no shoot or leaf

freeze damage, nor any trunk or bark damage in 2007 (Hartman et al., 2007). Experienced greater

than 50% mortality during the first year of planting at the elm trial in Holbrook, Arizona (Elm

Plantation Study, 2008).

Literature

Elm Plantation Study. Updated 10 July 2008. Northern Arizona University, College of Engineering, Forestry & Natural Sciences: School of Forestry. Available at: http://www.for.nau.edu/cms/content/view/512/706/.

Hartman, J., E. Dixon, D. Potter, C. Brady, J. Edelen, J. Hart, and W. Fountain. 2007. National Elm

Trial-Kentucky Data, 2007. UK Nursery and Landscape Program Overview-2007. pp 35-6. Available at:

http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr554/pr554.pdf.

Mittempergher, L. and A. Santini. 2004. The history of elm breeding. Investigación agraria:

Sistemas y recursos forestales 13(1): 161-177. Available at: http://revistas.inia.es/index.php/fs/article/view/821/818.

Miller, F., S. Jerdan, and G. Ware. 1999. Feeding Preference of Adult Japanese Beetles

(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) for Asian Elm Species and Their Hybrids. Horticultural Entomology 92(2): 421-426.

Paluch, G., F. Miller, J. Zhu, and J. Coats. 2006. Influence of Elm Foliar Chemistry for the Host

Suitability of the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, and the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar. Journal of agricultural and urban

entomology 23(4): 209-223.

PlantFiles: Chinese Elm, Lacebark Elm; Ulmus parvifolia 'Athena'. Dave’s Garden. Available at: http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/89725/. Shirazi, A. M. & Ware, G. H. (2004). Evaluation of New Elms from China for Cold Hardiness in Northern

Latitudes. International Symposium on Asian Plant Diversity & Systematics 2004, Sakura, Japan.

Ulmus parvifolia ‘Athena’. Undated. Available at:

http://www.delmarlearning.com/companions/content/0766836347/pdf/Bridwell_455.pdf.

Ulmus parvifolia, Chinese Elm, Lacebark Elm, Ulmaceae. UConn Plant Database. Available at:

http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/u/ulmpar/ulmpar1.html.

Warren, K. 2000. The Return of the Elm; The Status of Elms in the

Nursery Industry in 2000. J. Frank Schmidt & Son Co. Available at:

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/warren/elm.htm

#837 Ulmus parvifolia. Updated 2010 November 18. Floridata.com. Available at:

http://www.floridata.com/ref/U/ulmu_par.cfm.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Arboretum

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LT50&action=edit&redlink=1

http://www.for.nau.edu/cms/content/view/512/706/

http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/89725/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan

http://www.delmarlearning.com/companions/content/0766836347/pdf/Bridwell_455.pdf

http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/u/ulmpar/ulmpar1.html

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/warren/elm.htm

Ulmus parvifolia ‘Emer II’ Allee® Elm

Lineage

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (Chinese Elm or Lacebark Elm)

U.S. Plant Patent #7552 issued June 11, 1991 (Missouri Botanical garden, 2011).

Originally produced by M.M. Glenn, J.H. Barbour, and M.A. Dirr in 1991. First published as “Emerald Vase”,

but later trademarked as “Allee”. Selected on the University of Georgia campus in Athens from a tree that

was planted circa 1910, was 80-90 years of age, and had a vase-shaped crown of 70 feet high by 59 feet

wide (Wikipedia, 2010).

Tree Form

Upright vase shape, dense canopy, arching, spreading form, some trees similar to that of Ulmus americana,

with upright-spreading branches, while others are broader than tall with broad-spreading branches.

Height: 60-70 feet

Width: 35-55 foot crown spread, or 50 to 65 feet wide

(Missouri Botanical Garden, 2011; Monrovia, 2011; Stadler Nursuries, 2011).

Foliage

Ovate-elliptic leaves to 2” long with serrate margins, acuminate tips and asymmetrical bases. Medium

green, glossy leaves, turning orange to rust red in the fall (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2011).

Culture

Produced from own root, and by tissue culture.



Highly resistant, but not immune, to Dutch Elm Disease. The Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola, was reported to have caused no defoliation in 1999, and only very slight defoliation in 2000 of ‘Allee’ (Elm Leaf, undated). Of the 24 U. parvifolia cultivars tested, ‘Allee’ was the only one with any damage at all (Elm Leaf, undated). Damage caused by the Japanese Beetle and by aphid pouch galls is relatively slight, but the damage by leafminers was moderate (Brady et al, 2008). According to the Missouri Botanical Garden Kemper Center for Home Gardening “ALLEE has excellent resistance to Dutch Elm Disease and Elm Leaf Beetle. It also has excellent resistance to leaf scorch, dieback symptoms and cold winter weather. Phloem necrosis, wetwood, various wilts, rots and cankers may occur. Insect visitors may include borers, leafminer, beetles, mealy bugs, caterpillars and scale” (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2010). Completely immune to Gypsy Moth, and only 10% of the leaf tissue was consumed by Japanese Beetle, the lowest of all the asian elms tested in a no-choice study (Paluch et al., 2006). When the Japanese Beetles were given a choice of species they did not feed on the U. parvifolia at all (Paluch et al., 2006). In an earlier similar study, U. parvifolia was the most resistant of all cultivars and hybrids to the Japanese Beetle (Miller et al., 1999). In Italy, the tree was found by Mittempergher to have the lowest level of susceptibility to Dutch Elm Disease and Elm Leaf Beetle in natural infections (Mittempergher and Santini, 2004).

National Elm Trial:

In Lexington, Kentucky, in 2007, “Emer II Allee’ exhibited the lowest amount of damage due to the Japanese Beetle at only 2 percent defoliation (Hartman et al., 2007).

Winter Hardiness USDA Zones 5 to 8 National Elm Trial:

In the elm trial at Northern Arizona University ‘Emer II’ (Allee) was apparently unable to survive the hot and

dry climate as over 50% of the trees planted sustained mortality within the first year of planting (Elm

Plantation Study, 2008). Likewise, at UC Davis, all five of their trees perished within the first year of

planting. Except for one ‘Frontier’ tree also perishing, these were the only trees that died (McPherson et

al., 2008). On the other hand, ‘Allee’ was able to withstand cold winter temperatures in Kentucky better

than other cultivars. It did have some trunk cracking occurring, but it did not have any shoot or leaf tissue

freeze damage in the trial there in 2007 (Hartman et al., 2007).

Literature

Allee® Chinese Elm; Ulmus parviflora 'Elmer II' P.P. 7552. 2011. Monrovia. Available at:

http://www.monrovia.com/plant-catalog/plants/368/allee-chinese-elm.php.

Allee Elm (Ulmus parvifolia). 2011. Stadler Nurseries. Available at:

http://www.stadlergardencenters.com/trees/index.php?tid=1041.

Brady, C., J. Condra and D. Potter. 2008. Resistance of Landscape-suitable Elm (Ulmus spp.)

Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners and Gall Makers. 2008 Research Report,

Nursery & Landscape Program. University of Kentucky. pp 15-16. Available at: http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr571/pr571.pdf.

Elm Leaf Beetle Survey. Undated. Sunshine Nursery & Arboretum. Available at: http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm.



Trial-Kentucky Data, 2007. UK Nursery and Landscape Program Overview-2007. pp 35-6.

Available at: http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr554/pr554.pdf.

McPherson, G., L. Costello, J. Harding, S. Dreistadt, M. L. Flint and S. Mezger. 2008. National elm

trial: Initial report from Northern California. Western Arborist, Fall 2009. pp. 32-36. Available at: http://gis.fs.fed.us/psw/programs/cufr/products/CUFR_780_Elm_trials_2009.pdf.


Sistemas y recursos forestales 13(1): 161-177. Available at: http://revistas.inia.es/index.php/fs/article/view/821/818.


(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) for Asian Elm Species and Their Hybrids. Horticultural Entomology 92(2): 421-426.


Suitability of the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, and the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar. Journal of agricultural and urban entomology 23(4): 209-223.

Santamour, Jr., F. S. and S. E. Bentz. 1985. Updated Checklist of Elm (Ulmus) Cultivars for use in

North America. Journal of Arboriculture 21(3): 122-131.

Ulmus parvifolia ‘Emer II’. Last updated 22 Aug 2010. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_'Emer_II'.

Ulmus parvifolia ‘Emer II’ ALLEE. 2011. Missouri Botanical Garden Kemper Center for Home

Gardening. Available at:

http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=D472.

http://gis.fs.fed.us/psw/programs/cufr/products/CUFR_780_Elm_trials_2009.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_'Emer_II

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica ‘JFS-Bieberich’ “Emerald Sunshine”™ Elm

Lineage

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica Rehd. Nakai (Japanese Elm) (formerly U. propinqua C.K. Schneid)

Originally from Sunshine Nursery in Clinton, Oklahoma and derived from seed collected in China

by proprietor Steve Bieberich (Emerald, 2010). Named after J. Frank Schmidt of J. Frank Schmidt

& Son, Co. nursery in Boring, Oregon, and for Bieberich (Wikipedia, 2011).

Tree Form

Vase-shaped, upright and symmetrical. Slow growth and low pruning requirement noted in

trees at UC Davis (McPherson et al., 2008).

Height: 30 feet

Width: 25 foot crown spread

Foliage

Deeply corrugated leaves. Leaves emerge coppery-bronze and mature to a deep glossy green. Yellow in the fall (Emerald-Ulmus, 2010).

Culture

Produced from budded Ulmus pumila rootstock.


Resistant to Dutch Elm Disease and Elm Yellows (Phloem necrosis). Heat and drought

tolerant, and adapts to a variety of growing conditions and pH levels (Emerald, 2010).

National Elm Trial:

U. davidiana was completely immune to Gypsy Moth, but eaten readily by the Japanese Beetle in a no-choice study (60% of leaf tissue removed) and when given a choice between species (Paluch et al., 2006). They were also used moderately by the leafminers Orchestes alni, and for aphid pouch galls (Brady et al., 2008). Conversely, minimal damage by beetles on trees in elm trials in Davis, California, and in Kentucky (McPherson et al., 2008; Brady et al., 2008; Hartman et al., 2007).

Winter Hardiness: USDA Zones 5 to 9

National Elm Trial: In Kentucky, Hartman and associates report tip burn but no freeze

damage to the trunk or bark of this tree (2007).

Literature

Brady, C., J. Condra, and D. Potter. 2008. Resistance of Landscape-suitable Elm (Ulmus spp.)

Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners, and Gall Makers. University of Kentucky: 2008 Research Report,

Nursery and Landscape Program. pp 15-16. Available at:


Emerald Sunshine Elm; Ulmus propinqua ‘JFS-Bieberich’. 2010. J. Frank Schmidt & Son, Co.

Available at: www.jfschmidt.com/pdfs/emeraldsunshineelm.pdf.

Emerald Sunshine Elm. 2010. J. Frank Schmidt & Son Co. Available

at: http://www.jfschmidt.com/emeraldsunshine/index.html.







Suitability of the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, and the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar. Journal of

agricultural and urban entomology 23(4): 209-223.

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica ‘JFS-Bieberich’. Last updated 26 April 2011. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_'JFS-Bieberich'.

http://www.jfschmidt.com/emeraldsunshine/index.html


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_'JFS-Bieberich

Everclear ‘BSNUPF’Lacebark Elm

Lineage

Ulmus parvifolia

Introduced by Bold Spring Nursery Inc. (Hunter, 2009)

Tree Form

‘Everclear’ has a distinctly narrow upright habit. Named for its ability to remain clear of power

lines, traffic, and buildings when planted on a street (L.E. Cooke Co, undated).

Height: 50 feet tall

Width: 15-20 foot wide crown

(Angel Creek Nursery, 2006)

Foliage Larger, darker green leaves than most lacebark elms, turning yellow in the fall (Angel Creek Nursery,

2006).

Culture

No information yet.



Completely immune to Gypsy Moth, and only 10% of the leaf tissue was consumed by Japanese Beetle, the lowest of all the asian elms tested in a no-choice study (Paluch et al., 2006). When the Japanese Beetles were given a choice of species they did not feed on the U. parvifolia at all (Paluch et al., 2006). In an earlier similar study, U. parvifolia was the most resistant of all cultivars and hybrids to the Japanese Beetle (Miller et al., 1999). In Italy the tree was found by Mittempergher to have the lowest level of susceptibility to DED and Elm Leaf Beetle in natural infections (Mittempergher and Santini, 2004).

National Elm Trial:

‘Everclear’ had the lowest amount of damage from Elm Leafminer along with “Prairie Expedition” in 2007 out of 18 cultivars being evaluated at Colorado State University (Cranshaw and Camper, 2007).

Winter Hardiness USDA Zones 4 to 9 (Hunter, 2009)

National Elm Trial:

In Kentucky, ‘Everclear’ suffered no shoot or leaf freeze damage, nor any trunk or bark damage in 2007

(Hartman et al., 2007).

Literature

Cranshaw, W. and M. Camper. 2007. NCERA-193 Maintaining Plant Health: Managing Insect

Pests and Diseases of Landscape Plants. 2007 State Report - Colorado/Entomology. Available at:

http://www.lgu.umd.edu/lgu_v2/homepages/attachs_Homepage/7876_CO%202007%20Report.doc.

Everclear Lacebark Elm.Ulmus parvifolia ‘BSNUPF’. Undated. L.E. Cooke Co. Available at:

http://www.lecooke.com/Images/Shades/Elm/Everclear_Elm(RGB).pdf

Everclear® Lacebark Elm (Ulmus parvifolia 'BSNUPF' pp17,655). 2006. Angel Creek Nursery, Inc.

Available at: http://www.angelcreeknursery.com/plantdetailtemplate.asp?PlantID=128.





(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) for Asian Elm Species and Their Hybrids. Horticultural Entomology 92(2): 421-

426.


Sistemas y recursos forestales 13(1): 161-177. Available at:

http://revistas.inia.es/index.php/fs/article/view/821/818.


Suitability of the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, and the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar. Journal of

agricultural and urban entomology 23(4): 209-223.

Ulmus parvifolia 'BSNUPF' Everclear (Everclear Lacebark Elm). 2009. Hunter Trees LLC. Available at: http://www.huntertrees.com/TreeDetail.aspx?var=1&id=26.

http://www.lgu.umd.edu/lgu_v2/homepages/attachs_Homepage/7876_CO%202007%20Report.doc

http://www.lecooke.com/Images/Shades/Elm/Everclear_Elm(RGB).pdf

http://www.angelcreeknursery.com/plantdetailtemplate.asp?PlantID=128

http://www.huntertrees.com/TreeDetail.aspx?var=1&id=26

Ulmus ‘Frontier’ Frontier Elm

Lineage

Ulmus carpinifolia Gleditsch. X Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (English Elm X Chinese Elm)

NA 55393; PI 536049

Originally developed from a controlled pollination in 1971 by Alden “Denny” M. Townsend of the

USDA National Arboretum. Released by the USDA in 1990 to nurseries for commerce (Townsend et

al., 1991).

Tree Form

Good vase shape in a small- to medium-sized tree. Single-trunked, symmetrical upright-pyramidal

instead of vase-shaped (Biggerstaff et al., 1999). Rapid-growing, with low pruning requirements in

California (Costello et al., 2004). Low maintenance requirement and excellent rating for storm

breakage reported in Minnesota, but considered slow growing there (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Height: 40 feet (26 feet at 19 years)

Width: 30 foot crown spread (15 foot at 19 years)

(Arboretum, 2002; Townsend et al., 1991)

Foliage

Lanceolate and doubly serrate, small leaves average 54 mm long and 32 mm wide (Townsend et al.,

1991). Emerging leaves are red, gradually changing to a glossy yellow-green in the summer, and an

unusual beautiful burgundy, or red-purple in the fall (Townsend et al., 1991).

Culture

Own root, softwood cutting. Roots easily from softwood cuttings under mist, 3000-8000 ppm IBA, in

3-5 weeks (Arboretum, 2002).



High degree of resistance to Dutch elm disease (Costello et al., 2004). Frontier elms were grown for

seven years alongside hundreds of elm yellows-infected trees in Delaware, Ohio, without showing

any signs of infection (Townsend et al., 1991). ‘Frontier’ also showed high tolerance to elm yellows in

New York (Sinclair et al., 2000).

National Elm Trial:

Moderate resistance to the Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola, with 10 percent of foliar damage

at UC Davis demonstrated (Costello et al., 2004; McPherson et al.,2008). In Holbrook, Arizona in

1996-2001, however, it fared better against the Elm Leaf Beetle, Pyrhalta luteola, and was only

defoliated 1.5 +/- 1.8 percent. It was also clearly not preferred by the beetle for eggs laying sites in

that study (Bosu et al., 2007). In Kentucky, in 2007, it was only minimally defoliated by the Japanese

Beetle at 13% (Hartman et al., 2007). In Minnesota, it is considered to have good DED resistance, but

only fair insect resistance (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Winter Hardiness USDA Zones 5 – 8 National Elm Trial:

Is known to have sustained winter damage annually in the elm trial conducted by the University of

Minnesota at St. Paul in the form of severe twig dieback (Giblin and Gillman, 2010; Townsend et al.,

1991). Likewise, in Kentucky, it did not have any trunk or bark damage, but the shoots and leaves

were dead after a freeze in April there (Hartman et al., 2007). In trials in eastern Arizona however, it

was found to have the highest tolerance of the hot and arid climate, as evidenced by minimal leaf

scorch (Elm Plantation Study, 2008).

Literature

Biggerstaff, C., J. K. Iles, and M. L. Gleason. 1999. Sustainable Urban Landscapes. Dutch Elm

Disease and Disease-Resistant Elms. Iowa State University, University Extension.

Available at: http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/SUL4.pdf.

Bosu, P. P., F. Miller, and M. R. Wagner. 2007. Susceptibility of 32 Elm Species and Hybrids

(Ulmus spp.) to the Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Under Field Conditions

in Arizona. Journal of Economical Entomology 100(6): 1808-1814.

Costello, L. R., S. R. Scott, and C. M. Drake. 2004. A 10-Year Evaluation of the Performance of

Four Elm Cultivars in California, U.S. Journal of Arboriculture 30(2): March 2004.


Giblin, C. P. & J. H. Gillman. April-May 2010. DED Resistant Elms for the Urban Forest. N.E.W.

Horticulture Newsletter. Volume 33(2): 1-2, 10-14. Available at: http://dnr.wi.gov/forestry/UF/resources/Insider/pdf/NEWHortAprilMay2010.pdf.






Sinclair, W. A., A. M. Townsend, H. M. Griffiths, T. H. Whitlow. 2000. Responses of six Eurasian

Ulmus cultivars to a North American elm yellows phytoplasma. Plant Disease 84(12): 1266-1270.

Townsend, A. M., L. R. Schreiber, W. O. Masters, and S. E. Bentz. 1991. ‘Frontier’ Elm.

Horticulture Science 26(1): 80-81.

Ulmus ‘Frontier’. Updated 14 January 2002. U.S. National Arboretum.

Available at: http://www.usna.usda.gov/Newintro/frontie1.html.



Ulmus ‘Homestead’ Homestead Elm

Lineage

Ulmus glabra Huds. X Ulmus carpinifolia Gled. X Ulmus pumila L. (Wych Elm X English Elm X Siberian

Elm)

Originally produced by Alden “Denny” M. Townsend of the USDA National Arboretum in Delaware,

Ohio. Released to commerce in 1984 (Wanninger, Undated).

Tree Form

Very upright growth, unlike the American elm (Giblin and Gillman, 2010). Had the most upright

growth form of trees in the national trial in Arizona also (Elm Plantation Study, 2008). Fast-growing,

forming a pyramidal to oval crown with arching branches (Biggerstaff et al., 1999).

Height: 55 feet

Width: 35 foot spread crown (North American Hybrid Elms, undated) Foliage: Leaves < 7 centimeters long by 3.5 cm wide. Dark green in the summer, straw golden yellow in the fall

(Biggerstaff et al., 1999).

Culture:

Produced from softwood cutting or from hardwood cuttings taken in February, placed in a 50:50 vermiculite/perlite mixture and kept at a bottom heat of 18 ⁰C (Wikipedia, 2010). Disease and Insect Information: Literature (Dutch elm disease studies, insect resistance assessments, etc.): 'Homestead' has a high resistance to Dutch Elm Disease (DED), but can be heavily to severely damaged by the Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola, and by the Japanese Beetle (Elm Leaf, Undated; Brady et al., 2008). It was also heavily used by leafminers (Brady et al., 2008). 'Homestead' appears highly resistant to Elm Yellows with zero out of 14 inoculated trees infected (Sinclair et al., 2000). A study in Arizona in 1996-2001 showed the ‘Homestead’ to be the most heavily defoliated tree by the Elm Leaf Beetle of the trees tested (46.3 +/- 2.0% average). The tree was tied for third for number of eggs laid on it by the beetle, but was first for the mean number of larvae on it (Bosu et al., 2007).

National Elm Trial:

In Lexington, Kentucky, in 2007, “Homestead’ exhibited the highest amount of damage due to the Japanese Beetle, at 87 percent defoliation (range was 2 to 87%) (Hartman et al., 2007). It was one of the favored trees for Elm Leaf Beetle at Minnesota, although resistance to DED is rated as good (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthogaleruca_luteola

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Beetle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_Yellows

Winter Hardiness:

USDA Zones 5 through 8

National Elm Trial:

Experienced a high degree of tip and branch mortality (approached or exceeded 50%) in the trials in

northern Arizona (Elm Plantation Study, 2008). Likewise, the shoots and leaves died in Kentucky in an

April freeze, as well as small cracks in the trunks formed (Hartman et al., 2007). The trees at the

University of Minnesota were affected by sunscald and cambial damage during the winter of 2000-

2001, but the trees did not appear to be adversely affected in the long run, and were touted as being

“quite tough and vigorous” (Giblin and Gillman, 2006).

Literature:

Biggerstaff, C., J. K. Iles, and M. L. Gleason. January 1999. Sustainable Urban Landscapes. Dutch Elm Disease and Disease-Resistant Elms. Iowa State University, University Extension. DED_SUL4_IowaStateUniv.pdf.





Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners, and Gall Makers. University of Kentucky: 2008 Research Report, Nursery and Landscape Program. pp 15-16.


Elm Leaf Beetle Survey. Undated. Sunshine Nursery and Arboretum. Available at:

http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm.







Homestead Elm. 2009. The Morton Arboretum. Available at: http://www.mortonarb.org/tree-

plant-advice/article/16811/homestead-elm.html.

North American Hybrid Elms. Undated. Midwest Gardening. Available at:

http://www.midwestgardentips.com/north_american_hybrid_elms.html.

Sinclair, W. A., A. M. Townsend, H. M. Griffiths, and T. H. Whitlow. 2000. Responses of six

Eurasian Ulmus Cultivars to a North American Elm Yellows Phytoplasma. Plant Disease 84:1266-1270.

Ulmus ‘Homestead’. Last updated 25 Nov 2010. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_'Homestead'.

Wanninger, D. Undated. Dutch Elm Disease Resistant Elms for the Northern Midwest. Beaver

Creek Nursery. Available at: http://www.northerngreenexpo.org/files/2011SessionHandouts/Wednesday/DEDResistantElms_Wanninger.pdf.

Warren, K. 2000. The Return of the Elm. The Status of Elms in the Nursery Industry in 2000. J.

Frank Schmidt & Son Co. Boring, Oregon. Available at: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/warren/elm.htm


http://www.midwestgardentips.com/north_american_hybrid_elms.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_'Homestead

http://www.northerngreenexpo.org/files/2011SessionHandouts/Wednesday/DEDResistantElms_Wanninger.pdf

Ulmus americana ‘Jefferson’ American Elm

Lineage

Ulmus americana (American Elm)

NA 62001, NPS 3-487, PI 635109

Originally selected and evaluated for disease tolerance by H. V. Wester and James L. Sherald of the

National Park Service. It was cloned in 1993 from a tree planted in the 1930s on the National Mall in

Washington, D.C. which remains unscathed by Dutch elm disease (Flores, 2006). It was believed to be a

triploid hybrid between a tetraploid American elm and an unknown diploid other parent, but a study in

2004 by the U.S. National Arboretum found that the cultivar is in fact a tetraploid like all other American

elms, and is a true American elm (Pooler and Townsend, 2005). Released to commerce jointly by Alden

“Denny” M. Townsend of the U.S. National Arboretum Agricultural Research Service and by James L.

Sherald of the National Park Service, in 2005 (St. John and Lawler, 2005).

Tree Form

Has broad U-shaped branch unions rather than narrower V-shaped ones (American Elm,

undated). Has an expansive low and spreading umbrella-shaped crown with arching limbs (St.

John and Lawler, 2005). Fast growing.

Height: 50 feet

Width: 50 foot spread crown

(Elms, undated)

Foliage:

Leaves average 106 millimeters long by 59 millimeters wide. In the summer the leaves turn dark

green earlier in spring than most other elms (American Elm, undated). Leaves stay dark later in

the fall than most other elms before turning yellow (St. John and Lawler, 2005).

Culture:

Is readily propagated by softwood cuttings, of which 90% rooting within 10 weeks (St. John and

Lawler, 2005).

Disease and Insect Information:


Although not completely immune to Dutch Elm Disease, it has an unusually high level of disease

tolerance to both species of fungus which cause the disease (St. John and Lawler, 2005). The

species as a whole is more susceptible to Verticillium wilt as measured by stem elongation than

the Japanese elm, and especially more than the Siberian elm, when inoculated with Verticillium

albo-atrum (Rauscher et al., 1974).

National Elm Trial:

It is also very resistant to the Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola. Moderately defoliated

(33 percent) by the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica (Hartman et al., 2007).

Winter Hardiness:

USDA Zones 4 through 7

National Elm Trial:

Along with ‘New Harmony’, ‘Prairie Expedition’, and the lacebark elms ‘Athena’ and ‘Everclear’,

‘Jefferson’ had no shoot or leaf damage, nor any trunk or bark damage from a spring freeze in

Kentucky (Hartman et al., 2007).

Literature:

American Elm. Undated. Midwest Gardening. Available at:

http://www.midwestgardentips.com/american_elm.html.

Dutch elm disease update. June 2006. Agricultural Research Magazine. USDA Agricultural

Research Service. Vol 54, No. 6 Available at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jun06/elm0606.pdf.

Elms. Undated. Sunshine Nursery & Arboretum. Available at:

http://www.sunshinenursery.com/elms.htm.

Flores, A. 13 June 2006. Jefferson Trees Resistant to Dutch Elm Disease. USDA Agricultural

Research Service. News and Events. Available at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/IS/pr/2006/060613.htm.




Pooler, M. R. and A. M. Townsend. 2005. DNA Fingerprinting of Clones and Hybrids of American

Elm and Other Elm Species with AFLP Markers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23(3): 113-117.

Rauscher, K. J., D. T. Lester, and E. B. Smalley. 1974. Response of Elm Species and Clones to

Inoculation with Verticillium albo-atrum. Phytopathology 64: 702-705. Available at:

http://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1974Articl

es/Phyto64n05_702.pdf.



St. John, J. B. and J. M. Lawler. 2005. Notice to Nurserymen Relative to Release of Jefferson,

American Elm Cultivar. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research

Service and United States Department of Interior National Park Service, Nation Capital Region.

Ulmus Americana ‘Jefferson’. Updated 2 July 2010. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_americana_'Jefferson'.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popillia_japonica

http://www.midwestgardentips.com/american_elm.html

http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jun06/elm0606.pdf

http://www.sunshinenursery.com/elms.htm


Ulmus ‘Morton’ Accolade® Elm

Lineage

Ulmus japonica (Rehder) Sarg. X Ulmus wilsoniana C.K. Schneid. (Japanese Elm X Wilson Elm)

Produced by a hybrid tree planted at the Morton Arboretum in Lisle, Illinois, in 1924, which was grown

from a seed collected from a tree at the Arnold Arboretum in Massachusetts (Accolade Elm, 2002).

'Morton' (Accolade) has been crossed with the hybrid cultivar 'Morton Plainsman' (Vanguard). A selection of the resultant seedlings was marketed under the name 'Charisma', later changed to 'Morton Glossy' (Triumph) (Wikipedia, 2011).

Tree Form

Vase shaped with upright arching limbs, very similar to American elm but smaller and more upright

(Giblin and Gillman, 2010). Of 37 species and cultivars growing at Michigan State University, Morton

Accolade was among the most vigorous and robust with “outstanding” growth (Cregg, 2009).

Height: 50-70 feet (40 feet at 20 years)

Width: 40-50 foot spread crown

(Miller, 2002)

Foliage

The leaves of the ‘Morton’ are markedly smaller than those of American elms, and rarely exceed 8 cm in length (Wikipedia, 2011). In summer the leaves are dark green and glossy; yellow in the fall (Accolade Elm, 2009). Culture Produced from budded Ulmus pumila rootstock. Disease and Insect Information Literature (Dutch elm disease studies, insect resistance assessments, etc.):

In its 80+ years, the original tree at Morton Arboretum has survived three epidemics of Dutch Elm Disease unscathed (Ware, 1992). 'Morton' has also proved to be highly resistant to Elm Yellows and the Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola, but not to the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, which can cause extensive foliar damage (53% +/- 4.5% of leaf tissue consumed) (Brady et al., 2008; McPherson et al., 2008; Miller et al., 1999). It is susceptible to phloem necrosis which is a viral disease that attacks the food-conducting tissue of the tree, usually resulting in a loosening of the bark, wilting, defoliation and death. It is also susceptible to wetwood which is a bacterial disease that results in wilting and dieback. Various wilts, rots, cankers and leaf spots may also occur. Insect visitors include borers, leafminer, beetles, mealy bugs, caterpillars and scale (Accolade, 2010).

National Elm Trial:

Tied with Prairie Expedition for the second-most defoliated cultivar by Japanese beetles in Kentucky at 73%. (In first place was Homestead at 87%) (Hartman et al., 2007). Two trees included in trials at the University of Minnesota were found to be afflicted by DED in 2004, although one appears to have

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Morton_Plainsman%27

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Morton_Glossy%27

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Morton_Glossy%27

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Elm_Disease

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Elm_Disease




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota

recovered completely and is growing with “incredible vigor”(Giblin and Gillman, 2010). “Excellent” insect resistance overall (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Winter Hardiness USDA Zone 4b to 9

National Elm Trial:

In artificial freezing tests at the Morton Arboretum the LT50 (temp. at which 50% of tissues die) was

found to be - 35.5 °C (Shirazi and Ware, 2004). Had dead shoots and leaves as well as cracks in the trunks

of trees in Kentucky from freezing, but has done “excellent” in winter hardiness tests in the Twin Cities

area (Hartman et al., 2007; Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Literature

Accolade™ Elm. 2002. Chicagoland Grows, Inc. Plant Introduction Program – Plant Bulletin #11.

Available at: http://www.chicagolandgrows.org/downloads/accoladeelm.pdf.

Accolade™ Elm. 2009. The Morton Arboretum. Available at:

http://www.mortonarb.org/component/content/article/96/15327.html.

Brady, C., J. Condra, & D. Potter. 2008. Resistance of Landscape-suitable Elm (Ulmus spp.) Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners, and Gall Makers. 2008 Research Report, Nursery & Landscape Program. pp 15, 16. University of Kentucky.

Cregg, B. 2009. Thinking of Ash Alternatives? Don’t forget about elms. Michigan State

University. Landscape news from MSU to you. May 29, 2009. Available at: http://ipmnews.msu.edu/landscape/Landscape/tabid/92/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/406/Thinking-of-ash-alternatives-Dont-forget-about-elms.aspx.







trial: Initial report from Northern California. Western Arborist, Fall 2009. pp 32-36. Available at:

http://gis.fs.fed.us/psw/programs/cufr/products/CUFR_780_Elm_trials_2009.pdf.

Miller, F. 2002. New Elms for the Landscape and Urban Forest. Available at:

http://www.mortonarb.org/images/stories/pdf/our_work/New_Elms.pdf.

Miller, F. , S. Jerdan, and G. Ware. 1999. Feeding Preference of Adult Japanese Beetles

(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) for Asian Elm Species and Their Hybrids. Journal of Economic Entomology 92(2): 421-426.

Shirazi, A. M., and G. H. Ware. 2004. Evaluation of New Elms from China for Cold Hardiness in

Northern Latitudes. International Symposium on Asian Plant Diversity & Systematics 2004, Sakura, Japan.

Ulmus ‘Morton’. Updated 12 Apr 2011. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_'Morton'.

Ulmus ‘Morton’ Accolade. 2010. Missouri Botanical Garden, Kemper Center for Home

Gardening. Available at: http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=D469.

Ware, G. Morton Arb. Quarterly (Seasons?), 28(1): 1-5, 1992.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius

http://www.chicagolandgrows.org/downloads/accoladeelm.pdf

http://www.mortonarb.org/component/content/article/96/15327.html


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_'Morton

http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=D469

Ulmus ‘Morton Glossy’ Triumph™ Elm

Lineage

Ulmus pumila X Ulmus japonica X Ulmus wilsoniana (Siberian Elm X Japanese Elm X Wilson Elm)

‘Triumph’ is the result of a controlled cross of ‘Morton Plainsman’ Vanguard elm, with ‘Morton’ Accolade

elm by Dr. George Ware at the Morton Arboretum. It was originally called ‘Charisma’ until it was discovered

that name had already been registered for another plant (Wikipedia, 2010). ‘Morton Glossy’ is the second

‘Morton’ released commercially from the Arboretum via the Chicagoland Grows program, after ‘Accolade’

(Triumph™ Elm, 2004). The program was initiated in 1988 by the Chicago Botanic Garden and is also

governed by the Morton Arboretum and the Ornamental Growers Association of Northern Illinois

(Chicagoland Grows, undated).

Tree Form

'Morton Glossy' (Triumph) has been promoted in the USA as "strong and symmetrical" in growth and habit,

and attractive as both a small and large tree with softly arching branches (Triumph™ Elm, 2004). However,

its performance in the southern United States has not impressed, and it was dismissed, along with 'Morton

Stalwart' and 'Morton Plainsman' as "ugly" by Michael Dirr, Professor of Horticulture at the University of

Georgia, on account of its "wild" growth and splaying branches, a judgment confirmed by trials in the UK

(Wikipedia, 2011).

Height: 50 to 60 feet (30 feet at 20 years)

Width: 40 to 50 foot spread crown (15 feet wide at 20 years)

(Triumph™ Elm, 2004)

Foliage

The leaves are large leaves at < 10 centimeters long by 5 centimeters wide. Rough upper surfaces and finely

toothed margins (Wikipedia, 2010). Deep green, highly glossy leaves in the summer, yellow in the fall

(Miller, 2002).

Culture



Literature (Dutch elm disease studies, insect resistance assessments, etc.): Resistant to Dutch Elm Disease and Elm Yellows (Triumph™ Elm, 2004). Mixed results with beetles have occurred, however. Moderately preferred over other elms by the Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola, and the Japanese Beetle, but has very low suitability for spring and fall Cankerworm and Gypsy Moth (McPherson et al., 2008; Brady et al., 2008; Miller, 2002). Experienced 43% +/- 5.2% leaf tissue consumed by the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, in a study in 1999 (Miller et al., 1999). A study in 2007 showed it to be in the top six of preferred trees by the Elm Leaf Beetle (Bosu et al., 2007). On the other hand, Miller et al. (1999) found ‘Morton Glossy’ to be only moderately defoliated (17.8 +/- 3.1%) by the Japanese Beetle, and only lightly (11-33%) defoliated by the Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (2001). Moderately used for aphid pouch galls and by leafminers, Orchestes alni (Brady et al., 2008).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dirr

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK

National Elm Trial:

Hartman and associates found it to be 60% defoliated by the Japanese Beetle in the elm trial in Kentucky

(2007). Has very good Dutch Elm Disease resistance, but only fair insect resistance (Giblin and Gillman,

2010).

Winter Hardiness

USDA Zones 5 (or 4) to 9

National Elm Trial:

'Morton Glossy' is very cold-hardy; in artificial freezing tests the LT50 (temp. at which 50% of tissues die)

was found to be - 40 °C (Shirazi and Ware, 2004). In Kentucky however, there was no trunk cracking, but

there was leaf and shoot death from freezing (Hartman et al., 2007). Excellent hardiness reported for

Minnesota (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Literature





Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners, and Gall Makers. University of Kentucky: 2008 Research Report, Nursery and Landscape Program. pp 15-16. Available

at: http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr571/pr571.pdf.

Chicagoland Grows Triumph™ Elm. Undated. Available at:

http://www.chicagolandgrows.org/trees/triumphelm.php/.












Miller, F, and G. Ware. 2001. Feeding and Ovipositional Responses of Adult Elm Leaf Beetle

(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Simple and Complex Asian Elm Hybrid Selections. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19(3): 128-131. Available at:

http://www.hriresearch.org/docs/publications/JEH/JEH_2001/JEH_2001_19_3/JEH%2019-3-128-131.pdf.



Taylor, R. L. Undated. Chicagoland Grows – a Program of Plant Introduction. Available at:

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria07/m71.pdf.

Triumph™ Elm. 2004. Chicagoland Grows, Inc. Plant Introduction Program – Plant Release

Bulletin 17. Available at: http://www.chicagolandgrows.org/downloads/triumphelm.pdf.

Ulmus ‘Morton Glossy’. Last updated 30 Mar 2011. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_'Morton_Glossy'.



http://www.chicagolandgrows.org/trees/triumphelm.php/


http://www.hriresearch.org/docs/publications/JEH/JEH_2001/JEH_2001_19_3/JEH%2019-3-128-131.pdf

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria07/m71.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_'Morton_Glossy

Ulmus ‘Morton Plainsman’ Vanguard™ Elm

Lineage

Ulmus pumila L. X Ulmus japonica (Rehder) Sarg. (Siberian Elm X Japanese Elm)

Originally released via the Chicagoland Grows program (Vanguard, 2009). The program was

initiated in 1988 by the Chicago Botanic Garden and is also governed by the Morton Arboretum

and the Ornamental Growers Association of Northern Illinois (Taylor, undated).

Tree Form

Rounded to vase-shaped. In trials at the University of Minnesota, 'Morton Plainsman' was

found to have a fairly upright form (Giblin and Gillman, 2010). Fast vigorous growth (Vanguard,

2009; Giblin and Gillman, 2010). However, its performance in the southern United States has

not impressed, and it was dismissed, along with 'Morton Stalwart' (Commendation) and

'Morton Glossy' (Triumph), as "ugly" by Michael Dirr, Professor of Horticulture at the University

of Georgia, on account of its "wild" growth and splaying branches (Wikipedia, 2011). In

Minnesota, ‘Morton Plainsman’ was found to form co-dominant leaders when young, and it

requires a lot of maintenance to establish and maintain strong central leaders (Giblin and

Gillman, 2010).

Height: 45-50 feet

Width: 45 foot spread

Foliage

Similar to that of American elm in size and color (Giblin and Gillman, 2010). Waxy, lustrous

green leaves in the summer and yellow in the fall (Vanguard, 2009).

Culture

Produced from budded Ulmus pumila rootstock. Disease and Insect Information

Although resistant to Dutch Elm Disease, 'Morton Plainsman' remains very susceptible to pests such as the Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola, the Japanese Beetle, aphid pouch galls and to leafminers (McPherson et al., 2008; Brady et al., 2008). Was shown to have moderate defoliation (30% +/- 4.0%) by the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, in a study in 1999 (Miller et al., 1999).

National Elm Trial:

In Kentucky, ‘Plainsman’ was defoliated 71% by the Japanese Beetle, fourth highest of cultivars tested (range was 2 to 87%) (Hartman et al., 2007). In Minnesota, the tree has had some


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dirr





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_beetle

problems with foliar leaf diseases in the spring, but had very good Dutch Elm Disease resistance (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Winter Hardiness: USDA Zones 4 to 9

National Elm Trial:

Has a high degree of drought and cold tolerance making it particularly suitable for afforestation

in the Great Plains (Miller, 2002). In artificial freezing tests at the Morton Arboretum the LT50

(temp. at which 50% of tissues die) was found to be - 40 °C (Shirazi and Ware, 2004). In

Kentucky, death of shoots and leaves occurred from freezing, as well as significant trunk

cracking, whereas in Minnesota, the tree was considered to have excellent hardiness (Hartman

et al., 2007; Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Literature


Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners, and Gall Makers. University of Kentucky: 2008 Research Report, Nursery

and Landscape Program. pp 15-16. Available at: http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr571/pr571.pdf.


Horticulture Newsletter. Volume 33(2): 1-2, 10-14. Available at:

http://dnr.wi.gov/forestry/UF/resources/Insider/pdf/NEWHortAprilMay2010.pdf.








Miller, F, S. Jerdan, and G. Ware. 1999. Feeding Preference of Adult Japanese Beetles




Taylor, R. L. Undated. Chicagoland Grows – a Program of Plant Introduction. Available at:

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria07/m71.pdf.

Ulmus ‘Morton Plainsman’. Last updated 30 March 2011. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_'Morton_Plainsman'.

Vanguard™ Elm. 2009. The Morton Arboretum. Available at:


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains



http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr571/pr571.pdf


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_'Morton_Plainsman

Ulmus ‘Morton Red Tip’ (Danada Charm™) Elm

Lineage

Ulmus japonica-Ulmus wilsoniana (Japanese Elm X Japanese Elm) X Ulmus pumila

Originally released by the Morton Arboretum (Wanninger, Undated). Promoted by the

Chicagoland Grows program (Danada Charm™, 2009). Named for Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice, who

helped sponsor the elm breeding program at the Morton Arboretum (Wikipedia, 2011).

Tree Form

Upright pyramidal to rounded habit (Wanninger, Undated). Graceful vase shape with long

arching limbs. Vigorous grower (Danada Charm™, 2009). Reported to be the fastest grower at

the University of Minnesota nursery (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Height: 60-70 feet

Width: 50-60 foot spread

Foliage Attractive emerging red foliage changing to green in the summer, then to yellow in the fall

(Danada Charm™, 2009).

Culture




Unfortunately the Danada Charm is highly preferred by the Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca

luteola, and Gypsy Moth (McPherson et al., 2008; Miller, 2002). Only “lightly” defoliated (29%

+/- 4.3%) by Japanese Beetles, Popillia japonica (Miller et al., 1999). Two years later however,

Miller and Ware may have witnessed a higher defoliation rate of the cultivar by the Elm Leaf

Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola. They placed the tree into a moderate defoliation category

which spanned from 34 to 66% defoliation (2001). For Hartman and associates, Japanese

Beetles defoliated the cultivar a moderate amount at 43 percent on average (2007).

Moderately susceptible to Japanese Beetle, aphid pouch galls and to leafminers (Brady et al.,

2008). Highly resistant to Dutch Elm Disease (Danada Charm™, 2009).

National Elm Trial:




At the trials at Minnesota, ‘Danada Charm’ has had very good Dutch Elm Disease resistance, but

only fair insect resistance, and high maintenance requirement (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Winter Hardiness

USDA Zones 4 to 9

National Elm Trial:

In artificial freezing tests the LT50 (temp. at which 50% of tissues die) was found to be -31 °C

(Shirazi and Ware, 2004), however at the University of Kentucky ‘Red Tip’ trees did have tissues

freeze and die as well as cracks forming in the trunks (Hartman et al., 2007).

Literature


Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners, and Gall Makers. University of Kentucky: 2008 Research Report, Nursery and Landscape

Program. pp 15-16. Available at: http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr571/pr571.pdf.

Danada Charm™ Elm. 2009. The Morton Arboretum. Available at:












Miller, F, S. Jerdan, and G. Ware. 1999. Feeding Preference of Adult Japanese Beetles






Ulmus ‘Morton Red Tip’. Updated 30 March 2011. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_'Morton_Red_Tip'.

Wanninger, D. Undated. Dutch Elm Disease Resistant Elms for the Northern Midwest. Beaver

Creek Nursery. Available at:

http://www.northerngreenexpo.org/files/2011SessionHandouts/Wednesday/DEDResistantElms_Wanninger.pdf.




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_'Morton_Red_Tip

http://www.northerngreenexpo.org/files/2011SessionHandouts/Wednesday/DEDResistantElms_Wanninger.pdf

Ulmus americana ‘New Harmony’ American Elm

Lineage

Ulmus americana (American Elm) NA 57844, PI 590998

Originally released in 1997 by the USDA National Arboretum in Delaware, Ohio by Alden

“Denny” M. Townsend, Arboretum researcher, and Lawrence R. Schreiber, plant pathologist.

New Harmony was named after a town in Indiana, although it originated in Ohio (Carley, 2011).

Tree Form Broadly vase-shaped with numerous slender, often drooping branches. More rounded than Valley Forge. Rapid growth. Grew almost 5.6 feet per year on average (sd 3 feet) as young trees in the trials at UC Davis, and second only to ‘Homestead’ (McPherson et al., 2008).

Height: 70 feet tall

Width: 70 foot spread

The parent tree of ‘New Harmony’ has grown approximately 68 feet tall and 72 feet wide

(Biggerstaff et al., 1999).

Foliage

Leaves are 4.2 to 4.6 inches long, 2.5 to 2.9 inches wide. In summer are dark green and glossy,

turning yellow in the fall (US National Arboretum, 2005).

Culture

Rooted cuttings- using softwood cutting. Roots from softwood cuttings under mist, 3000 ppm –

8000 ppm IBA hormone in 3-6 weeks. Rooted cuttings that break bud will transplant

successfully in the current year. Provide overwinter protection (US National Arboretum, 2005).


Some tolerance to Dutch Elm Disease when inoculated with Ophiostoma, but not as good as

seen in ‘Princeton’ and ‘Valley Forge’ (Townsend et al., 2005). The species as a whole is more

susceptible to Verticillium wilt as measured by stem elongation than the Japanese elm, and

especially more than the Siberian elm, when inoculated with Verticillium albo-atrum (Rauscher

et al., 1974).

National Elm Trial:

Susceptible to aphid pouch galls and to leafminers (Brady et al., 2008). Low-moderate

susceptibility (23 percent defoliated) by the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, but at UC Davis

remained free of leaf curling aphids (Eriosoma) (Brady et al., 2008; Hartman et al., 2007;

McPherson et al., 2008).

Winter Hardiness USDA Zones 5 to 7, with possible cold hardiness to zone 4 due to performing well in Minnesota.

National Elm Trial: In Kentucky “New Harmony’ had no shoot or leaf damage, nor any trunk or bark damage from a freeze in 2007 (Hartman et al., 2007).

Literature Biggerstaff, C., J. K. Iles, and M. L. Gleason. Sustainable Urban Landscapes. Dutch Elm Disease

and Disease-Resistant Elms. January 1999. Iowa State University, University Extension. DED_SUL4_IowaStateUniv.pdf.

Brady, C., J. Condra, & D. Potter. 2008. Resistance of Landscape-suitable Elm (Ulmus spp.) Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners, and Gall Makers. 2008 Research Report, Nursery & Landscape Program, pp 15, 16.

University of Kentucky. Available at: http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr571/pr571.pdf.

Carley, Bruce. Last updated 23 May 2011. Saving the American Elm. Available at:

http://www.elmpost.org/.





trial: Initial report from Northern California. Western Arborist, Fall 2009. pp. 32-36. Available at:






Townsend, A. M., S. E. Bentz and L. W. Douglass. 2005. Evaluation of 19 American Elm Clones

for Tolerance to Dutch Elm Disease. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23(1):21-24.

Ulmus Americana ‘Valley Forge’ and ‘New Harmony’. 11 Oct 2005. US National Arboretum. Available at: http://www.usna.usda.gov/Newintro/american.html.

http://www.elmpost.org/



Ulmus ‘Patriot’ Patriot Elm

Lineage

(Ulmus glabra X Ulmus carpinifolia X Ulmus pumila) (‘Urban’) X Ulmus wilsoniana (‘Prospector’)

((Wych Elm X English Elm X Siberian Elm) X Japanese Elm)

NA 60071; PI 566597

Originally grown by Alden M. Townsend of the USDA National Arboretum from a controlled

pollination in 1980 between ‘Urban’ and ‘Prospector’ (Ulmus ‘Patriot’, 2011). 'Patriot' was

selected initially for its tolerance to Dutch elm disease in field inoculation studies in Delaware,

OH, and Glenn Dale, MD. In further field and laboratory evaluations, 'Patriot' showed the

highest level of Elm Leaf Beetle tolerance of more than 600 hybrids resulting from the 1980

cross. It was released in 1993 (Ulmus ‘Patriot’, 2011).

Tree Form Upright, narrow, moderately vase-shaped crown, but older trees have a form very similar to U. americana (Biggerstaff et al., 1999; Giblin and Gillman, 2010). Fast-growing and vigorous (Ulmus ‘Patriot’, 2011).

Height: 43 feet tall in 13 years, 50 feet at mature

Width: 25 foot crown spread in 13 years, 40 foot at mature Foliage Large leaves with doubly-serrate edges, average 4 inches long and 3 inches wide. Handsome glossy very dark green leaves in summer (Giblin and Gillman, 2010). Yellow leaves in autumn (Ulmus ‘Patriot’, 2011). Culture Produced by softwood cutting. Roots easily from softwood cuttings under mist, 3000 ppm IBA within 4 weeks (Ulmus ‘Patriot’, 2011). Tolerates a wide variety of growing conditions, including poor or alkaline soils, salts, and air pollution (Ulmus ‘Patriot’, 2011). Disease and Insect Information Highly resistant to Dutch Elm Disease, a high level of tolerance to elm yellows, and moderate

resistance to Elm Leaf Beetle damage (Biggerstaff et al., 1999; Sinclair et al., 2000). However, in

field and laboratory evaluations ‘Patriot’ showed the highest level of Elm Leaf Beetle tolerance

of more than 600 hybrids (Ulmus ‘Patriot’, 2011). A study in Arizona in 1996-2001, showed

Patriot to be only 1.1 +/- 0.5 percent defoliated by the Elm Leaf Beetle, Pyrhalta luteola, and

likewise not preferred for egg deposition when tested against 31 other elm species and hybrids

(Bosu et al., 2007).

National Elm Trial:

Resistance to the Japanese Beetle was high at UC Davis as only ‘Prospector’ was less

defoliated than ‘Patriot’ out of 13 cultivars tested (McPherson et al., 2008). Resistant to Dutch

Elm Disease however, as ‘Patriot’ had 100% survival 7 years after DED inoculation at the

University of Minnesota, earning it a rating of excellent (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Winter Hardiness USDA Zones 5-7, cold hardy to zone 4

National Elm Trial:

In trials by Northern Arizona University in the hot and arid climate of eastern Arizona, it did not perform

as well as 'Frontier' and 'Regal', but better than 'New Horizon' and 'Sapporo Autumn Gold'. In Minnesota

it was given a score of excellent hardiness and of excellent storm breakage (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

'Patriot' is extremely cold hardy; in artificial freezing tests at the Morton Arboretum, the LT50 (temp. at

which 50% of tissues die) was found to be - 38 °C (Shirazi and Ware, 2004). ‘Patriot’ has performed well

in locations from Texas and Iowa to Maine (Ulmus ‘Patriot’, 2011).

Literature

Biggerstaff, C., J. K. Iles, and M. L. Gleason. Sustainable Urban Landscapes. Dutch Elm Disease





Elms. Undated. Sunshine Nursery & Arboretum. Available at:

http://www.sunshinenursery.com/elms.htm.







Santamour, Jr., F. S. and S. E. Bentz. 1995. Updated Checklist of Elm (Ulmus) Cultivars

for use in North America. Journal of Arboriculture, 21(3): 122-131.




Ulmus cultivars to a North American elm yellows phytoplasma. Plant Disease 84(12): 1266-1270.

Ulmus ‘Patriot’. Last updated 26 Apr 2011. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Patriot%27.

Ulmus ‘Patriot’. Updated 31 Mar 2000. The U.S. National Arboretum, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Available at: http://www.usna.usda.gov/Newintro/Patriot1.html.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Arizona_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Frontier%27

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Regal%27

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27New_Horizon%27

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Sapporo_Autumn_Gold%27





http://www.usna.usda.gov/Newintro/Patriot1.html

Ulmus ‘Pioneer’ Pioneer Elm

Lineage

Ulmus glabra X Ulmus carpinifolia (Wych Elm X English Elm)

Originally produced by the USDA in Delaware, Ohio, in 1971 and released to commerce in 1983

(Wikipedia, 2011).

Tree Form Rounded, globe-shaped crown; very vigorous and fast growing. Best suited to spacious grounds because of its broad and spreading habit, but is easy to train as a young tree, requiring low maintenance overall (Biggerstaff et al., 1999; Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Height: 50-60 feet tall

Width: 50 foot spread crown

Foliage Dark green glossy leaves in the summer and yellow in the fall (Pioneer Elm, 2009). Unique leaf shape reminiscent of true Wych elms (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Culture

Own root, softwood cutting. Disease and Insect Information ‘Pioneer’ did not do well against elm yellows in Ithaca, NY as 12 of 16 phytoplasma-inoculated

trees died from it (Sinclair et al., 2000). 'Pioneer' was the only cultivar severely damaged by the

Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola, for both years of a study by the Sunshine Nursery and

Arboretum (Elm Leaf Beetle, undated).

National Elm Trial:

‘Pioneer’ sustained more foliar damage (50%) than any other cultivar in an assessment conducted as part of the National Elm Trial at UC Davis by the Japanese Beetle (McPherson et al., 2008). It also was judged to as needing a high amount of pruning in that trial (McPherson et al., 2008). In Kentucky, the cultivar was 67% defoliated by the Japanese Beetle- the 5th highest out of 20 trees tested (Hartman et al., 2007). Rated as having only fair insect resistance by the University of Minnesota (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Elm_Trial

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_C_Davis


Winter Hardiness USDA Zones 5-8

National Elm Trial:

In Kentucky, ‘Pioneer’ did suffer winter freeze damage to shoots and leaves, but no cracking in

the trunk occurred (Hartman et al., 2007). In Minneapolis, Minnesota, many ‘Pioneer’ elms had

considerable winter damage, especially in the winter of 2005-2006, but most of those trees

appear to have recovered (Giblin and Gillman, 2010). In St Paul, Minnesota, however, the trees

have been “quite hardy” since 1999 (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Literature

Biggerstaff, C., J. K. Iles, and M. L. Gleason. Sustainable Urban Landscapes. Dutch Elm Disease


Elm Leaf Beetle Survey. Undated. Sunshine Nursery and Arboretum. Available at:

http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm.










Pioneer Elm. 2009. The Morton Arboretum. Available at:


Santamour, Jr., F. S. and S. E. Bentz. 1995. Updated Checklist of Elm (Ulmus) Cultivars

for use in North America. Journal of Arboriculture, 21(3): 122-131.


Ulmus cultivars to a North American elm yellows phytoplasma. Plant Disease 84(12): -1270.

Ulmus x hollandica ‘Pioneer’. Last updated 7 Apr 2011. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_'Pioneer'.

http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm


Ulmus americana ‘Lewis & Clark’ Prairie Expedition® American Elm

Lineage

Ulmus americana (American Elm)

RFM-37

Originally introduced by North Dakota State University Research Foundation (NDSU). Released

to commerce in 2004 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the expedition by Lewis and

Clark (NDSU, 2007). The cultivar was cloned from a tree discovered by a graduate student at

NDSU in 1990 along the Wild Rice River southwest of Fargo, ND, which was apparently the lone

survivor of Dutch elm disease (Gunderson, 2009; NDSU, 2007). As of 2009 the tree was still

healthy, nearly 20 years later (Gunderson, 2009).

Tree Form

The classic broad umbrella form. Grows rapidly, averaging 3 to 4 feet growth per year when

young (NDSU, 2007).

Semi-mature height of 50 to 55 feet in 25 to 30 years (NDSU, 2007).

Foliage

Coarsely-toothed, < 13 cm in length by 9 cm broad. Dark-green foliage in summer (Wikipedia, 2011). Culture Propagated by grafting, chip budding or cuttings (Herman et al., undated).

Disease and Insect Information Highly resistant to Dutch Elm Disease (DED). As of 2009, no progeny from the parent tree in

North Dakota had contracted DED (Gunderson, 2009). The species as a whole is more

susceptible to Verticillium wilt as measured by stem elongation than the Japanese elm, and

especially more than the Siberian elm, when inoculated with Verticillium albo-atrum (Rauscher

et al., 1974).

National Elm Trial:

It was found to tie for second place for highest rate of average defoliation by the Japanese

Beetle in Kentucky at 73 percent. It tied with ‘Morton Accolade’. The most defoliated tree was

‘Homestead’ at 87 percent (Hartman et al., 2007).

Winter Hardiness USDA Zones 2b to 3 (NDSU, 2007).

National Elm Trial:

‘Prairie Expedition’ showed no shoot or leaf tissue damage nor any trunk or bark damage at the

elm trial in Kentucky from a freeze in April 2007 (Hartman et al., 2007).

Literature

Gunderson, D. 16 Jun 2009. Researchers developing disease-resistant American elms. Minnesota Public Radio. Available at: http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/06/10/newamericanelm/.




Herman, D. E., L. Chaput, and D. Dai. Undated. Descriptions of 42 NDSU Woody Plant

Introductions (1986 - 2008). Dept. of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University. Available at: http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/plantsci/breeding/woodydesc.htm.

Prairie Expedition® American Elm; Ulmus americana 'Lewis & Clark' Prairie Expedition®. Last

updated 2008. NDSU Research Foundation. Available at:

http://ndsuresearchfoundation.org/rfm37.





Ulmus americana ‘Lewis & Clark’. Updated 26 Apr11. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_americana_'Lewis_&_Clark'.

http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/06/10/newamericanelm/

http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/plantsci/breeding/woodydesc.htm

http://ndsuresearchfoundation.org/rfm37


Ulmus americana ‘Princeton’ American Elm

Lineage Ulmus americana (American Elm) Originally selected in 1922 by nurseryman William Flemer Jr. at Princeton Nurseries in Allentown, New Jersey. It was selected for its’ aesthetically-pleasing straight trunk, uniform vase-shaped head and vigorous growth. It was later found to have resistance to Dutch Elm Disease (Wikipedia, 2010).

Tree Form Upright dense symmetrical vase shape (Princeton Elm, 2009). Forms a broad arching umbrella crown. Called a “model nursery tree” for its’ straight and vigorous single stem, which required the least trimming and staking of six clones grown in New Jersey (Kuser and Polanin, 2001). Conversely, Giblin and Gillman in Minnesota reported that the tree “requires a little more attention to pruning during formative years as side branches develop quickly and may become included or dysfunctional very quickly” (2010). They rated its’ maintenance requirement as being high (Giblin and Gillman, 2010). ‘Princeton’ grows quickly, increasing in height by over 1.6 meters per year, as measured at the elm trials at UC Davis (McPherson et al., 2008).

Height: 75 to 90 feet Width: 50 to 60 feet Foliage The leaves are dark green and leathery in the summer and yellow in the fall (Princeton Elm, 2009; American Elm, undated).

Culture Produced from softwood cutting. Disease and Insect Information Testing in laboratory conditions by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1992-1993 revealed that this cultivar has good resistance to Dutch Elm Disease. The original Princeton Elm, which grew in Princeton Cemetery, was estimated to be 278 years old when it was felled in April 2005 after suffering from a long bout of Dutch Elm Disease (Hersh, 2005). In Maryland, in 2002-3, ‘Princeton’ showed no foliar symptoms and only 3% crown dieback the first year and none the second year (Townsend et al., 2005). Like the other American elms, ‘Princeton’ is tolerant of road salt and urban conditions, serving well as a shade tree or boulevard tree (American Elm, undated). The species as a whole is more susceptible to Verticillium wilt as measured by stem elongation than the Japanese elm, and especially more than the Siberian elm, when inoculated with Verticillium albo-atrum (Rauscher et al., 1974). Tolerant of extended flooding, but can be sensitive to air pollution (Princeton Elm, 2009).

National Elm Trial: ‘Princeton’ elms planted in Kentucky are moderately prone to leaf damage by Japanese Beetles, Popillia japonica, and to leafminers, according to Brady and associates (2008). However, Hartman and associates, also in Kentucky, found that ‘Princeton’ was defoliated only 25% by Japanese Beetles on average, which was a light to moderate defoliation compared to the range of 2 to 87% for the different

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA




cultivars tested (Hartman et al., 2007). Trees grown in northern California at UC Davis became infested with leaf curling aphids (Eriosoma), producing copious amounts of honeydew, and it was deemed in need of relatively high pruning requirement in the trials at UC Davis (McPherson et al., 2008). In Minnesota, the cultivar was rated as having good resistance to Dutch Elm Disease, but only fair resistance to insect damage (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Winter Hardiness USDA Zones 2 to 9; one of the most tolerant American elm of harsh conditions. National Elm Trial:

Princeton was able to withstand cold winter temperatures in Kentucky better than other cultivars. It did have some trunk cracking occurring, but it did not have any shoot or leaf tissue freeze damage in the trial there in 2007 (Hartman et al., 2007). In Minnesota, it is considered to have a good level of hardiness (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Literature American Elm. Undated. Midwest Gardening. Available at:


Brady, C., J. Condra, & D. Potter. 2008. Resistance of Landscape-suitable Elm (Ulmus spp.) Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners, and Gall Makers. 2008 Research Report, Nursery & Landscape Program, pp 15, 16. University of Kentucky. Available at: http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr571/pr571.pdf.

Giblin, C. P. & J. H. Gillman. April-May 2010. DED Resistant Elms for the Urban Forest. N.E.W. Horticulture Newsletter. Volume 33(2): 1-2, 10-14. Available at:

http://dnr.wi.gov/forestry/UF/resources/Insider/pdf/NEWHortAprilMay2010.pdf. Hartman, J., E. Dixon, D. Potter, C. Brady, J. Edelen, J. Hart, and W. Fountain. 2007. National Elm

Trial-Kentucky Data, 2007. UK Nursery and Landscape Program Overview-2007. pp 35-6. Available at: http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr554/pr554.pdf.

Hersh, M. June 29, 2005. A Three-Year-Old Sapling Planted To Carry On a 300-Year Tradition. Town Topics, Princeton’s Weekly Community Newspaper Since 1946. Vol LIX, No. 26. Available at:

http://www.towntopics.com/jun2905/story3.html. Kuser, J. and N. Polanin. September 2001. Comparative Test of Six DED-tolerant Elms: a

Preliminary Report on Nursery Performance. Journal of Arboriculture 27 (5): 281-282. McPherson, G., L. Costello, J. Harding, S. Dreistadt, M. L. Flint and S. Mezger. 2008. National elm


Princeton Elm. 2009. The Morton Arboretum. Available at:

http://www.mortonarb.org/component/content/article/96/16801.html. Rauscher, K. J., D. T. Lester, and E. B. Smalley. 1974. Response of Elm Species and Clones to

Inoculation with Verticillium albo-atrum. Phytopathology 64: 702-705. Available at: http://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1974Articl es/Phyto64n05_702.pdf.

Santamour, Jr., F. S. and S. E. Bentz. 1995. Updated Checklist of Elm (Ulmus) Cultivars for use in North America. Journal of Arboriculture, 21(3): 122-131. Smith, C. A. 2007. Return of the American Elm. American Forests. Spring 2007: pp 41-45. Townsend, A. M., S. E. Bentz and L. W. Douglass. 2005. Evaluation of 19 American Elm Clones for Tolerance to Dutch Elm Disease. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23(1):21-24.

Ulmus americana ‘Princeton’. Last updated 10 Dec 2010. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Elm.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphids

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eriosoma&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)



http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr571/pr571.pdf


http://www.mortonarb.org/component/content/article/96/16801.html


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Elm

Ulmus wilsoniana ‘Prospector’ Prospector Elm

Lineage

Ulmus wilsoniana Schneid. (Wilson’s Elm). From western China.

NA 55398, PI 536050 Initially selected for evaluation for DED resistance by Alden M. Townsend and Lawrence R. Schrieber of the USDA National Arboretum in 1980 from a 1965 planting of seedlings in Delaware, OH (Townsend et al., 1991). ‘Prospector’ was named and released in May, 1990 (U.S. National Arboretum, 1999).

Tree Form

Excellent vase-shaped dense crown. Smaller than the American elm. Moderately fast growing and

vigorous, however in a ten-year study in California the tree needed intensive pruning and staking to

establish an upright habit in the first two years of growth due to pendulous lower branches (Costello et

al., 2004). This growth habit was also noted by researchers in New Jersey who noted that it is a vigorous

tree, but that it grows in an “arching, weeping form, and is difficult to straighten” (Kuser and Polanin,

2001). Giblin and Gillman in Minnesota also report that the tree has a high maintenance requirement

(2010).

Height: 40-50 foot tall. 23 feet tall at 10 years in a nursery

Width: 25-30 foot crown spread. 21 feet at 10 years in a nursery

Foliage Large leaves: 4 ½ inches long, 3 ½ inches wide. New leaves emerge orange-red and darken to a glossy deep green as they mature. Yellow in the fall (U.S. National Arboretum, 1999). Culture Own root, softwood cutting. Roots easily from softwood cuttings under mist, 3000 to 8000 ppm IBA, in

3-4 weeks. (U.S. National Arboretum, 1999)

Disease and Insect Information Highly resistant to Dutch Elm Disease and elm leaf beetle; tolerant to mycoplasma-caused elm yellows (Biggerstaff et al., 1999). National Elm Trial:

'Prospector' has been featured in several elm trials in the USA, notably those conducted by the Northern Arizona University at Holbrook, eastern Arizona, and Townsend & Douglass (2001) which established that the tree's survival rate after inoculation with the Dutch Elm Disease (DED) fungus was 100%. In 10 years of trials in Atherton, California, by UC Davis, the tree exhibited sensitivity to boron in the soil, causing marginal necrosis on the leaves, whereas ‘Frontier’ and ‘American Liberty’ were apparently not affected (Costello et al., 2004). Moreover, although also highly resistant to DED, Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (it was the only cultivar with no damage at UC Davis) and Elm Yellows, 'Prospector' is a favored food of leaf hoppers which can seriously disfigure foliage by midsummer, and is moderately susceptible to the Japanese Beetle (Costello et al., 2004; McPherson et al., 2008; Brady et

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_hoppers


al., 2008). Completely immune to Gypsy Moth, but is moderately consumed by the Japanese Beetle (Paluch et al., 2006). Moderately used for aphid pouch galls, and Leafminers (Brady et al., 2008). Giblin and Gillman report that ‘Prospector’ has excellent Dutch Elm Disease resistance but only fairly good insect resistance as it seems to be a favored food for Leafhoppers (Giblin and Gillman, 2010).

Winter Hardiness

USDA Zones 4-7

National Elm Trial:

In Arizona, the tree proved unsuited to the hot, arid climate as nearly 50% of their leaf canopies suffered

from leaf scorch (Elm Plantation Study, 2008). In trials conducted by the University of Minnesota,

'Prospector' was appreciated for its extremely high vigor but was faulted for its’ lack of hardiness (Giblin

and Gillman, 2010). In St. Paul, Minnesota, it was shown to be cold hardy, with no injury after three

years (Townsend et al., 1991).

Literature Biggerstaff, C., J. K. Iles, and M. L. Gleason. Sustainable Urban Landscapes. Dutch Elm Disease

and Disease-Resistant Elms. January 1999. Iowa State University, University Extension. DED_SUL4_IowaStateUniv.pdf. Brady, C., J. Condra, & D. Potter. 2008. Resistance of Landscape-suitable Elm (Ulmus spp.)

Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners, and Gall Makers. 2008 Research Report, Nursery & Landscape Program, pp 15, 16. University of Kentucky. Available at: http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr571/pr571.pdf.

Costello, L. R., S. R. Scott, and C. M. Drake. 2004. A 10-Year Evaluation of the Performance of Four Elm

Cultivars in California, U.S. Journal of Arboriculture 30(2): March 2004. Elm Plantation Study. Updated 10 July 2008. Northern Arizona University, College of

Engineering, Forestry & Natural Sciences: School of Forestry. Available at: http://www.for.nau.edu/cms/content/view/512/706/. Giblin, C. P. & J. H. Gillman. April-May 2010. DED Resistant Elms for the Urban Forest. N.E.W.


Kuser, J. and N. Polanin. September 2001. Comparative Test of Six DED-tolerant Elms: a Preliminary

Report on Nursery Performance. Journal of Arboriculture 27 (5): 281-282. McPherson, G., L. Costello, J. Harding, S. Dreistadt, M. L. Flint and S. Mezger. 2008. National elm



Suitability of the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, and the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar. Journal of agricultural and urban entomology 23(4): 209-223.

Santamour, Jr., F. S. and S. E. Bentz. 1995. Updated Checklist of Elm (Ulmus) Cultivars for use in North America. Journal of Arboriculture, 21(3): 122-131.

Townsend, A. M. and L. W. Douglass. 2001. Variation among American elm clones in long-term die-back,

growth, and survival after Ophiosoma inoculation. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19(2): 100-103. Ulmus wilsoniana ‘Prospector’. November 1999. U.S. National Arboretum. Available at:

http://www.usna.usda.gov/Newintro/prospect.pdf.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1990 Plant hardiness zone map. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 1475.



Ulmus americana ‘Valley Forge’ Valley Forge American Elm

Lineage: Ulmus americana (American Elm) NA 57842, PI 590997 Originally released in 1995 by the USDA National Arboretum in Delaware, Ohio by Alden M. Townsend, Arboretum researcher, and Lawrence R. Schreiber, plant pathologist (Becker, 1996). “To convey an impression of resistance to natural challenge, it was named for the famous land in Pennsylvania where Washington's troops endured extreme hardship in the winter of 1777-78” during the war for independence (Carley, 2004). Tree Form ‘Vase’ triangle-shaped, classic American elm form. “Upright arching, broadly vase-shaped with full, dense leaf canopy of leaves (American Elm, undated). Grows rapidly once established, as much as three feet per year (US National Arboretum, 2010). Height: 70 feet, 26 feet tall at 12 years old, can reach up to 110 feet Width: 60 foot spread, 30 foot crown spread at 12 years old (US National Arboretum, 2005; Biggerstaff et al., 1999; American Elm, undated) Needs to be pruned when young to avoid possible catastrophic splitting of the tree when older and from overarching. It should be pruned to a straight trunk with no side branches to at least 12 to 15 feet above the ground when young. A fine shapely sturdy tree will result when pruned in this manner (Carley, 2011). Unfortunately, the rapid growth rate combined with “poor structural characteristics” i.e. no central leader, lead to the tree being removed from the test plot at UC Davis despite a reported high tolerance against DED (Costello et al., 2004). Foliage Leaves 4.2 to 4.6 inches long, 2.5 to 2.9 inches wide. Green in the summer, yellow in the fall (US National Arboretum, 2005). Culture Own root, softwood cutting. Roots from softwood cuttings under mist, 3000 ppm – 8000 ppm IBA in 3-6 weeks. Rooted cuttings that break bud will transplant successfully in the current year. Provide overwinter protection (US National Arboretum, 2005). Disease and Insect Information Excellent disease resistance to Dutch Elm Disease. Showed only minor crown dieback during a seven-year study and it showed no foliar symptoms or crown dieback when inoculated with Ophiosoma in Maryland in a later study (Townsend and Douglass, 2001; Townsend et al., 2005). Reported to have the highest Dutch Elm Disease (DED) tolerance of the thousands of American elms tested Ohio and Maryland (US National Arboretum, 2005). “They are not immune to DED, but they can tolerate the fungus without wilting and dying back, even when injected with a million spores of DED. In natural circumstances, the average tree needs only 10 to 100 spores to

ensure its demise” (Richardson, 1999). If it contracts DED, it will show symptoms for a time,

then recover fully on its own with no intervention. The species as a whole is more susceptible to Verticillium wilt as measured by stem elongation than the Japanese elm, and especially more than the Siberian elm, when inoculated with Verticillium albo-atrum (Rauscher et al., 1974). National Elm Trial:

Was shown to be susceptible to leaf curling aphids (Eriosoma sp.), but only slightly defoliated by the Elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola, in California at UC Davis (McPherson et al., 2008). Moderately preferred (28 percent defoliation on average) by the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica (Hartman et al., 2007). Winter Hardiness USDA Zones 5 to 7, possibly zone 4 National Elm Trial: In 2007, in Kentucky, ‘Valley Forge’ had no trunk or bark freeze damage, but did exhibit tip burn of the shoots (Hartman et al., 2007).

Literature American Elm. Undated. Midwest Gardening. Available at: http://www.midwestgardentips.com/american_elm.html. Becker, H. June 6 1996. “Congress to Plant National Arboretum’s New American Elm That

Staves off Dutch Elm Disease.

Biggerstaff, C., J. K. Iles, and M. L. Gleason. Sustainable Urban Landscapes. Dutch Elm Disease and Disease-Resistant Elms. January 1999. Iowa State University, University Extension. DED_SUL4_IowaStateUniv.pdf.

Carley, Bruce. Last updated 23 May 2011. Saving the American Elm. Available at: http://www.elmpost.org/. Costello, L. R., S. R. Scott, and C. M. Drake. 2004. A 10-Year Evaluation of the Performance of Four Elm

Cultivars in California, U.S. Journal of Arboriculture 30(2): March 2004. Elms. Undated. Sunshine Nursery & Arboretum. Available at: http://www.sunshinenursery.com/elms.htm. McPherson, G., L. Costello, J. Harding, S. Dreistadt, M. L. Flint and S. Mezger. 2008. National elm



Inoculation with Verticillium albo-atrum. Phytopathology 64: 702-705. Available at: http://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1974Articl es/Phyto64n05_702.pdf.

Richardson, Edward. 1999. “The American Elm – Better Days Ahead? Newsletter of the

Connecticut Botanical Society. Spring 1999 (Volume 27, no 1). Available at: http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/newsletter/elm.html.

Townsend, A. M. and L. W. Douglass. 2001. Variation among American elm clones in long-term die-back, growth, and survival after Ophiosoma inoculation. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19(2): 100-103.

Townsend, A. M., S. E. Bentz and L. W. Douglass. 2005. Evaluation of 19 American Elm Clones

for Tolerance to Dutch Elm Disease. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23(1):21-24.

Ulmus americana ‘Valley Forge’ and ‘New Harmony’. Last updated 2005 Oct 11. US National Arboretum. Available at: http://www.usna.usda.gov/Newintro/american.html.


http://www.elmpost.org/




http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/newsletter/elm.html

http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/newsletter/elm.html

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