At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

16
At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern and Lodging between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries Michela DAL BORGO Abstract This paper aims to illustrate how Venice confronted the problem of receiving – board and accommodations – of the many foreigners in transit within the city beginning in the 14 th century. Some groups of foreigners found their permanent residence in demarcated areas within the city, but apart from these non-migratory “nations”, there was a continual movement of foreigners in transit, or directed toward the Holy Land or in passing due to commercial activity. Merchants, diplomats, and skilled artisans crowded into the city. At the base of hotel accommodations were the taverns, of state or Venetian patrician ownership, let out for rent. Severe legislation, from the point of view of the social services controlled their sanitation and their management. As a dynamic crossroads of people and goods, from the 14 th century the Venetian Republic had to face the problem of offering myriad people adequate accommodations, and, later, even touristic facilities. Merchants of all races and creeds, but also pilgrims directed to Palestine, foreigners searching for work, often seasonal, landed in (or arrived in) the Lagoon. Some foreign communities were permanently located in demarcated areas of the city, and the memory of these ancient settlements still exists in the city and/or in its toponymy. Among the most numerous colonies, Greeks, Germans, Albanians, Dalmatians, Armenians, Turkish, Jewish, Lucchesi, Milanese and Flemish with typical commercial and artisan traits were the most important. All of them were well integrated in the economic, social, and cultural fabric of Venice. But apart from these non-migratory “nations,” there was a continual movement of foreigners in transit, or directed toward the Holy Land, or in passing due to commercial activity. Therefore, the fascination of the Serenissima was the result of different aspects: its

Transcript of At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

Page 1: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern and Lodging between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries

Michela Dal Borgo

Abstract

This paper aims to illustrate how Venice confronted the problem of receiving – board and accommodations – of the many foreigners in transit within the city beginning in the 14th century. Some groups of foreigners found their permanent residence in demarcated areas within the city, but apart from these non-migratory “nations”, there was a continual movement of foreigners in transit, or directed toward the Holy Land or in passing due to commercial activity. Merchants, diplomats, and skilled artisans crowded into the city. At the base of hotel accommodations were the taverns, of state or Venetian patrician ownership, let out for rent. Severe legislation, from the point of view of the social services controlled their sanitation and their management.

As a dynamic crossroads of people and goods, from the 14th century the Venetian Republic had to face the problem of offering myriad people adequate accommodations, and, later, even touristic facilities.

Merchants of all races and creeds, but also pilgrims directed to Palestine, foreigners searching for work, often seasonal, landed in (or arrived in) the Lagoon.

Some foreign communities were permanently located in demarcated areas of the city, and the memory of these ancient settlements still exists in the city and/or in its toponymy. Among the most numerous colonies, Greeks, Germans, Albanians, Dalmatians, Armenians, Turkish, Jewish, Lucchesi, Milanese and Flemish with typical commercial and artisan traits were the most important. All of them were well integrated in the economic, social, and cultural fabric of Venice.

But apart from these non-migratory “nations,” there was a continual movement of foreigners in transit, or directed toward the Holy Land, or in passing due to commercial activity.

Therefore, the fascination of the Serenissima was the result of different aspects: its

Page 2: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

122 M. DAL BORGO

undoubted – and unique! – beauty; the architectural, artistic and even religious wealth; the great variety of goods sold in its shops, locally produced or imported from all over the known world. So the city became a real intermediary hub between East and West thanks to the buzzing cultural life, but also to the more playful and carnal attractions, the highlight of which were the harlots-poetesses very dear to kings and monarchs.

Venice had to respond appropriately to those comprehensive interests with regards to facilities and welcome places, offering travelers not only accommodation, but also food.

At the top of the Venetian hostelry system were the inns, or taverns, managed by the osti, the trade guild that was approved and authorized in 1355. Closely controlled by the Republic for reasons of public order and morality, in 1347 the taverns numbered twenty-four, at the beginning of the 16th century twenty-three, and during the 18th century there were twenty. Their names repeat through the ages.

The public taverns were concentrated around St. Mark’s Square and the Rialto, respectively the political and economic centers of the city. There were two different kinds of taverns: hostarie a pluri were higher quality taverns (and more expensive!), and they used to sell “pure wines” coming from the Venetian Romania, the island of Candia (Crete), and moreover the wines called Malvasia (sweet and garbe), Ribolla and Trebbiano. All of them were highly appreciated both by Venetians and foreigners. On the other hand, hostarie a minori used to host working-class or poor customers. There, wines of a lower quality, called terrani, were sold.

The following are the taverns’ names active between 15th and 18th centuries:Near Rialto: Due Spade, Torre, Sole, San Zorzi [George], Scimmia, Anzolo [Angel],

Sturion [Sturgeon], Campana, Donzella, Gambaro, Scoa [broom]. At St. Mark’s Square: Luna, Cappello, Cavalletto, Corona, Pellegrino, Salvadego [wild man], Rizza, Lion Rosso, Cerva.

All the taverns used to be periodically put up for auction and rent to private tenants by the Giustizia Vecchia, the bench in charge of cashing the rent money on behalf of the tenants. The owners could be noble Venetians: this is the case of the diarist Marin Sanudo who was co-owner of the tavern “la Campana” (the bell), or the Foscari family who had the property of the tavern “della Stella” (of the star) and “della Spada” (of the sword). But even religious communities and monasteries sometimes could hold structures. For instance the monastery of San Lorenzo was the owner of the tavern “della Scimmia” (of the monkey), while the monastery of San Servolo of the tavern “del Sole” (of the sun). Moreover the Republic itself owned several taverns concentrated near St. Mark’s Square: “al Capello” (of the hat), “al Pellegrin” (of the pilgrim), “all’insegna della Rizza” (at the Rizza’s sign), “al Cavalletto” (at the tripod), “alla Luna” (at the moon) e “all’insegna del Lion” (at the lion’s sign). All of them are in short described in the Procurators of St. Mark’s de supra documents preserved in the State Archives of Venice.

By the end of the 13th century, the Maggior Consiglio imposed a series of rules gradually

Page 3: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

AT THE ORIGIN OF HOSPITALITY 123

repeated or modified through time: the taverns needed to include 40 beds provided with cultris et linzolis [blankets and sheets]; they could not host harlots (a prohibition often ignored); they could have only one entrance/exit in order to control the flows, and also balconies and windows long enough to prevent stealthy removals or intrusion.

A staggering amount of hostelry or food offers increased alongside the public taverns: the private cameranti were allowed to room – from one to a maximum of four months – some peculiar categories of foreign travelers such as religious, scholars, and soldiers. Moreover there were many small places that provided ready-made food for use on site or to take away, associated with places where tasting a glass of wine: furatole, low class to poor soups and fried fish; malvasie, for the Malvasia or the Candia’s sweet wines; bastioni, banderuole, samarchi, for other kinds of wine; magazeni (where mortgage-backed loans could also be found).

Innkeepers, tavern owners and landlords used to be strictly controlled both due to security and social tranquility reasons, and to public health problems. Over the centuries it was repeatedly forbidden to house bandits and cheaters (in 1525 the penalty for offenders was to be whipped on the way from St. Mark’s Square to Rialto), and those who were banned from the Serenissima’s territories. Likewise in order to avoid infectious diseases, tavern owners needed to verify and notify foreigners and beggars’ visits (in 1596 disobedient tavern owners were given five years imprisonment, while women were punished with the nose and ears amputation and eighteen months imprisonment), and those of niggards, beggars, and villains in religious or pilgrims’ clothing. They needed to be immediately registered and to obtain the necessary license from the Office of Sanitation (due to the 1524, 1636, 1719 and 1770 laws).

Only State innkeepers were allowed to “cuccinare e vendere ogni sorte di commestibile cotto, sì di carnami, polami, pesce, che di cadaun genere, dar da mangiar e bevere e fare ostaria a suo piacimento” (cook and sell all sorts of edible prepared food, such as meat, chicken, fish, and all foodstuffs, as well as to offer food and drinks to their liking) (1775). Until the 15th century, they were also allowed to keep horse stables. However, they and their family had to live within the tavern with the servants, usually a canever (a person in charge of the cellar), a piccolo di caneva (a young boy in charge of the cellar), a cook, a waiter, and a scullion. It depended on the tavern’s level and quality provided.

Before moving to detailed information concerning some of these taverns, I would like to highlight the main archival sources for their story.

First of all, the Procurators of St. Mark de supra, series “Church”, folders n. 30, 31 and 32 for the taverns of Cappello, Pellegrino, Cavalletto, Leon Bianco, Rizza, Luna, Serpa e Selvatico’s families. Then, the Giustizia Vecchia, but especially the Giustizieri or officers and the Collegio dei 7 Savi, later called Sopraprovveditori alla Giustizia Nuova. Already existing in 1261, and later reformed (1513), they were in charge of the sale and related duties of the wine on tap sold in public farmed out taverns, in rooms for rent, in taverns, as well as in warehouses, bastioni, and furatole.

Page 4: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

124 M. DAL BORGO

In particular the taverns’ inventories are interesting archival sources for descriptions of the architectural structure of the buildings. Created due to fiscal reasons, these inventories depict taverns, room-by-room, floor-by-floor, including descriptions of furniture and sheets. Regarding the kitchen, they also reported the list of utensils.

The sleeping rooms are indicated with a specific name, while numerical assignments were introduced by Napoleon (beginning 19th century). The names were repeated in most of the taverns mentioned: for instance Papa (Pope), Imperatore (Emperor), Re (King), Regina (Queen), Pellegrino (Pilgrim), Campana (Bell), Corona (Crown), Luna (Moon), Pavone (Peacock), Croce, (Cross), Stella (Star), Sole (Sun), and so on.

In 1764 the tavern “alla Luna” contained a Chinese room, probably a room whose walls were adorned with oriental-looking decorations and drawings, elements very fashionable at the time.

Now let us take a look at some of them.By the 13th century the tavern “Alla Luna” (at the moon) was property and refuge of the

Knights Templar directed to Palestine. After their suppression by Pope Clemente V (1311), it became property of the Cavalieri di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme (Knights of St. John from Jerusalem), later called Knights of Rhodes, and then of Malta. At the end of the 14th century it was sold to the Procurators of St. Mark together with the Santa Maria in capo del Broglio’s church located near St. Mark’s Square. It was located at St. Mark’s Square, facing the Ducal Palace, in the middle of the Panateria. During its entire existence the tavern was rented out by the Procurators. During the 1575 plague, the owner was Sebastiano Guarinoni who in September 1574 had won the call for tenders investing 2.000 ducats in “fornimenti di casa straordinari” (extraordinary things home). Due to the plague and after the death of the canever and some servants, the tavern was closed by the Health commisioners. Its main door was walled up, and all the furniture and sheets worth more 1.000 ducats were burnt. Due to the tavern’s inventories preserved in the St. Mark Procurators’ archive, we know that the tavern’s rooms were distinguished with special names. All the rooms were properly equipped with lettiere (bedding), carpets, cuoridoro on the walls, mirrors, tables and chairs. In January 1700 the inn was temporarily vacant, and the Procurators rent out its ground floor (solaro) – for the sum of 30 ducats – to a certain Francesco Monaco for displaying a Carnival show where there was also an elephant. At the end of several vicissitudes, in July 1762 the tavern was reopened thanks to Paron Tita [born as Giovanni Battista Targa], the innkeeper at the tavern del Selvadego, as mentioned by Pietro Gradenigo in his Notatori.

Even after the fall of the Venetian Republic, the tavern had the honor of being remembered by Silvio Pellico in “Le mie prigioni” (My Prisons). In September 1820, one month before his arrest, he had a cheerful dinner there, and he was taken again for lunch before being brought before the Court.

Tavern “al Cappello” (of the hat) – from 1342 located in St. Mark’s Square and still operating

Page 5: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

AT THE ORIGIN OF HOSPITALITY 125

until 1844 – has been described in some documents of the Procurators of St. Mark’s dated 1502. There were 8 rooms and also a stall for horses.

The tavern has been represented in the Gentile Bellini “Processione in piazza San Marco” [Procession in St. Mark’s Square] (1496).

The tavern has been the venue for curious events. In 1483, a certain Iusuph, a Turkish captain, sodomized a young boy and for this reason, he was given a life sentence. Due to Great Sultan’s intercession, one year later he was sent back home.

The diarist Marin Sanuto mentions a strange show with an entrance fee that occurred in May 1515. It exhibited a 14 year-old boy, coming from Normandy, from whose belly emerged the bust and penis of a Siamese twin. That same evening, by order of the Council of Ten, the show was suspended.

Tavern “al Cavalletto” (at the Tripod), located in St. Mark, from 1348 was also mentioned with the name “a cavalo” (by horse) which became the toponym of the nearest calle, rio, bridge and sottoportego. In 1398 the tenant Zaninus has been condemned for having used wine vases of a lesser capacity in comparison to the relevant laws. In 1413 the tavern was also the place of a vile crime. Armanus de Alemania, a German client, met Caterina da Ferrara, a 10-year-old girl who had escaped from her house and was crying near St. Mark church. Under the guise of helping her, he abused the girl. He was only given a one-year imprisonment and a 100 ducat fine to be transferred as Caterina’s dowry. She unfortunately died one year later.

The state tavern “al Pellegrino” (of the Pilgrim) located in St. Mark’s Square was a big structure organized in 3 floors. On the ground floor were two stue (stoves), one caneva granda, one kitchen with an adjoining small room, and an uncovered inner courtyard surrounded by banche de piera cotta (cotto benches). On the first floor were located two mezadi provided with lettiere, another kitchen and a small room with a fireplace, two rooms facing St. Mark’s Square. On the last floor were a big room, two small ones, one equipped with a fireplace, and finally a garret which was unused (non si adoppera).

Tavern “Al Pellegrino” was destroyed by a fire and thanks to the expert advice of the architect Jacopo Sansovino, in 1544 it was transferred in Spadaria. The foreigner Adam Ebert mentioned the place as a meeting hub for many young French (at least two dozen) who used to go there for secret love affairs and for grooming. The tavern was also attended by dubious and underperforming theater companies.

At the end of the 18th century, the tavern also hosted the “Accademia dei Busoni,” the institution funded by the vernacular poet Pietro Buratti (1772-1832). It was also visited by the French writer, Stendhal.

Mentioned from 1369, the tavern “Al Salvadego” was characterized by the sign of a wild man, in other words the man holding a cudgel. This name currently remains in the toponomastic of the Marciana area indicated by both a calle and ramo Salvadego; although the tavern, after a

Page 6: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

126 M. DAL BORGO

radical restoration in 1754, was definitively closed in 1870. It seems it had a bad reputation as a meeting place for prostitutes, as attested to by the satirical poet Bartolomeo Dotti in his work Il Carnevale: Se riesce a queste lamie/ D’allettar qualche mal pratico/ A commetter mille infamie/ Lo conducono al Salvatico

Tavern “All’Angelo” (of the angel) was located in the San Mattia parish, near Rialto, and it was the property of the noble family Vendramin. In 1575 the Venetian Senate turned it into a refuge for several Turkish people in transit. In 1621, when the Turkish were moved into the palace facing the Grand Canal confiscated by the Duke of Ferrara, the tavern became again an inn with the same sign.

In Riva del vin was located the tavern “Allo Sturione” (of the sturgeon) represented in Gentile Bellini’s painting of the Miracolo della reliquia della santa Croce al ponte di Rialto (Miracle of the Relic of the Holy Cross on the Rialto Bridge, 1494). In 1418 there were hosted seven ambassadors from Friuli with 50 people following. As mentioned by Marin Sanudo, the tavern was already closed in 1511 due to its precarious condition. In 1531 it was turned into a state office committed to the customs’ collection.

Towards the end of the Republic, not even taverns seem to have had an easy life. The Giustizia Nuova established that only public taverns – already brought down to twenty – could serve food and drinks to their guests, but not the other ones (1767, March 31).

With the fall of the Venetian Republic, even the world of the hostarie faded, a world that, in its own way, can be considered democratic for the variety of its social classes and cosmopolitan guests.

The ancient signs disappeared and were replaced by loud and showy foreign languages as French and English. The ancient taverns will become Hotels, Grand Hotels, Royal Hotels…

But that is a different story…

[L’autrice ringrazia le amiche Ludovica Galeazzo (IUAV) e Kristin Lanzoni (Duke University, USA) per la traduzione del testo in lingua inglese]

Archival sources from the State Archives of Venice:Procuratori di San Marco de supra, Serie “Chiesa”, buste 30 (osterie Cappello, Pellegrino,

Cavalletto), 31(osterie Leon Bianco, Rizza, Luna) e 32 (osterie Serpa e Selvatico) ;Giustizia Nuova, bb. 15- 16; Stampe di magistrati veneti antichi, b. 116.

Page 7: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

AT THE ORIGIN OF HOSPITALITY 127

Selected BibliografyB. Cecchetti, La vita dei veneziani nel 1300, in “Archivio Veneto”, s. II, vol. XXVII, 1885.G. Dolcetti, Un antico albergo veneziano, in “Ateneo Veneto”, vol. 128, 1941, pp. 15-35 e 93-

115.T. Garzoni, La Piazza universale di tutte le professioni del mondo, Venezia, 1500.G. Marangoni, Associazioni di mestiere nella Repubblica Veneta, Venezia, 1974.Mestieri e arti a Venezia. 1173-1806, Archivio di Stato di Venezia, catalogo della mostra

documentaria a c. di M.F. Tiepolo, Venezia, 1986. G. Tassini, Curiosità veneziane, a.c. di L. Moretti, Venezia, 1964 (ristampa).L. Urban Padoan, Venezia e il “foresto”, Venezia, 1990.

Appendice documentariaDocumento 11500. Descrizione delle osterie veneziane di Tommaso Garzoni

Tommaso Garzoni, nella sua Piazza universale di tutte le profession del mondo, stampata a Venezia esattamente nel 1500, si dimostra disincantato conoscitore della realtà veneziana e mette in guardia l’incauto avventore dalle false promesse degli hosti. Ci si potrebbe trovare infatti davanti ad una “hostaria tutta sfessa e smantellata [diroccata]; una camera sbuccata, ruinata e sostentata per forza di pontelli, ricetto di topi solamente, un solaro nero come la caligine de’ camini, un lastricato di quadrelli mobili che par che i spiriti l’habbiano disfatto apposta, le mura spegazate di mille dishoneste spurcitie, che i forestieri per dispetto v’hanno scritto per tutto; le tavole più onte che quelle de’ beccari, carolate dentro e fuori per la vecchiezza; le tovaglie sporche di vino e di brodo, ove il Re de’ Moscoviti fa perpetua residenza; i faccioli [tovaglioli] rotti e ruinati più che le vele de’ marinari; i salini attaccati insieme col filo e con la cera; i bichieri senza piedi; i boccali col viso rotto, i fondelli col verderame alto tre dita, i cucchiari brutti, come le mosche di cucina; i cortelli senza taglio; le forcine senza punta; le scudelle nere come i bafioti [baffi] de’ pellegrini francesi; i suga mani stracciati come le tele dei ragni; i lenzuoli tutti ripezzati e carichi di brutture; i letti duri come stramazzi, i cussini [cuscini] puzzolenti più che l’orina guasta; i capezzali pieni di cimeci [cimici], le coperte che fanno tanfo [cattivo odore] per ogni banda; i letti con forni- menti da furfante, polito quanto dir si possa, et insomma tutta l’hosteria esclama da ogni parte pidocchieria estrema et infinita. Gridano le mura rotte, i palchi ruinati, i fondamenti guasti, i tetti aperti, le congiunture divise, gli architravi spaccati, l’hoste furfante, l’hostessa furfantissima, che si marochi [fugga] via quanto prima, né mai si volga indietro…”

Per non parlare poi del vitto: “Talhora il vino è battezzato dentro alle cantine co’ secchi d’acqua, la carne è riscaldata per forza di padella, o acciò non patisca, l’arrosto è martirizato con nuovo lardo acciò paia fresco e venuto dal fuoco all’hora all’hora; la torta è ricotta due o tre volte, e con strana metamorfosi diventa tortello, e poi menestra, e di nuovo torta, vestendo varie

Page 8: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

128 M. DAL BORGO

forme a guisa della materia prima; il pesce è carpionato col sale e con l’agreste per eccellenza, acciò la puzza non si senta; i frutti sono rinfrescati con l’acqua di pozzo, acciò non paiano dall’arbore spiccati un mese innanzi, e finalmente ogni cosa … puzza da gaglioffo lontano mille miglia.”

E per scendere nel concreto, a proposito di alcuni gestori delle osterie che abbiamo già citato e che il nostro autore sembra conoscere bene: “Qui scorgi l’hosto per un cornuto, l’hostessa per una vacca, le figliuole per porcelle, i servitori per assassini in due parole; onde veramente pare che le metamorfosi di Circe siano convertite adosso agli hosti et non a forestieri. Qui vedi sotto l’insegna dell’Angelo un diavolo de’ peggiori dell’inferno; sotto la Corona un Brunello di Tingitana furbo e mariolo; sotto la Campana un Morgante dal battaglio preparato per accopparti; sotto il Corno un cornuto capparone che t’aspetta per rubbarti i zanfroni; sotto un San Giorgio un Martano vilissimo, colmo di mille tradimenti e furfanterie; sotto il Moro un infidel saracino a quanti passeggeri vanno in volta; sotto le Tre Spade un Briareo tergimino che non le perdona ad alcuno; sotto la Luna un Re de Turchi veramente con tutti i forastieri; sotto il Sole uno che ti scotta sul vivo, senza toccarti punto; sotto il Pellegrino uno assassino di tutti i viandanti; sotto il Gambaro un ladro che ti graffia i dinari e la robba nascosamente; sotto la Stella un hosto del mal tempo peggior di quel Caronte che honorava già la via per acqua da Vinetia a Trevigi [Treviso]. Qui odi parole di mille ruffianesmi, motti di sfacciatissime cortigiane, inviti di sciagurate meretrici, sporchezze di lingue dishoneste et vili bestemmie horrende, imprecazioni horribili, giuramenti falsissimi, promesse piene d’inganni e di fallacia in tutto”.

Tommaso Garzoni, Piazza universale di tutte le profession del mondo,Venezia, 1500.

Documento 21500

Polemica descrizione di Tommaso Grazoni delle rappresentazioni teatrali all’osteria “al Pellegrino”, tenute da improvvisate compagnie di dubbia fama e infima professionalità.

“ … s’invita il popolo a una commedia, o tragedia, o pastorale in palazzo, o alla osteria del Pellegrino, ove la plebe desiosa di cose nuove e curiosa per sua natura, subito s’affretta a occupar la stanza, e si passa per mezzo di gazzette [monete] dentro alla sala preparata, e qui si trova un palco postizzo [finto], una scena dipinta col carbone senza un giudizio al mondo; s’ode un concerto antecedente d’asini e galavroni [tipo di cane]; si sente un prologo da Ceretano … un Magnifico che non vale un bezzo, un Zani che pare un’oca, un Graziano che caca le parole, una Ruffiana insulsa e scioccarella, un Innamorato che stroppia le braccia a tutti quando favella; un Spagnuolo che non sa proferir se non mi vida e mi corazon; un pedante che scarta nelle parole toscane a ogni tratto, un burattino che non sa far altro gesto che quello del berrettino che si mette in capo, una Signora soprattutto orca nel dire, morta nel favellare, addormentata nel gestire, che ha perpetua inimicizia con le grazie, e tiene con la bellezza differenza capitale”.

Tommaso Garzoni, Piazza universale di tutte le profession del mondo,Venezia, 1500.

Page 9: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

AT THE ORIGIN OF HOSPITALITY 129

Documento 31502, novembreDescrizione dell’osteria “del Cappello” negli atti dei Procuratori di San Marco de supra.

…all’intrar della qual hostaria è un portego, a banda destra è la sua caneva [cantina], a banda senestra è una loza in collone quattro, che discorre alla riva, sotto la qual loza è una cusina granda con il suo bon pozzo … davanti ditta loza una corte discoperta con suo bon pozzo dolce al mezo, et apresso la riva una stala da cavalli coi sui conduti neccessarii; item in ditta corte una scalla duse [conduce] nel primo soler [piano], sotto la qual scalla è un albergo con stuffe [stufe, ma anche genericamente stanze riscaldate per la sosta degli avventori] dentro. In el primo soler un andèdo [corridoio, andito] score attorno la casa, in el qual sono quattro camarette con le sue lettiere da lozar [alloggiare] forestieri; item un’altra camara sopra la caneveta; in el secondo soler sono due scale, le qual duseno in un altro andètto in el qual sono tre camere; di sopra la sua soffitta et altana. Nella corte scoperta al pian terreno sono invece presenti le tavole per la ristorazione: quattro tavole grande de noghera, con cinque banche portatile.

Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Procuratori di San Marco de supra, serie “Chiesa”, b. 30.

Documento 41502, novembre

Descrizione dell’osteria “al Cavalletto” negli atti dei Procuratori di San Marco de supra.Una hostaria appresso la ditta all’insegna del Cavaletto, all’intrar è uno albergo con

fenestre, el qual serve per cusina, a la man destra è un albergo con finestre sotto il portego…tramezado con parè de tavolle con la ditta cusina in la qual ve sono due porte per le quali se entrano in una corte descoverta…dove è fatto reduto de scaffa…in la qual corte è una scaleta conduse in una camara dove habita l’hosto; in la detta cusina è una scalla al mezo della qualle è un mezado con due camere…in cappo della detta scalla è una salla con nappa [camino] e una camara de partison de tavvole, in cappo della qual salla vi sono due porte le qual entrano in due camere senza fuogo, una delle qualle ha sua lettiera et 3 balconi sopra la piaza, l’altra ha lettiera et dui balconi. Di sora la sua soffitta.

Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Procuratori di San Marco de supra, serie “Chiesa”, b. 30.

Documento 51502, novembre

Descrizione dell’osteria “al Lion” negli atti dei Procuratori di San Marco de supra.Una hostaria tien per insegna el Lion, in cappo del portego, in lo enrar della quale è un

andedo, a banda sinistra uno albergo grando con banche attorno attorno [tutte intorno] da manzar [mangiare] suso. A banda destra è la caneva, in el qual andeda è una scalla, a pe’ [ai piedi] della qual è una porta duse [conduce] in corte discoperta, da dredo [dietro] dove ne sono

Page 10: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

130 M. DAL BORGO

tavolle suso con le sue banche,a mezo della qual scalla, a banda destra, è un albergo grando. Dall’altra banda ne sono dui albergeti.Il cappo della ditta scalla è una salletta, dove ne sono cusina con tre camere. Ittem una porta duse verso la piaza con uno pocco de andedo. Dove ne sono due camere, una per banda, fra le quali ne sono balconi diese sopra la piaza. La qual hostaria vien per nui affittada a Marco Beazan, il qual pagga de affitto all’anno ducati 60.

Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Procuratori di San Marco de supra, serie “Chiesa”, b. 30.

Documento 61515, 5 maggio.

Il diarista Marin Sanudo riferisce sulla pubblica esibizione di un “monstro” avvenuta all’osteria “del Cappello”

“Sopra la Piaza di San Marco, in l’hostaria dil Capello, c’era un monstro, cossa molto horrenda, qual è uno garzon di anni 14, nato in le parte di Picardia, chiamato Jacomo, dil 1500, et ben proporzionato, lui un poco picolo, qual ha nel stomaco un’altra criatura li vien fuora, che non ha se non il busto e membro viril per dove el pissa, et piedi, qual li tien retrati, et di le braze dimostra fuora come do dedi [dita] un poco longi; altro non ha, né ha il buso da drio; et questa cossa si passe [nutre] di liquor che’l zovene manza et poi pissa fuora; et parmi molto di novo quando lo vidi. Et lo tocai et parlai col garzon, qual sa italiano, et si pagava un soldo chi voleva vederlo, et teniva una bandiera in tella fuora, con questo monstro dipento suso, l’arma dil Papa e dil Doxe non posta postiza, et letere vulgar et latine, qual dicevano cussì: Ex matrimonio natus est in partibus Normandie, in civitate quae dicitur Drus, 1500. Tuto ozi andò persone a vederlo, adeo vadano ducati assà. Sono tre che lo menano cussì atorno, spagnoli; uno lo monstra et do asusano [raccolgono] li marcheti, et poi triumphano insieme et vanno di terra in terra … e la sera per li Capi di X li fo fato comandamento subito andasse via, e cussì andò”.

Marin Sanudo, I diarii, a c. di N. Barozzi, M. Allegri, R. Fulin, F. Stefani, Venezia, 1879-1903.

Documento 71679

Perizia del proto e architetto Baldassarre Longhena sui lavori di restauro da farsi nell’osteria all’insegna della Luna.

…et chosi io Baldisera Longhena protto…son comparso sopra locho…et chosi visto uma parte della fazzata sopra il rio delle Becharie, quella levatta di opera con spesa di tresendar le muralgie et travadure tolto suso parte della fondamente vechia sopra detto rio; et quella tornata a refar come ancho muralgie li sarano spesa de piere cotte, calcina, sabioni et spesa di piere vive per parte de balconi metter filli per sicurazion di travadure e muralgie legnami squaradi et tavole de diverse sorti, refar nape et fogeri et refar fornelli, refar salizadi nella cusina et altri lochi refar porte e fenestre de veri et simil opere portar via ruvinazi metter arpesi da travadure

Page 11: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

AT THE ORIGIN OF HOSPITALITY 131

et fature di murer et marangon con rifacimento di qualche parte de coperti refar terazi in molte parti di portize et camere, far alquasi par smaltati et altre opere da me viste et misuratte et tutte viste et misuratte et considerato la spesa possi esser andatta a parte a parte stimo il tutto per esser de il valor de duchatti mille e sette cento corenti et questo è quanto io dicho per mio parere et mia perizia…

Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Procuratori di San Marco de supra, serie “Chiesa”, b. 31.

Documento 81747, settembre

Inventario degli utensili di cucina presenti nell’ostera alla Torre, ubicata nella parrocchia di San Mattio di Rialto, adiacente alla Pescheria.

Tondi di peltro numero 21Detti mezzani numero 27Detti piatti grandi numero 12Piatti di terra bianchi da tolla [tavola] numero 40Detti mezani numero 29Stagnade tra grandi e picole numero 7Una padella di rame grandeSecchi d’aqua di rame numero 3Candellieri d’ottone numero 17Cavioni [alari da camino] di ferro numero 4Pignate di rame numero 3Padelle di rame con manico numero 2Una stadieraUna balanzaCazze da brodo di ferro tra grandi e piccole numero 3In una cassella d’un armerCuchiari d’argento a bissa numero 26Piro [forchette]di ferro con manico d’osso nero con sua capetta d’argento numero 26 Cortelli simili numero 26Caldiere di rame numero 2Un crivello di rame mezzanoIn una cassa di nogheraTovaglioli ordinari sporchi numero 53Tovaglie numero 6 ordinarieIn un armer d’albeoTovaglioli netti ordinari numero 27Detti rigati numero 26

Page 12: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

132 M. DAL BORGO

Tovaglie grandi numero 3Palagremi [grembiuli] da omo numero 9L’osteria alla Torre risulta composta da una cucina, da un cameron, da un portico prospiciente

la Pescheria e che viene denominato “il Giardino”, una caneva che, all’epoca, conservava alcune botti di vino grosso nero e un caratello di vino garganego. Le stanze erano ben dodici. Nel piano inferiore troviamo le stanze denominate Imperator, Anguria, Riosa, Pomo; di sopra quelle Stella, Pellegrino, Sole, Cusina, Doge, Re, Luna, Corona. In quasi tutte le stanze è presente un piccolo quadro, senza soaza [cornice], raffigurante la Beata Vergine Maria.

Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Giustizia Nuova, b. 16.

Page 13: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

AT THE ORIGIN OF HOSPITALITY 133

Fine secolo XVIII. Elenco delle osterie con indicazione del numero delle anfore di vino vendute annualmente e relative tasse dovute allo Stato.Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Stampe magistrati veneti antichi, busta 116

Page 14: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

134 M. DAL BORGO

1788, 16 settembreProclama a stampa che obbliga locandieri e albergatori a registrare il proprio nome (darsi in nota) presso la Giustizia Nuova per il pagamento del dazio dovuto allo Stato.Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Stampe magistrati veneti antichi, busta 116

Page 15: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

AT THE ORIGIN OF HOSPITALITY 135

1502Descrizione dell’osteria alla Luna.Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Procuratori di san Marco de supra, serie “Chiesa”, busta 32.

1750Luogo dell’osteria alla Luna, presso la casaria a san Marco.Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Arti, busta 77.

Page 16: At the Origin of Hospitality: Venetian Hostelry, Tavern ...

136 M. DAL BORGO

1494, Gentile Bellini, Miracolo della reliquia della Santa Croce al ponte di Rialto. Nel quadro appare l’insegna dell’osteria allo Sturione, situata sulla Riva del Vin presso il ponte di Rialto, ancora in legno apribile.