Astro&109&Lecture&9:& Lightand&Heatajbaker/ph109/midterm/Lec... · Astro&109&Lecture&9:&...

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Astro 109 Lecture 9: Light and Heat October 1, 2014 Please pick up a gra.ng (small, clear piece of plas.c) on your way into class. This is yours to keep!

Transcript of Astro&109&Lecture&9:& Lightand&Heatajbaker/ph109/midterm/Lec... · Astro&109&Lecture&9:&...

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Astro  109  Lecture  9:  Light  and  Heat  October  1,  2014  

 Please  pick  up  a  gra.ng  (small,  clear  piece  of  plas.c)  

on  your  way  into  class.  This  is  yours  to  keep!  

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Constella=on  of  the  day:  Lyra  

•  Small  constella=on  with  a  big,  bright  star:  Vega,  the  fiEh  brightest  star  in  the  sky  and  (along  with  Altair  and  Deneb)  defining  one  vertex  of  the    “summer  triangle.”  

•  In  Greek  mythology,  represented  the  lyre  of  Orpheus,  who    unsuccessfully  tried  to  rescue  his  wife  Eurydice  from  Hades.  

Image  credit:  IAU/Sky  &  Telescope  

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Why  astronomers  like  Lyra  

•  Vega  is  orbited  by  a  debris  disk  that  represents  a  late  stage  in  the  forma=on  of  a  new  planetary  system,  in  which  larger  pebbles,  rocks,  and  boulders  are  ground  into  dust  by  collisions  –  likely  driven  by  the  gravita=onal  tugs  of  planets.  

Marsh  et  al.  (2006)  

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Organiza=onal  reminders  •  Midterm  will  be  in  class  on  Wednesday,  October  15th.  

•  Four  more  sets  of  in-­‐person  office  hours  before  the  midterm:  this  Friday  10/3  (3:00-­‐4:30pm  in  Scoa  102),  next  Tuesday  10/7  (3:00-­‐4:30pm  in  Serin  401),  next  Friday  10/10,  and  Tuesday  10/14.  Please  stop  by  (or  send  me  an  email  to  make  an  appointment)  if  you  need  to  talk!  

•  Reading  for  Friday:  T7,  T8,  T9  (Tools  of  Science  boxes  for  chapters  7,  8,  and  9).  

 •  Homework  #  4  due  this  Friday  in  Sakai.  (Your  clicker  and  homework  scores  

should  be  showing  up  in  the  Sakai  gradebook.  I  will  have  to  make  a  few  small  adjustments  for  clicker  ques=ons  that  Sakai  doesn’t  grade  correctly.)  

•  G.  Luzzi:  please  iden=fy  yourself  aEer  class!  

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1/3  of  class  is  aaending  –  how  about  you?  LA   DAY   TIME   CAMPUS   ROOM  

Elsie  Lee   Monday   1:10-­‐2:30pm   College  Ave   Kreeger  117  

Isabel  Kennedy   Monday   6:40-­‐8:00pm   Livingston   Tillea  111  

Ryan  DeGregorio   Tuesday   8:10-­‐9:30pm   Busch   ARC  326  

Adrian  Casper   Wednesday   1:10-­‐2:30pm   College  Ave   Kreeger  117  

Zac  Csorny   Wednesday   2:50-­‐4:10pm   College  Ave   Kreeger  117  

Ragen  Patel   Thursday   2:50-­‐4:10pm   College  Ave   Kreeger  117  

Anthony  Xing   Thursday   5:00-­‐6:20pm   Livingston   Tillea  111  

•  All  students  are  welcome  to  aaend;  if  you  are  gerng  6/10  or  less  on  homeworks,  you  are  strongly  encouraged  to  aaend.  

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Sign  up  for  study  groups  in  Sakai  •  Wednesday/Thursday  this  week  and  Monday/Tuesday  

next  week  are  now  available  for  signup  via  the  “Sign-­‐up”  tab  in  Sakai  (note:  Sec=on  4  for  today  is  already  full).  

•  Regarding  extra  credit:  –  If  you  want  extra  credit,  please  show  up  on  =me  and  par=cipate  ac=vely.  

–  You  can  see  your  current  total  in  Sakai  gradebook  in  “Study  group  extra  credit”  field.  

 •  Ques=ons  from  last  year’s  midterm  you  should  be  able  to  

answer  aEer  today’s  lecture:  #1  (62%),  #12  (37%  -­‐  now  you  will  have  seen  c  =  λν),  #30  (37%  -­‐  caught  up  with  material).  

 

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Finishing  up  on  gravity…  

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Sept.  27   ar=st’s  concep=on  

Tidal  forces  can  be  destruc.ve,  too  •  If  =dal  force  on  a  moon  is  stronger  than  gravita=onal  force  of  the  moon  on  itself,  the  moon  will  disintegrate!  

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Another  niEy  effect  of  gravity:  resonances  •  Some  physical  systems  have  “natural”  frequencies  where  a  modest  input  can  have  a  drama=c  effect  (e.g.,  wine  glass  shaaered  by  opera  singer’s  voice).    These  are  resonances.  

•  Another  example:  repeatedly  pushing  a  child  on  a  swing  at  the  swing’s  “natural”  frequency  yields  huge  amplitudes.  

Image  credit:  www.lilsugar.com  

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Gravity  at  work:  orbital  resonances  •  Galilean  moons,  again:  in  the  =me  it  takes  Ganymede  to  make  one  orbit  of  Jupiter,  Europa  makes  exactly  two  orbits  and  Io  makes  exactly  four  orbits  of  Jupiter.  

•  Coincidence?  No!  •  Io,  Europa,  and  Ganymede  have  a  stable  orbital  resonance,  which  is  maintained  by  the  regular  gravita=onal  tugs  they  give  each  other  as  they  orit  the  planet.  (Not  all  resonances  are  stable,  however.)  –  This  is  a  liale  like  three  children  who  are  all  pushing  each  others’  swings  –  doesn’t  work  on  a  playground,  but  can  work  with  gravity.    

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Orbital  resonances  •  Watch  the  Galilean  moons  do  their  dance  (note:  they  never  all  line  up  on  the  same  side  of  the  planet)…  

Image  credit:  Wikipedia  

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Extreme  orbital  resonances  •  In  the  =me  it  takes  Neptune  to  make  three  orbits  of  the  

Sun,  Pluto  makes  exactly  two  orbits  of  the  Sun.          

•  Since  Neptune  and  Pluto  return  to  the  same  posi=ons  every  3  x  165  =  2  x  248  years,  they  stay  far  away  from  each  other,  and  Pluto  is  protected  from  bullying  by  Neptune.  –  If  not  for  the  resonance,  Pluto  would  have  been  kicked  out  of  its  orbit  by  Neptune  a  long  =me  ago…  

Image  credit:  D.  Gary  

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Saturn’s  moons  Mimas  and  Tethys  have  orbital  periods  of  0.94  and  1.88  days,  respec=vely,  defining  a  stable  4:2  orbital  resonance.  Which  statement  about  these  moons  is  correct?  

Group  clicker  ques=on  #  1  

A.  An  observer  on  Mimas  would  always  see  the  same  face  of  Tethys  at  all  =mes.  

B.  Mimas  completes  a  single  orbit  of  Saturn  during  the  =me  it  takes  Tethys  to  complete  two  orbits  of  Saturn.  

C.  Mimas  and  Tethys  will  never  be  on  the  same  side  of  Saturn  at  the  same  =me.  

D.  Mimas  will  only  pass  between  Tethys  and  Saturn  once  in  every  two  of  its  orbits  around  Saturn.  

E.  Once  Mimas  is  fully  opera=onal,  the  Galac=c  Empire  will  use  it  to  destroy  Tethys.  

Image  credit:  NASA/Cassini  

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Today’s  (main)  subject:  light  and  heat!  

General  rule:  where  there’s  heat,  there’s  light  of  some  sort.  

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Speed  of  light:  first  es=mate  

c = 3⇥ 108 m/shap://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfadd/1150/01Intro/std.html  

Danish  astronomy  Ole  Rømer  (1675):  =me  between  eclipses  of  Io  by  Jupiter  is  longer  when  Earth  is  moving  away.    Right  idea,  right  conclusion  (light  has  a  finite  speed),  but  wrong  answer;  his  es=mate  was  25%  below  true  value:  

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c  stands  for  cosmic  speed  limit!  

In  a  vacuum  (i.e.,  empty  space):  +  Nothing  moves  faster  than  c.  +  Speed  of  light  is  independent  

 of  wavelength.  (There’s  no    speed  “bonus”  if  you  happen    to  be  a  very  energe=c  photon!)  

 In  a  transparent  medium  (air,  water,  glass,  etc.):  +  Speed  of  light  is  less  than  c.  +  Speed  of  light  can  some=mes  

 depend  on  wavelength.  

Image  credit:  abc3miscellany.blogspot.com  

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The  visible  spectrum  

Oct.  2  

A  prism  splits  light  into  its  cons=tuent  colors  by  taking  advantage  of  the  varia=on  of  the  speed  of  light  with  wavelength  in  glass.  (Your  gra=ng  has  a  similar  effect  for  different  reasons.)    Roy  G.  Biv  =  red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  violet  –  from  long  to  short  wavelength.  

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The  electromagne.c  spectrum  

Light  is  more  than  meets  the  eye!–  or  at  least,  more  than  the  eye  can  see.  Astronomers  now  have  telescopes  at  all  these  wavelengths.  

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Oct.  2  

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Demonstra=ons!  

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Light  acts  like  a  par=cle…  and  a  wave  

Wikipedia  

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Diffrac=on  

aperture  

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Proper=es  of  waves  

frequency,  ν    (cycles  per  second,  s-­‐1,  or  Hz)  

� ⇥ = c (speed)

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Why  “electromagne=c”?  

hap://www.nrc-­‐cnrc.gc.ca/eng/projects/inms/op=cal-­‐comb.html  

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Green  light  has  a  wavelength  of  around  500  nm  (or  500  billionths  of  a  meter).    What  is  its  frequency?    

Example  

� = 500⇥ 10�9 m

= 5⇥ 10�7 m

� ⇥ = c

⇥ =c

=3⇥ 108 m/s

5⇥ 10�7 m

=30⇥ 107

5⇥ 10�7s�1

= 6⇥ 1014 Hz

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WRSU-­‐FM  broadcasts  at  88.7  MHz.    What  is  the  wavelength  of  the  radio  waves?  

Example  

⇥ = 88.7 MHz= 88.7⇥ 106 s�1

= 8.87⇥ 107 s�1

� =c

=3⇥ 108 m/s

8.87⇥ 107 s�1

= 3.4 m

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The  frequency  of  red  light  is  about  half  the  frequency  of  violet  light.    In  vacuum,  how  does  the  wavelength  of  red  light  compare  with  the  wavelength  of  violet  light?  

A.  four  =mes  larger  B.  twice  as  large  C.  the  same  D.  half  as  large  E.  one  quarter  as  large  

Clicker  ques=on  #  2  

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The  frequency  of  red  light  is  about  half  the  frequency  of  violet  light.    In  vacuum,  how  does  the  speed  of  red  light  compare  with  the  speed  of  violet  light?  

A.  four  =mes  larger  B.  twice  as  large  C.  the  same  D.  half  as  large  E.  one  quarter  as  large  

Clicker  ques=on  #  3  

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Percep=on  

Sound:  •  amplitude  =  loudness  •  frequency  =  pitch  

Light:  •  amplitude  =  brightness  •  frequency  or  wavelength  =  color  •  color  and  brightness  are  not  the  same!  

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Hot  things  glow:  thermal  radia=on  

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Oct.  2  

Wikipedia,  “thermography”  

…and  so  do  not-­‐so-­‐hot  things  

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Blackbody  spectrum  

TF =95TC + 32

TC =59(TF � 32)

TK = TC + 273Oct.  2  

Idealized  object  that  is  opaque  and  nonreflec=ve;  need  not  be  black  per  se!  

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Demonstra=on!    

(Note:  gra=ng  is  a  giE  of  the  Department  of  Physics  and  Astronomy…  don’t  use  it  to  try  to  look  at  the  Sun,  but  feel  free  to  send  Prof.  Baker  pictures  to  post  in  Sakai  “art  gallery”!)  

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As  a  solid  body  gets  cooler,  it  emits  electromagne=c  radia=on  

A.  that  is  brighter  and  whose  spectrum  peaks  at  shorter  wavelengths.  

B.  that  is  brighter  and  whose  spectrum  peaks  at  longer  wavelengths.  

C.  that  is  fainter  and  whose  spectrum  peaks  at  shorter  wavelengths.  

D.  that  is  fainter  and  whose  spectrum  peaks  at  longer  wavelengths.  

E.  that  is  clammier.  

Clicker  ques=on  #  4