Asterids: Asteraceae. Asterids Very large, diverse group 10 orders, many families Apomorphies:...
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![Page 1: Asterids: Asteraceae. Asterids Very large, diverse group 10 orders, many families Apomorphies: –iridoid compounds –sympetalous corolla –ovules: one.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551a50f455034643688b45c7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Asterids:
Asteraceae
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Asterids
• Very large, diverse group
• 10 orders, many families
• Apomorphies:– iridoid compounds– sympetalous corolla– ovules: one integument and the
megasporangium is generally one cell thick
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Asteraceae• Probably the most evolved of the families• Two types of flowers
– Ray– Disk
• Herbs in our area, but can be trees in tropics• Very diverse: 19,000 species world-wide• Many flowers on the head inflorescence• Old name is compositae – b/c a composite
of flowers
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Asteraceae
•Inflorescence a head (capitulum): (usu.) many flowers arising from a compound receptacle, subtended by inflorescence bracts: involucral bracts or phyllaries, collectively termed the involucre.
• Calyx modified as pappus.
• Fruit an achene.
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Floral Formula
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Asteraceae – World-wide
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Typical Asteraceae Flower
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ligulate / ray disk
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Cross-section of Asteraceae Flower
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More detail on disk flower
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Note the chaff – bracts below each individual flower
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Fruits are achenes
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Sunflower “seeds” = achenes
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Echinacea sp. – praire cone flower
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Liatris flowers
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Close-up of achene fruit with pappus
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Taraxacum officinale
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Close-up of Taraxacum head
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Taraxacum fruits
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Close-up of Taraxacum flower
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Five types of heads:
1) discoid, with only disk flowers;
2) disciform, with central disk flowers and marginal, eligulate female flowers;
3) radiate, with central (bisexual or male) disk flowers and peripheral (female or sterile) ray flowers;
4) ligulate, with all ray flowers (typically with 5-toothed corolla apices);
5) bilabiate, with all bilabiate flowers.
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Bilabiate flower
Acourtia microcephala Trixis californica
posterior lip anterior lip
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Ray flowers (heads ligulate = all rays)
Rafinesquia neomexicana Malacothrix californica
ligulate corolla
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Disk flower: heads discoid
Palafoxia arida Psathyrotes ramosissima
disk corolla
Chaenactis gabriuscula
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Disk flowers: heads disciform(2 types of disk fls.,
same or different heads)
male heads
Ambrosia chamissonis
female heads
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Xylorhiza orcuttii Encelia farinosa
Heads radiate: inner disk & outer ray fls.
ray flowers disk flowers
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Encelia californica
ovary
Some heads are "chaffy"
chaff : bracts subtending flowers
disk flower
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Involucre morphology
one whorl two whorls many whorls
Senecio vulgaris Coreopsis maritima Encelia californica
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Circium vulgare Silybum marianum
Phyllaries spiny
Involucre morphology
Phyllaries spiny & squarrose
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Pappus: modified calyx
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Pappus: modified calyx
capillary bristles: barbellate
capillary bristles: plumose
beak
capillary bristles, borne atop "beak"
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Asteraceae
• Because the family is so large, it is divided into two Subfamilies which are then divided into tribes: 12 to 17 in the whole family
• Aster = Subfamily Asteroideae– Six tribes we’ll see
• Dandelion = Subfamily Cichorioideae– One tribe
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Tribes of the Aster Subfamily
• Heliantheae
• Asterae
• Anthemideae
• Senecioneae
• Gnaphalieae
• Eupatorieae
• Cynareae
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Tribe Heliantheae – Sunflower tribe
• Opposite leaves
• Very resinous
• Bracts attached to individual flowers (chaffy receptacle)
• Both types of flowers
• Sunflower (Helianthus) and Echinacea
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Heliantheae
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Tribe Asterae – Aster Tribe
• No bracts at the bottom of individual flowers
• Example is genus Aster, generally fewer than 20 “petals” or ligulate flowers
• Similar to above tribe, but without resinChrysothamnus (Rabbitbrush or chico)
• Another important genus is Erigeron aka fleabane daisy
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Chyrsothamnus sp. rabbitbrush
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Erigeron elatior
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Tribe Anthemideae – Chamomile Tribe
• Multiple layers of phyllaries of different lengths
• Richly aromatic
• Thin, dry, and translucent (i.e. scarious) bracts surrounding the flower base
• Artemisia (sagebrush is in this tribe)
• Achillea, Chrysanthemum
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Involucre morphology
one whorl two whorls many whorls
Senecio vulgaris Coreopsis maritima Encelia californica
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Chrysanthemum
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Achillea millefolium - yarrow
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Tribe Senecioneae – Senecio or Groundsel Tribe
– Silky pappus around each flower
• Pappus is usually pure white and very abundant
• Usually naked receptacle
• Senecio
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Senecio triangularis
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Tribe Gnaphalieae – Everlasting Tribe
• Also has scarious bracts around flower base
• No ligulate flowers, only tubular flowers
• Example is cudweed or everlasting (Gnaphalium)
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Pussytoes in Gnaphalieae
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Tribe Eupatorieae – Boneset Tribe
• “Baseball bat stigmas”
• No ligulate flowers
• Usually naked receptacle
• Snakeweed, Gutierrezia
• Liatris, common ornamental
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Gutierrezia sarothrae – broom snakeweed
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Liatris punctata
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Dandelion Subfamily - Cichorioideae
• The Dandelion Subfamily
• Strap shaped ligulate “petals”
• No tubular flowers
• Dandelions (Taraxacum)
• Lettuce (Lactuca)
• Includes Cardueae Tribe
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Lactuca serriola – prickly lettuce
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Tribe Cynareae or Cardueae (in your book) – Artichoke Tribe
• Head inside a cluster of tightly compressed bracts• Like an artichoke, which is in this tribe, we eat the
bracts!• No ligulate flowers• Many bristles on receptacle (spines inside
artichoke)• Many thistles are in this tribe, Cirsium and also
knapweeds, Centaurea• Cynara is artichoke• Name for genus Carduus
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Artichoke - Cynara scolymus
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Cirsium scariosum
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Cirsium arvense
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Argyroxiphium sandwicense, Silversword endemic toMaui
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Argyroxiphium sandwicense, Silversword
Maui