ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
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Transcript of ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
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ASTERAdvanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
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Terra Launch from VAFB
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Terra Orbit Parameters
Orbit Sun Synchronous Descending Node
Time of Day 10:30 am
Altitude 705 km
Inclination 98.2o
Repeat Cycle 16 days
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ASTER Instrument Overview
• ASTER is an international effort:– Japanese government is providing the
instrument under METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) and is responsible for Level 1 data processing
– Flies on NASA’s Terra platform– Science team consists of Japanese,
American and Australian scientists
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ASTER Characteristics
• Wide Spectral Coverage 3 bands in VNIR (0.52 – 0.86 μm)
6 bands in SWIR (1.6 – 2.43 μm) 5 bands in TIR (8.125 – 11.65 μm)
• High Spatial Resolution15m for VNIR bands
30m for SWIR bands90m for TIR bands
• Along-Track Stereo Capability B/H 0.6 DEM Elevation accuracy: 15m (3σ) DEM Geolocation accuracy: 50m (3σ)
Terra
ASTER
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ASTERASTER Bands
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ASTER Spectral Bandpass
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Baseline Performance Requirements
Subsystem Band No.
Spectral Range (m)
Radiometric Resolution
Absolute Accuracy
()
Spatial Resolution
Signal Quantization
Levels
1 0.52 - 0.60 VNIR 2 0.63 - 0.69 NE < 0.5 % < + 4 % 15 m 8 bits
3N 3B
0.78 - 0.86 0.78 -0.86
4 1.600 - 1.700 NE < 0.5 % 5 2.145 - 2.185 NE < 1.3 %
SWIR 6 2.185 - 2.225 NE < 1.3 % < + 4 % 30 m 8 bits 7 2.235 - 2.285 NE < 1.3 % 8 2.295 - 2.365 NE < 1.0 % 9 2.360 - 2.430 NE < 1.3 % 10 8.125 - 8.475 < 1K 11 8.475 - 8.825 (270-340K)
TIR 12 8.925 - 9.275 NET < 0.3 K < 2K 90 m 12 bits 13 10.25 - 10.95 (240-270K) 14 10.95 - 11.65 (340-370K)
< 3K (200-240K)
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ASTER Characteristic Functions
Item VNIR SWIR TIR
Scan Pushbroom Pushbroom WhiskbroomReflective (Schmidt) Refractive Reflective (Newtonian)D=82.25 mm (Nadir) D=190 mm D=240 mm
D=94.28 mm (Backward)
Dichroic and
band pass filterSi-CCD PtSi-CCD HgCdTe (PC)
5000 x 4 2048 x 6 10 x 5Cryocooler (Temperature) not cooled Stirling cycle, 77 K Stirling cycle, 80 K
Telescope rotation Pointing mirror rotation Scan mirror rotation
+ 24 deg. + 8.55 deg. + 8.55 deg.Cold plate Cold plate
and and
Radiator Radiator2 sets of Halogen lamps 2 sets of Halogen lamps Blackbody
and monitor diodes and monitor diodes 270 - 340 K
Thermal control Radiator
Calibration method
Telescope optics
Spectrum separation Band pass filter Band pass filter
Focal plane (Detector)
Cross-track pointing
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Observation Mode
Subsystem
Data Rate
(Mbps)VNIR SWIR TIR
Daytime
Full Mode 89.2
VNIR Mode -- -- 62.0
Stereo Mode -- -- 31.0
TIR Mode -- -- 4.1
Nighttime
TIR Mode -- -- 4.1
S+T Mode -- 27.2
ASTER Observation Modes
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EOS AM-1 Orbit Interval : 172 km on the equator ASTER Imaging Swath : 60 km
Fixed 7 Pointing Positions + Arbitrary Pointing (rare cases)
Total Coverage in Cross-Track Direction by Pointing
Full Mode : 232 km (+116 km / +8.55 degrees) Recurrent Period : 16 days (48 days for average)
VNIR : 636 km (+ 318 km / +24 degrees) Recurrent Pattern : 2-5-2-7 days (4 days average)
ASTER Cross-Track Pointing
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Comparison between ASTER and the other imagers
Terra ASTER JERS-1 OPS Landsat ETM SPOT HRV
Spectral Bands VNIR: 3 3 4 3
SWIR: 6 4 2
TIR: 5 1
Stereo Capability
Along-track
B/H = 0.6
Along-track
B/H = 0.3
Multi-orbit
B/H: up to 1.0
Spatial Resolution
(m)
VNIR: 15 18 x 24 30 (15) 20 (10)
SWIR: 30 18 x 24 30
TIR: 90 60
Pointing
Angle
VNIR: +24 +27
SWIR: +8.55
TIR: +8.55
Swath (km) 60 75 185 60
Recurrent Period (day)
16 44 16 26
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Conversion of DN to Radiance (Level-1A)
DN values can be converted to radiance as follows.
L = A V /G + D (VNIR and SWIR bands)
L = AV + CV2 + D (TIR bands)
Where L: radiance (W/m2/sr/µm)A: linear coefficientC: nonlinear coefficientD: offsetV: DN valueG: gain
For TIR, radiance can be converted into brightness temperature using Plank’s Law as shown below.
L(,T ) C1
5
1
exp(C2
T) 1
i : the wavelengthTBB : the brightness temperatureC1 = 3.7415 x 104 (W cm-2 µm4)
C2 = 1.4388 x 104 (µm K)
(Fujisada, 2001 )
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Level-1B Data Product
• The Level-1B data product can be generated by applying the Level1A coefficients for radiometric calibration and geometric resampling.
Map projection : UTM, LCC, SOM, PS, Lat/Long
Resampling : NN, BL, CC
• The geolocation field data are included in the Level-1B data to know the pixel position (latitude/longitude) on the ground.
(Fujisada, 2001 )
Level-1B Data Procuct
Data Directory
Generic Header
Ancillary Data
VNIR Data
SWIR Data
TIR Data
VNIR Specific Header
VNIR Band 1 VNIR Band 2 VNIR Band 3N VNIR Band 3B
VNIR Supplement Data
SWIR Specific Header
SWIR Band 4 SWIR Band 5 SWIR Band 6 SWIR Band 7 SWIR Band 8 SWIR Band 9
VNIR Image Data
SWIR Image Data
SWIR Supplement Data
TIR Specific Header
TIR Band 10 TIR Band 11 TIR Band 12 TIR Band 13 TIR Band 14
TIR Supplement Data
TIR Image Data
Geolocation Field Data
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Conversion of DN to Radiance (Level-1B)
• Radiance value can be obtained from DN values as follows;
Radiance = (DN value -1) x
Unit conversion coefficient
• Unit conversion coefficients, which is defined as radiance per 1DN, are used to convert from DN to radiance.
• The unit conversion coefficient will be kept in the same values throughout mission life.
Unit Conversion Coefficient (W/(m2•sr•µm)/DN)
No. High gain Normal gain Low gain 1 Low gain 2
1 0.676 1.688 2.25
2 0.708 1.415 1.89 N/A
3N 0.423 0.862 1.15
3B 0.423 0.862 1.15
4 0.1087 0.2174 0.29 0.29
5 0.0348 0.0696 0.0925 0.409
6 0.0313 0.0625 0.083 0.39
7 0.0299 0.0597 0.0795 0.332
8 0.0209 0.0417 0.0556 0.245
9 0.0159 0.0318 0.0424 0.26510 6.882 x 10 -3
11 6.780 x 10 -3
12 N/A 6.590 x 10 -3 N/A N/A13 5.693 x 10 -3
14 5.225 x 10 -3
(Fujisada, 2001 )
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Band-to-band Registration Accuracy for Level-1B Data
Band-to-band
Registration Errors
Pixel Geolocation
Knowledge
Within Each
Telescope
Among Telescopes
Relative AbsoluteSWIR/VNIR TIR/VNIR
ver. 1.02 < 0.2 pixels
< 0.2 pixels < 0.5 pixels
< 15 m < 50 m
ver. 2.0 < 0.1 pixels
< 0.2 pixels < 0.2 pixels
< 15 m < 50 m
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SNRs Measured in Actual Data
212> 549
213> 708
177> 547
181> 546
177> 545 Onboard lamp data
(the minimum values for Lamp-A, higher than the specified input radiance)
218> 1404
SWIR
136> 1403N
200> 1402
Onboard lamp data
(slightly lower than the specified input radiance)
224> 1401
VNIR
RemarksMeasured
Value
Specified
Value
Band #
Subsystem
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ASTER Gain Settings
Gain Normal High Low-1 Low-2
VNIR 1.0 2.5 or 2.0
0.75 N/A
SWIR 1.0 2.0 0.75 0.12 – 0.18
1 2 56789430.1
1
10
100
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2Rad
ianc
e(mW cm-2
micrometer-1
ster-1)
Wavelength (micrometer)2.4
200
300
400
500
6008001000
Detection ofHigh TemperatureTargets
SWIR Band # 4 5 6 7 8 9
Saturation Radiance
(W/m2/sr/um) 73.3 103.5 98.7 83.8 62.0 67.0
Highest
Temperature (deg. C.)
466
(739K)
385
(658K)
376
(649K)
358
(631K)
330
(603K)
326
(599K)
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ASTER Science Team
Selects algorithms for higher level standard products
Produces software for standard products
Conducts joint calibration and validation exercises
Conducts mission operations, scheduling, and missionanalysis
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ASTER Calibration Activities
1. Onboard Calibration Devices VNIR: Halogen lamp + photodiode monitor (dual units) SWIR: Halogen lamp + photodiode monitor (dual units) TIR : Variable temperature blackbody (BB)
2. Onboard Calibration (OBC) (1) Long-term calibration: Every 17 days ( Every 33 days) VNIR, SWIR: Halogen lamp + earth night side observation TIR: BB temperature changed from 270 K to 340 K (2) Short-term calibration: Before each TIR observation TIR: BB temperature fixed at 270 K
3. Vicarious Calibration (VC) VNIR, SWIR: Ivanpah Playa, Railroad Valley Playa, Tsukuba, etc. TIR: Lake Tahoe, Salton Sea, Lake Kasumigaura, etc.
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VNIR In-flight Calibration Trend
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SWIR In-flight Calibration Trend
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ASTER Instrument Operations• ASTER has a limited duty cycle which implies
decisions regarding usage must be made• Observation choices include targets, telescopes,
pointing angles, gains, day or night observations• Telescopes capable of independent observations and
maximum observation time in any given orbit is 16 minutes
• Maximum acquisitions per day Acquired ~750 Processed ~330
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Science Prioritization ofASTER data acquisition
• NASA HQ, GSFC, and METI have charged the Science Team with developing the strategy for prioritization of ASTER data acquisition
• Must be consistent with EOS goals, the Long Term Science Plan, and the NASA-METI MOU
• Must be approved by EOS Project Scientist
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Global Data Set• A one-time acquisition
– All land surfaces, including stereo
– Maximize high sun
– “Optimal” gain
• Consists of pointers to processed and archived granules which:
– Meet the minimum requirements for data quality
– Are the “best” acquired satisfying global data set criteria
• Science Team has prioritized areas for acquisition (high, medium and low)
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Regional Data Sets• Focus on specific physiographic regions of Earth,
usually requiring multi-temporal coverage• Acquisitions are intended to satisfy multiple users,
as opposed to specific requirements of individual investigator or small team
• Defined by the ASTER Science Team in consultation with other users (e.g., EOS interdisciplinary scientists)
• Science team provides prioritization (relative to other regional data sets) on a case-by-case basis
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Targeted Observations
• Targeted observations are made in response to Data Acquisition Requests (DARs) from individual investigators or small groups for specific research purposes
• Japanese Instrument Control Center (ICC) does prioritization of DAR based on guidelines provided by Science Team
• Targeted observation may also be used to satisfy the global data set or regional data set acquisition goals, where appropriate
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ASTER Operation Complexity
1. Data Acquisition Based Upon User’s Requests2. Instrument Operation Constraints
(1) Data Rate・ Maximum average data rate : 8.3 Mbps・ Peak data rate : 89.2 Mbps
(2) Power Consumption(3) Pointing Change
3. Selection of Operation Mode / Gain Settings4. Utilization of Cloud Prediction Data
Automatic Generation of Data Acquisition Schedule
Duty Cycle : 8%
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ASTER US-JAPAN RelationASTER US-JAPAN RelationASTER US-JAPAN RelationASTER US-JAPAN Relation
Pacific Link
TDRS
ASTER GDS
TDRSSUSJapan
EOSDIS
data
DRS
Direct Downlink
・ Data Processing/Analysis (Level 0→Level 1) (High Level Product) ・ Mission Operation (Observation Scheduling)・ Data Archive/Delivery
User
ATLASⅡ
User
Terra ASTER Sensor
Product ProductDAR, DPR DAR, DPR
Activity
Telemetry dataExpedited Data Set
Science dataEngineering dataTelemetry data
Command
DownlinkUplink
Product
Level-0 data
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ASTER Standard Data Products
Category #Product name Generation
Japan US
Max scenes
in Japan
Standard
1A Reconstructed, unprocessed instrument data ○ × 780
1B Radinace at sensor ○ × 310
2A01 Brightness temperature at sensor × ○ -
2A02 Relative spectral emissivity (D-stretch) ○ ○ 50
2A03 Relative spectral reflectance (D-stretch) ○ ○ 50
2B01 Surface radiance ○ ○ 10
2B03 Surface temperature ○ ○ 10
2B04 Surface emissivity ○ ○ 10
2B05 Surface reflectance ○ ○ 10
4A Polar cloud map (after launch) × ○ -
4A21 Digital elevation model (Absolute) × ○ -
Semi-
standard
3A01 Radinace at sensor with orth-photo coreetion ○ × 30
4A01 Digital elevation model (Relative) ○ × 30
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ASTER Primary ObjectivesASTER Primary Objectives
To improve understanding of the local- and regional-scale processes occurring on or near the earth’s surface.
Obtain high spatial resolution image data in the visible through the thermal infrared regions.
ASTER is the zoom lens of Terra!
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ASTER Web Site:http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov
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APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS• Surface Energy Balance• Geology • Wild Fires• Urban Monitoring• Glacial Monitoring• Volcano Monitoring• Wetland Studies• Land Use
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Surface Energy Surface Energy BalanceBalance
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Surface Energy Balance from ASTER dataEl Reno OK, 4-Sep-2000, Kustas & Norman 2-source model
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ASTER data of El Reno OK, 4-Sep-2000: NDVI & Surface Temperature
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GeologyGeology
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3 2 1 3 2 1 DST
4 6 8 DST 13 12 10 DST
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Wild FiresWild Fires
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Hayman Fire, Hayman Fire, ColoradoColorado
June 16, 2002 June 16, 2002
ASTER bands 8-3-2 ASTER bands 8-3-2 as RGBas RGB
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Urban MonitoringUrban Monitoring
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Eiffel Tower
Louvre
Arc de Triomphe
La Defense
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Glacial MonitoringGlacial Monitoring
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Global Land Ice Measurements from SpaceGlobal Land Ice Measurements from Space
View from top of Llewellyn Glacier, British Columbia
Goal is to determine the extent of world’s glaciers and the rate at which they are changing.
•Acquire global set of ASTER images
•Map global extent of land ice
•Analyze interannual changes in length, area, surface flow fields
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Volcano MonitoringVolcano Monitoring
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Nyiragongo erupted January 17, 2002 sending streams of lave Nyiragongo erupted January 17, 2002 sending streams of lave through the town of Goma. More than 100 people were killed. through the town of Goma. More than 100 people were killed. This perspective view combines ASTER thermal data (red) This perspective view combines ASTER thermal data (red) showing the active lava flows and lava in the crater; Landsat showing the active lava flows and lava in the crater; Landsat Thematic Mapper image, and Shuttle Radar Topography Thematic Mapper image, and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation data.Mission digital elevation data.
January 2002 Eruption of Nyiragongo Volcano, CongoJanuary 2002 Eruption of Nyiragongo Volcano, Congo
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Wetland StudiesWetland Studies
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Sediment Image Temperature Image
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Land UseLand Use
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US-Mexico border at Mexicali
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How Do I Get ASTER Data?• Browse the archive: use the EOS Data
Gateway (EDG) to find what data have already been acquired. Order data products desired: http://harp.gsfc.nasa.gov/~imswww/pub/imswelcome/
• Submit a Data Acquisition Request: First become an authorized user; then request satellite obtain your particular data