Assistants: Risto Montonen and Göran Maconi Doctoral...

Lecturer: Ivan Kassamakov, Docent Assistants: Risto Montonen and Göran Maconi

Doctoral students

Course webpage:http://electronics.physics.helsinki.fi/teaching/optics-2018/

Personal information

Ivan Kassamakov e-mail: [email protected] office: PHYSICUM - PHY C 318 (9:00-19:00)

Risto Montonen e-mail: [email protected] office: PHYSICUM - PHY A 312

Göran Maconi e-mail: [email protected] office: PHYSICUM - PHY C 204a

Schedule:

Lectures: Thursdays: 10:15 – 12:00, 19.01.2018 – 03.05.2018, Lecture Room: PHYSICUM - PHY D116 SH;

Exercises: Thursdays: 12:15 – 14:00, 19.01.2012 – 03.05.2016, Lecture Room: PHYSICUM - PHY D116 SH;

Demonstrations: Electronics Laboratory: PHYSICUM - PHY C 312 - 316 .

Lectures

Lecture # Week # Place - Lecture Room Date Starting time Ending time

01 OPTIIKKA : LUENTO 3 PHYSICUM - PHY D116 SH 18.01.2018 10:15 12:00














Exercises

Exercises # Week # Place - Lecture Room Date Starting

time Ending time















Textbook

The text for this course is “Optics”, 5th edition, Global, by Eugene Hecht,Pearson Education Limited 2017, ISBN 1-292-09693-4.

The breakdown of the general topics to be covered is:

1. Brief History (Chapter 1).2. The propagation of light (Chapter 4).3. Geometric optics (Chapter 5).4. Polarization (Chapter 8).5. Interference (Chapter 9)6. Diffraction (Chapter 10)

Additional Texts (1)

Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, by John Jewett; Raymond Serway, Publisher: Brooks/Cole; International Student Ed edition, ISBN-13: 978-0495112402

Chaptes 34 - 38

Thanks to Dorota Murawska, Cengage Learning Representative for Finland for the electronics version of the book and Active Figures.

Additional Texts (2) Geometrical and Trigonometric Optics by Eustace L.

Dereniak and Teresa D. Dereniak, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, September 2008 ISBN:9780521887465

Schaum's Outline of Optics by Eugene Hecht Publisher: McGraw-Hill; 1 edition (November 1, 1974)

ISBN: 0070277303

Ray-tracing software

MacroSim is open source, GPU accelerated ray tracing engine. Originally developed for fast non-sequential stray light analysis of a spectrometer system, it offers the possibility to trace geometric rays sequentially and non sequentially with 64 bit floating point precision.

Prof. WolfgangOsten

http://www.ito.uni-stuttgart.de/software/macrosim/

FDTD software Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) is a numerical

analysis technique used for modelling computational electrodynamics (finding approximate solutions to the associated system of differential equations). FDTD solutions can cover a wide frequency range with a single simulation run, and treat nonlinear material properties in a natural way.

The interactive FDTD toolbox is a simulation software to model and simulate two dimensional optical systems in TE-Polarization. It is written by Sören Schmidt and written to work with MATLAB(©). It was designed for the purpose of education and learning since no further knowledge of MATLAB or computational physics is required. The software is embedded in a graphical user interface in which all the simulation parameters are defined.

https://se.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/40093-interactive-simulation-toolbox-for-optics?requestedDomain=true

Optics (theory of perspective)

Optics - from Greek optós: "seen, visible" or optikē: the science of visual perception. In Antiquity optics was chiefly a study of sight: today it

is primarily concerned with the physics of light. In Euclid's time optics was mainly subjective: today it

ranks among the most objective and quantitative of the physical sciences .

OPTICS: The branch of physics that deals with light and vision, primarily the generation, propagation, and detection of electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths greater than x-rays and shorter than microwaves.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/optics

Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see. We see these waves as the colors of the rainbow. Each color has a different wavelength. Red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest wavelength. When all the waves are seen together, they make white light.

The electromagnetic spectrum – although wavelengths and frequency vary, speed is the same (300 000 000 m/s) for all the type of electromagnetic waves.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Visible lightWavelengths and frequencies of visible light

The transition wavelengths are a bit arbitrary. Visible light used to be 400 to 700 nm, but now it’s officially 380 to 780 nm.

Why study optics?1.We’ll talk about things you see every day but

generally don’t question.• Why do windows act like mirrors at night (when you’re

inside)?• Does light really always travel in a straight line?• What’s the difference between a laser and a light bulb?• What makes the colors and what’s going on in a rainbow?• Why is the sky blue and the sunset red?• What causes the spectacular colors in soap bubbles and oil

slicks?2.We’ll talk about Cool things that happen to light:

• Total Internal Reflection;• Interference;• Diffraction;• The Laser.

Why study optics? Lasers and fiber optics will soon replace most wires.

Prof. Rick Trebino; Georgia Tech; www.physics.gatech.edu/frog/lectures

Brief history of Optics

In the Beginning ANCIENT HISTORY: Aristophanes, Democritus, Aristotle, Archimedes,

Seneca, Nero, Ptolemy, Alhazan. SPECTACLES: Bacon, Keppler, Franklin, Airy.

From the Seventeenth Century THE TELESCOPE: Lippershey, Galileo, Newton, Gregory, Cassegrain,

Schmidt. THE MICROSCOPE: Jansen, Hooke, Huygens, van Leeuwenhoek,

Lister, Gauss, Abbe. The Nineteenth Century

RAY OPTICS , CORPUSCLES AND WAVELETS: Snell, Descartes, Fermat, Hamilton, Bradley, Euler.

WAVE OPTICS: Young, Fresnel, Laplace, Fourier, Poisson, Malus, Brewster, Foucault, Fizeau, Doppler.

OPTICS, ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND QUANTA: Maxwell, Hertz, Luneburg, Fraunhofer, Planck, Einstein, Bohr.

Twentieth and twenty first Century Optics

Today’s optics embraces a vast knowledge accumulated over more than 3000 years of human civilization.

Burning glass

The history of optics and optical devices begins in ancient Greece ~5-3 century BC;

The Greek philosophers developed several theories of the nature of light.

Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης, ca. 446 – ca. 386 BC), was a comic playwright of ancient Athens.

Aristophanes mentions the burning-glass in his play The Clouds (Νεφέλαι / Nephelai - 424 BC). In Clouds a character “reflects” the sun’s rays to secretly melt a text written on a wax tablet.

Burning glassThe text;

Strepsiades: Have you ever seen this stone in the chemist's shops, the beautiful and transparent one, from which they kindle fire?Socrates: Do you mean the burning-glass?Strepsiades. I do. Come what would you say, pray, if I were to take this, when the clerk was entering the suit, and were to stand at a distance, in the direction of the sun, thus, and melt out the letters of my suit?

Ancient light weapons

• Archimedes, the renowned mathematician, was said to have used a burningmirrors (or more likely a large number of angled hexagonal mirrors) as a weapon in 212 BC, when Syracuse was besieged by Marcus Claudius Marcellus.

• The Roman fleet was supposedly incinerated, though eventually the city was taken and Archimedes was slain.

http://www.cs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/contents.html

Wall painting from the Stanzino delle Matematiche in the Galleria degli Uffizi (Florence, Italy). Painted by Giulio Parigi (1571-1635) in the years 1599-1600.

Burning mirrors (1)

In 1973 Dr. Ioannis Sakkas, Greek engineer, conducted a series of experiments to prove that Archimedes, defeated the Romans with solar energy.

Focused 50 mirrors painted bronze on a small boat rowing and reflected upon it the sun's rays.’

Within seconds the boat began to smoke, and after two minutes burst into flames.

Greek Professor Evenghelos Stamatis, leading authority on Archimedes looked after the experiment and stated that there was no scientific doubt that Syracuse had used solar power.

http://www.editorialbitacora.com/armagedon/arquimedes/arquimedes.htm

Burning mirrors (2)

And despite a failed attempt by the Discovery Channel’s Myth Busters to replicate the feat, in 2005 MIT undergrads set up 127 mirrors in a courtyard to test the idea…

Euclid’s Catoptrics and Optica

Euclid [yoo-klid] (300 B.C.), was a Greek mathematician from Alexandria [al-ig-zan-dree-ia] - Egypt

Euclid’s Optics and Catoptrics are the oldest surviving works dedicated entirely to optics.

In Catoptrics (from the Greek κατοπτρικός – specular(mirrors) Euclid enunciated The law of reflection: Rays are reflected at equal angles by plane, convex, and concave

mirrors Modern version: The reflected ray lies in the plane of incidence; the

angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. In Optica Euclid established the principles of perspective:

believed that vision involves rays going from the eyes to the object seen. observed that "Magnitudes seen within a larger angle appear larger,

whereas those seen within a smaller angle appear smaller, and those seen within equal angles appear to be equal“.

Ptolemy - Refraction

Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus - Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαίος 90 – 168), discussed refraction in his Optics [130 A.D.].

From a physical point of view, the work of Ptolemy is immensely important because he makes extensive use of carefully contrived experiments to support his arguments;

Ptolemy’s measurements of the angle of refraction are surprisingly exact. He found, in Book V of the Optics, the angle that rays make when moving “from rarer and more tenuous to denser media” (i.e. from air to water to glass) and the other way around, and he was able to describe this behavior qualitatively, however he did not succeed in formulating the mathematical law of refraction;

Ptolemy’s Optics contains many fine results and we can certainly think of it as the culmination of ancient mathematical optics.

Ibn-al-Haitham (Alhazen) Arab scientist Alhazen (~1000 AD) studied sphericaland parabolic mirrors.

Alhazen correctly proposed that the eyes passively receive lightreflected from objects, rather than emanating light raysthemselves.

He also explained the lawsof reflection and refractionby the slower movement of light through denser substances.

Lenses

LAYARD LENS - In 1853 Sir Austen Layard returned from his excavations at Nimrud, one of the capitals of the ancient kingdom of Assyria in northern Iraq. One treasure he brought back with him was a small oval piece of polished rocky crystal, about on-quarter inch thick, in the shape of the lens with one flat surface and one convex, which he had found among a collection of glassware of the ninth to seventh centuries B.C. Layard consulted Sir Davis Brewster, a famous physicist and specialist in optics, who pronounced the object could have been used "either for a magnifying or for concentrating the rays of the sun." Layard noted, "Its properties would scarcely have been unknown to the Assyrians and consequently we have the earliest known specimen of the burning and magnifying glass."

Around 50 A.D., the Roman philosopher Seneca noticed that objects appeared biggerif watched through a glass globe of water: however, he thought that the phenomenon was due to water rather than the glass curvature. Seneca; Quaestianes Naturales, I, vi 5.

The very important discovery was a Roman period magnifying lens discovered in 1854 in the "House of the Engraver" on the Stabian Way in Pompeii. It is plano-convex with a corroded, opaque surface and is in the gem collection at the National Museum in Naples. The fact that such a lens was discovered in the shop of an ancient engraver indicate this use for magnification. (Sines and Sakellearakis, Lens in Antiquity, American Journal of Archaeology 91 (1987)).

721 - 705 B.C.LAYARD LENS

http://www.robert-temple.com/articles/crystalSunFreemansonryToday.html

ROGER BACON (1214 - 1294)

He wrote definite descriptions of simple magnification in his Perspectiva of 1267 "Great things can be performed by refracted vision. If the letters of a book, or any minute object, be viewed through a lesser segment of a sphere of glass or crystal, whose plane is laid upon them, they will appear far better and larger."

This proponent of medieval science writes in his treatise 'De MultiplicationeSpecierum' (Book II, ch.viii) and 'Perspectiva', the principle of the camera obscura. He talks of observing the view outside a darkroom, and eclipses by way of a ray of light passing through an aperture and projecting itself. Bacon speaks of the camera obscura effect but does not describe the apparatus.

His most important mathematical contribution is the application of geometry to optics.

Bacon followed Grosseteste in emphasizing the use of lens for magnification to aid natural vision.

Roger Bacon - also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: "wonderful teacher"), was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on empiricism.

Eyeglasses Magnifying glasses became

common in the thirteenthcentury, but these are cumbersome, especially when one is writing.

Craftsmen in Venice began making small disks of glass, convex on both sides, that could be worn in a frame--spectacles.

The little disks were shaped like lentils, they became known as "lentils of glass," or (from the Latin) lenses.

The earliest illustrations of spectacles date from about 1350, and spectacles soon came to be symbols of learning.

http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/telescope.html

•The Spectacle Vendor by Johannes Stradanus,engraved by Johannes Collaert, 1582

Detail of portrait of Hugh de Provence, Tomasso da Modena, 1352

Camera Obscura

Diffuse light

• The camera obscura (room darkened) dates to ancient times; it was first detailed in the writings of Leonardo da Vinci.

• A room is completely sealed from light except for a coin-sized hole in one wall. An image of the outside world appears projected, upside down and reversed right-to-left, onto a wall opposite the opening.

Camera = Latin for “room”Obscura = Latin for “dark”

The Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1528) described the "camera obscura“ in Codex Atlanticus(Atlantic Codex) . “Here the figures, here the colours, here all the images of every part of the universe are contracted to a point. O what a point is so marvelous!”

Della Porta (1535 - 1615) camera obscura with a convex lens at the aperture - likened this to the eye (Magia Naturalis - Natural Magic published in Naples in 1558 ).

Johannes Vermeer (1632-1675)Common elements in his paintings and ray tracing analysis suggest that this great Dutch artist may have built a camera obscura in his studio.

The Music Lesson

Vermeer

Giant CameraCamera obscura with a projecting mirror.Ocean Beach - Seal Rock Area SF CA

Next to the Cliff House, San Francisco

Mirror

Mirror

artphysics123.pbworks.com/f/L21_RefractScatter.ppt

Giant Camera

Camera obscura - Ocean Beach - Seal Rock Area SF CA

Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)

In his book Dioptrice he was the: First to describe: real, virtual, upright and

inverted images and magnification; First to explain the principles of how a

telescope works; First to discover and describe the

properties of total internal reflection In 1620 Kepler sketched in a small black

tent, through the top of which projected a rotatable tube containing a biconvex lens, and a mirror to reflex the image down on to the drawing-board.

Remnant of Kepler's Supernova SN 1604 (NASA) He began observing it on October 17 1604.

Hans Lippershey (1587-1619)

Also known as Johann Lippershey or Lipperhey, was a German-Dutch lensmaker, generally credited as being the inventor of the telescope;

In October 1608 applied for a patent - “seeing faraway things as though nearby” with the Belgian government for his "looker" in 1608;

A patent was not granted because it was felt that the simple device could not be kept a secret;

Lippershey made several binocular telescopesfor the States General and was paid handsomely for his services.

Minute of Lipperhey's patent application

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Galileo's first telescope only

improved the view to eighth power.

Within a few years, he began grinding his own lenses and changing his arrays. Galileo's telescope was now capable of magnifying about 10 times more than normal vision.

October/November 1609 Galileo observed the moon.

On January 7, 1610, he turned his new 30 power telescope towards Jupiter, and found three small, bright stars near the planet. He discovered the fourth on 13 January.

32X power

“Father of modern science”Albert Einstein

Major Discoveries of Galileo• Moons of Jupiter (4 Galilean moons)

• Rings of Saturn

(What he really saw)

http://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/belyanin/

Major Discoveries of Galileo (2)• Surface structures on the moon; first estimates

of the height of mountains on the moon


Major Discoveries of Galileo (3)

• Sun spots (proving that the sun is not perfect!)http://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/belyanin/

Major Discoveries of Galileo (4)• Phases of Venus (including “full Venus”), proving that Venus orbits the sun, not the Earth!


Willibrord SnellWillibrord Snell discovered the relationship between theangle of incidence and angle of refraction when light passes from onetransparent medium to another - Law of Refraction, now named after him.

Willibrord Snell (1591-1626)

n1

n2

θ1

θ21 1 2 2sin( ) sin( )n nθ θ=

ni is the refractive index of each medium.

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

The first to publish the now familiar formulation of the Law of Refraction in terms of sines.

Descartes reasoned that light must be like sound. So he modeled light as pressure variations in a medium (aether).

Robert Hooke (1635-1703) studied colored interference between thin films and developed the first wave theory of light.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

A glass-sphere brass microscope preserved at Delft.

This is the only Leeuwenhoek microscope still found in his home town.

It is the size of a rectangular postage stamp.

The lens is missing, but the focussingcontrols and the body plates are typical of those made by Leeuwenhoek.

A) a screw for adjusting the height ofthe object being examinedB) a metal plate serving as the bodyC) a skewer to impale the object and rotate itD) the lens itself, which was spherical

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Dispersion of light through prisms - white light is a mixture of colours.

Published Opticks(1704) light was "corpuscular" and had finite velocity.

Newton's Rings Invented the reflecting

telescope.

Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) Huygens extended the wave theory of

optics. He realized that light slowed down on

entering dense media. He explained polarization and

double refraction.

Huygens‘ principlesays that a wave propagates as if

the wave-front werecomposed of an ar-ray of point sources

each emitting aspherical wave.

Double refraction

Euler, Young, and Fresnel

Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) further developed the wave theory and designed achromatic lenses by combining lenses of different materials.

Augustin Fresnel

Thomas Young (1773-1829) explained interference and colored fringes and showed that light was a transverse wave.

Augustin Fresnel (1788-1827) considered light as waves and showed that interference effects could be explained by wave theory.

Wave theory enjoyed success up to the 20th century.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)

Maxwell unified electricity and magnetism with his now famous equations and showed that light is an electromagnetic wave.

where is the electric field, is the magnetic field, and c is the velocity of light.

· 0· 0 1

Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Special relativity (1905): speed

of light is a universal constantwhich is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body.

Proposed particle theory of light to explain the photoelectric effect (1905). Much later he said "I spent my life to find out what a photon is and I still don't know it."

In 1916 proposed that the stimulated emission of light is a process that should occur in addition to absorption and spontaneous emission - that formed the theoretical foundation for the laser.

Maiman’s Ruby LASER

Maiman's laser, based on a synthetic ruby crystal (Al2O3 monocrystal, Cr doped), was first operated on 16 May 1960 at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California.

Louis de Broglie 1892 – 1987

In 1924, Louis de Broglie postulated that because photons have wave and particle characteristics, perhaps all forms of matter have both properties

Furthermore, the frequency and wavelength of matter waves can be determined

“Light is, in short, the most refined form of matter.”

Nobel Laureates From 1901 to 2017, a total of 923 Nobel Laureates

have been awarded the Nobel Prize, comprising 896 Nobel Laureates and 27 organizations. Physics – 207 (John Bardeen 2 times – 206 laureates) Chemistry -178 (Frederick Sanger 2 times – 177

laureates) Physiology or Medicine - 214

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ The Nobel Prize Medal forPhysics and Chemistry

Nobel Laureates in the field of Optics - 78

http://www.osa.org/en-us/about_osa/osa_nobel_laureates/#faq3

Physics – 58 (205) (28 OSA)Chemistry – 16 (177) (4 OSA)Physiology or Medicine – 4 (214) (2 OSA)

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009

Charles K. Kao1/2 of the prize Standard Telecommunication Laboratories Harlow, United Kingdom; Chinese University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong, b. 1924 (in Shanghai, China)

Willard S. Boyle 1/4 of the prize Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ, USAb. 1924(in Amherst, NS, Canada)

George E. Smith1/4 of the prize Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ, USAb. 1930

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/

"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"

"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014 was awarded jointly to Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy".

Assistants: Risto Montonen and Göran Maconi Doctoral...

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