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An Assignment Presentation

On BREEDING IN swEEt potato,tapIoca aND BEEt

Root

Course – VSC 503 BREEDING OF VEGETABLE CROPS (2+1)

Submitted by,

yogesh pawarAssociate Professor,Associate Professor,College Of Horticulture,College Of Horticulture,S.D. Agricultural University,S.D. Agricultural University,Sardarkrushinagar. 385 506.Sardarkrushinagar. 385 506.

Submitted By,Submitted By, Joshiya. Darshana. Joshiya. Darshana. R,R, Reg.No.-04- Reg.No.-04- HORMA-01457-2015,HORMA-01457-2015, M.Sc.(Hort.)M.Sc.(Hort.)

Breeding of Sweet potatoOrigin:-

Sweet potato is originated in Central America and North Western parts of South America.Botany: Distinction of Sweet Potato Cultivars:-

Sweet potato cultivars differ from one another in tuber skin and flesh color, tuber shape, depth of rooting time of maturity, resistance to disease & pest, leaf shape and several other morphological characters.On the basis of texture of the tuber after cooking sweet potato can be classified into three groups;

• dry, mealy flesh after cooking,• Soft, gelatinous flesh after cooking.• Coarse tubers, suitable for animal feed or industrial use.

Morphology and Anatomy:-Stem: Sweet Potato has long, thin stem, trails on soil surface. The improved strains have compact plant type, bushy habit with restricted length of the stem. The trailing cultivars roots into the soil at the modes and spread

from 1.0 m to 5.0 m.Colour of the stem is usually green with purplish pigmentation and lenticles on the stem surface. Minute hairs are present on the young stem. Stems are glabrous when young.

Leaf: Sweet potato leaves are simple, alternate. and arrange spirally on the stem.

Flower: Sweet Potato flowers grow vertically from leaf axils. Each flower has five united sepals and five petals joined together to form a funnel-shaped corolla tube. The stamens are also five in number and are attacked to the base of the corolla tube. Stamens vary in height with the height of the style.

Seed: The sweet potato fruit is a capsule type, 5-8 mm in diameter, Endosperm is present in the seed, in addition to cotyledons.The testa is very hard and almost impervious to water and hence the seeds germinate with great difficulty and to promote germination, scarification is needed.

Root system: Adventitious roots arise from cuttings in a day or two after planting. these roots grow rapidly and penetrate the soil deeply to obtain water from the deeper soil layers.

Root tubers: Sweet potato produces root tubers, which are developed as a result of secondary growth of a few roots. The mature tubers vary in shape from spherical to nearly cylindrical or spindly shaped vary in size from 100-1000 gm. and from 5 to 30 cm in length. the tuber is attached to the plant by a long stalk and taper to a thin root at the distal end.

Taxonomy:

Botanical name: Ipomoea batatas (L.)

Family : Convolvulaceae

Kingdom : Plantae ( plants )

Phylum : Magnoliophyta (flowereing plant)

Tribe : IpomoeaeGenus : IpomoeaSub-genus : EriospermumSeries : Batatas

• Cytogenetics:-

The inter-relationship of cytology and genetics of sweet potato has been studied. Sweet potato is found to be a hexaploid with somatic chromosome, 2n = 90; the basic chromosome number for the genus ipo mo e a is 15.

Species:Ipo mo e a batatas seems to be closely related to the wild American species,

Ipo mia trifida which is also hexaploid. Species like diploid ,Ipo mia tiliace a(2n = 60) are supposed to have evolved in the allopolyploidization of Ipo mia balatas or its possible predecessor,, Ipo mia trifida . Based on the morphological similarities i.e., presence of pubescent, fertility relationship and cytological information’s from the progeny of their crosses, there is no doubt that Ipo mia trifida is only a contemporary of Ipo mia batatas and may be considered as an extreme segregate of sweet potato, than a different species.

Wild relatives of ipomoea: House (1908) grouped Ipo mo e a batatas with 25 wild species included diploid. tetraploid and hexaploid species. The diploid (2n = 30) wild species include;

I. tricho carpa , I. lacuno se , I. ramo ni, I. trilo ba , I. se tife ra , I. trico lo r.

Breeding objectives :- Disease & pest resistance. Stress resistance. Quality improvement. Yield improvement. Good keeping and cooking quality of tubers. High protein content.

Method adopted for improvement.Selection:-

The incompatibility system in sweet Potato offers to maintain high level of heterozygosity and thus provide ample scope of selection even among the collection of local cultivars.Selection criteria are chosen to sieve out phenotypes, possessing high yield potential, desirable physiological rhythm in crop development under diverse eco-edaphic conditions; field resistance to major pests and pathogens and acceptable qualities.Selection is often subjective and always on the basis of phenotype arid breeding value. in case of sweet potato also, selection have to be made extensively on the basis of phenotypes.The germplasm has to be evaluated critically for various agronomic characters, compatibility groups and for disease & pest resistance,

for further utilization in the breeding programme or for direct selection. thus among the indigenous cultivars, superior lines include cross-4, Corss-5, S-30, C-43, V-35, Kalmegh, Kanhangad local etc. out of which Kanhangad local with compact plant type, high yield and better quality tubers (25 % starch) has been selected which is suited to both upland and low-land condition and thereby adopted in the recombination breeding.Among the exotic genotypes, acclaimed lines include Gentennial, and 'Triumph' from USA; and ‘ Norin ' from Japan. It is found that number of tubers per plant and petiole length should be the selection criteria of high-yielding sweet potato clones.

Keeping in view different agronomic characters, a large number of superior clones have been adopted in India, Some of the cultivars having favorable attributes are described here under:

Pusa safed: This is a high yielding selection from a china type FA-17 - white, released from Pusa Research station, Bihar.

This has a white skin and flesh. Tubers are long, the flesh after cooking becomes creamy- white, sweet and highly palatable. The tubers can be stored well. it has wide adaptability and performs well in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh & Tamil Nadu.

• Samart (S-30): This is a selection made by the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University. It is a Photo insensitive type and hence can be successfully cultivated both in the Kharif and summer season.

Leaf is dark-green with purplish veins, succulent. Plant growth is vigorous, having early bulking capacity and is a heavy yield. The yield ranges from 20-22 t /ha. Tubers can be harvested from 90th day onwards. The tuber skin is white pinkish streaks; It is moderately tolerant to drought conditions.

• Centennial: Centennial is a per-domestic clone North Caroline in USA. It is a high yielding cultivar, with high quality. However, it is susceptible to root-knot nematode and soil rot diseases.

Xushu-18: Xushu-18 has been selected from china. It is considered to be a high yielding, disease resistant,

multipurpose variety with wide adaptation and acceptability.

Hybridization:- The presence of self and cross incompatibility coupled with

shyness of flowering, act as barrier in hybridization programme in sweet potato, the parent chosen should possess high cross compatibility and are of profuse flowering types, besides the desirable agronomic attributes.

By combining the desirable characters of two or more selected parent a large number of superior hybrids have been developed and released for cultivation in different countries. Sankar,Rajendra Sakarkand 5 (X 5), H 85-16 (Gouri)variety develop through hybridization programme .

• Hybridization Technique in Sweet Potato:-As the sweet potato flowers are bisexual, emasculation is

required for hybridization. the flowers when matured, open before dawn (in darkness), even from 2.00 am onwards. The flowers remain open for a few hours and wilt after dawn.Dehiscence of anthers occurs before anthesis and hence emasculation is done the previous day evening and pollination is done in the early hours of the day from 4.00 to 7.00 am. to ensure maximum fruit set. For this, an incision is made a little above the starting point of the corolla tube with a pointed needle. The corolla tube is cut off carefully and stamens are then removed by a pair of forecaps. The emasculated buds are then covered by a butter-paper cover. Hand pollination is done by dusting the stigma with pollen from the male flower. Maximum fruit set is ensured during early hour’ s pollination. By third day, top cover is cut to allow aeration

• Inter-varietal hybridization:-Inter-varietal hybridization offers immense possibilities for producing genotypes with high variability. high yielding parents are carefully selected and used in the hybridization programme for combining the desired traits.Suitable ideotypes are to be evolved in sweet potato which is bushy in habit, having bunchy uniform tuberization in shallow soil layer, so as to facilitate inter-culturing practices and mechanical harvest.The yield potential of the progenies is assessed through continuous cyclic evaluation and selection. As a result, two hybrids H.41 and H.42 were identified at CTCRI earlier and of late, H-268 showed its superiority over all the hybrids evolved.

Beet root

Introduction: B. Name - Be ta vulg aris Ch. no. - 2n=2×=18 family - Chenopodiaceae Varnacular name - garden beet, sugar beet, mangold

and fodder beet. Origin: Leaf beet is the earliest domesticated form. Also

believed to be originated form to be originated from Beta maritime known as sea beet which is indigenous to southern Europe.

Botany &Floral biology: The beet root is closely related to sugar beet with which

it is cross-compatible. It has the almost unique characteristic of being wind

pollinated like its related species spinach and is therefore a prolific pollen producer.

Breeding work with this species should be carried out under pollen proof conditions employing filtered air & this may be one of the reasons why this crop has been largely neglected by vegetable breeder.

Sugar beet seed is only produced by biennial flowers during the second year although certain conditions during the first year may cause premature bolting.

Flowers reach anthesis about 5 to 6 weeks after the initiation of reproductive development. Anthesis continues for a period of several weeks.

After dehiscence of the mature anthers the globular pollen is transmitted largely by wind and occasionally by insects. Sugar beet pollen is extremely sensitive to moisture; however, under dry conditions its viability is lost within 24 hours.

The primary method of pollination is cross pollination due to the lack of synchrony between pollen release and receptiveness of the stigma. Since the pollen can be carried by the wind over long distances, breeding stock and commercial seed production fields must ensure the isolation of flowering sugar beet plants.

Roots: fibrous or fleshy. Leaves: petiole 1/2-2/3 or equaling blade length; blade

dark red to green, usually with pronounced midrib , somewhat fleshy.

Inflorescences: cymes, 1-8-flowered, interrupted towards base.

Perianth: urn-shaped; segments 3-5 × 2-3 mm; receptacle pelviform.

Achenes: 5-11 per cluster , 3-5 mm. Seeds:1.5-2 mm. Habit: Forb/herb Flowers: Bloom Period: July, August.

Taxonomy: Kingdom : plantae Order : Caryophyllales Family : Amaranthaceae Subfamily : Betoideae Genus : Beta Species : vulgaris

Genetics: At least 2 genes goven root colour and red colouration is

dominant to yellow or white, but the intensity of red colouration is influenced by minor polugenes (North,1979),The R-Y genotypes produces phenotypes with red roots, hypocotyls and petioles, while in the presence of rr, genotype Y-gives yellow coloured roots, hypocotyls and petioles. The R-yy genotypes roots are white with red hypocotyls. The rr yy genotypes produces yellow hypocotyls and white root. For details pink (1993) may be refered.

Male sterility has been reported to be governed by gene X in S cytoplasma with fertility dominant to sterility. A second gene Z causing partial male fertility has also been respected. This is dominant to male sterility and independent of and hypostatic to X (pink 19930).

Varieties The beet varieties recommended for cultivation in India are described below. 1. Detroit Dark Red Roots are perfectly sound with smooth, uniform and deep red skin. Flesh is dark blood red

with light red zoning, top medium to tall, large bright green leaves with maroon shades. It is a heavy cropper.

2. Crimson Globe The roots are globular to flattened globe, medium red with little shoulders. The flesh is

medium dark red with indistinct zones. The top is medium to tall with large, bright green leaves having maroon shade. It is heavy yielder.

3. Crosby Egyptian Roots are flat globe with a small tap root and a smooth exterior. The internal colour is

dark purplish red with some indistinct zoning. The top is medium tall, green with red veins. This variety reaches maturity in 55 -60 days after sowing. White zoning is present when it is grown in warm weather.

4. Early Wonder The roots are flattened globe having rounded shoulders with a smooth and dark red

skin. The interior is dark red with some lighter red zoning. The top is heavy green with red veins. This variety takes about 55-60 days to reach harvest maturity.

Breeding Objectives: High root yield Round to globe shaped roots Dark red, uniformly coloured roots Improved colour and sweetness Uniform root shape Absence of internal white rings in roots Increased betalain concentration Slow bolting Monogerm seed Resistant to Downy mildew, Powdery mildew,

Cercospora leaf spot, Rhizoctonia root rot

Germplasm Resources Beetroot is cross-compatible with all of the other forms of Beta

vulgaris including the non-cultivated weedy types. This provides a vast array of natural variation for plant breeders which as yet have remained largely untapped.

The monogerm character and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) have been transferred from sugar-beet, but there is little published work on utilization of genetic resources for the introduction of pest and disease resistance.

Hammer e t al. Considered the genetic base of modern cultivars was narrow. Previously, however, Holland had found great variation among beetroot cultivars. He classified over 200 cultivars into 40 groups on the basis of their root and foliage characteristics.

 

Beeding Methods Beetroot when subjected to self pollination shows considerable inbreeding

depression. Mass pollinated seed will be collected separately from each group or possibly

from single plants for progeny testing and sown separately. It is most likely that some group progenied will perform better than others and further selection could be made only from this (watts 1980)

Beetroot will set self-pollinated seed but shows inbreeding depression. Although the introduction of CMS has resulted in the production of some hybrids, most cultivars are at present still produced by mass-pollination.

Watts suggested that if a large number of roots have been selected they should be divided into groups of not more than ten. These should be seeded together but separated from other groups (e.g. by a fine muslin cage).

The mass pollinated seed should be harvested either from the group as a whole or from the individual plants. Further selections can then be made from the best progeny.

Chemical mutagens (dimethyl sulfate, DMS; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, MNU; and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, ENU) and physical mutagens (gamma-ray and ultraviolet irradiation) have been used to induce variation in beetroot breeding material.

Mutations were obtained in the M2 generation affecting root shape (with ENU and

MNU), flesh colour intensity (ENU) and rosette development (ENU and EIMS). The highest percentage of monogerm forms was obtained with ENU and MNU. Tetraploid beetroot plants have been reported among the triploid progeny of

crosses between diploid beetroot and tetraploid sugar-beet. These were produced for cytological and biochemical studies and although

backcrossing to the diploid beetroot parent produced tetraploids which more closely resembled beetroot, it seems unlikely that tetraploid cultivars will be produced.

For line development with wild type table beet germplasm direct selfing was not possible however with introduction of the Sf allele, self pollination has been feasible.

Biotechnology Many tissue culture techniques developed for sugar-

beet are applicable to beetroot. However, there has been very little published work

directly on beetroot itself. Sabir and Ford-Lloyd included four beetroot cultivars in a study of mass production in vitro of beet regenerants.

They found that shoot culture of beetroot was unsuccessful, but obtained more success with regenerants from adventitious buds.

Callus cultures derived from cotyledon explants were used by Girod and Zryd to investigate clonal variability and light induction of betalain synthesis.

 

Tapioca

Botanical name: Maniho ta e scule nta L., Family: Euphorbiaceae Chromosome number: 2n = 2x = 36

Taxonomy kingdom Plantae(plants)

subkingdom Tracheobionta(vascular plants)

superdivision Spermatophyta(seed plats)

division Magnoliophyta(flowering plants)

class Magnoliopsida(dicotyledous)

subclass Rosidae

order Euphorbiales

family Euphorbiaceae(spurge family)

genus Manihot (cassava)

species Esculentus(cassava)

Introduction: Cassava also known as Yuca, Tapioca, Manioc or Indioca is a

perennial shrub cultivated in the tropics for its starchy tuberous roots and is used as subsidiary food over 200 million people.

The important characteristics that influence the role of cassava within the tropical farming systems are carbohydrate yields per unit land and labour, adaptation to poor soils and / or stress compatability with a variety of crop in association, an indeterminate have stability and tolerance to dominant pests and diseases.

In 1995, Thailand exported 3.3 million tonnes of Cassava produced in Latin America is used for domestic animal feed. Compared to less than 2 per cent in Africa Asia leads the way in the production of starches derived from Cassava.

Origin

Cassava has been studied since as early as 1886 when Alphonsr de Candole placed its geographic origin in the tropical Americas.

It shares the Brazilian-paraguyan centre of origin with peanuts, cacao, rubber and other crops.

Botany and Taxonomy: The plant is a perennial shrub producing enlarged tuberous roots and

variously branched stems. The leaves are generally large and palmate with 5-9 or more deep

lobes. There are two distinct plant types, erect with or without branching at the top and spreading types. The main stem or the branches always terminate into an inflorescence.

The ideal plant type is considered to be erect with tendency to branch later in the season and with longer leaf life. Stem is woody, glabrous and may be sparsely pubescent at the apex. Flowering may commence as early as at the sixth week after planting.

Cassava is a monoecious plant producing both male and female flowers on the same inflorescence and is cross pollinated. Female flowers are few in number and are present at the base of-the inflorescence with numerous male flowers above. The female flowers open about 10 days before the male phase.

Floral biology:

The main stem or the branches always terminal an inflorences. Cassava is a monoecious either male and female flowers occurring in the same

inflorescence. The inflorescence type a penicle (Recemose).

Flowering may commence as early as of the sixth week after planting. It exhibits progyny that is female flowers open 7-10 days before the male flowers. Generally the flowers of Euphorbiaceae family are apelalous but flowers are covered with

five petals like bracts. Female is reduced to long stoked pistil and covered by five petals like bracts. Male cyothiun (inflorescence composed of 10 stamens covered by 5 petals like bracts. The pollen are relatively large in size and sticky therefore, natural cross pollination by wind

is an likely. Several species of wasps and bees are main pollinators. Self pollination varies 0-100% depending upon the genotypes and planting distance.

Breeding method:Introduction: M-4, M-6 Introduced from malasiya.Clonal selection: vellayani, Nidhi, Kalpaka released from KAU. Sree prakash, Sree jaya, Sree vijaya released from

CTCRI.

Intervarietal Hybridization Intervarietal hybridization followed by careful selection is recognized method to evolve high yielding

strains possessing desirable economic traits including disease resistance of 1200 f 1.

Out of 10 hybrids H 105 and H 96 are finally released to farmers. Five promosing Hybrids H 97,H 165,H 226,H 1687 (Sree visakham) and H 2304 (sree sahya) have been isolated and released to farmers.

H-97= Manjavella × Brazilian seedling selection H-165= Chaadyamanglam × Kalikalan vella

Heterosis Breeding : Cassava, which is highly heterozygous and cross pollinated, is also found to be a suitable plant for

exploitation of heterosis Inbreeds are produced up to the 5th generation. Although considerable inbreeding depression was manifested in varying degrees for almost all the character cantain genetics looks tolerated inbreeding depression to a great extent.

Breeding objectives: High starch High harvest index Responsive to additional inputs Unbraching or late branching plant type Low HCN content Good cooking and eating quality Early harvestability Better root storage Shade tolerance for use as intercrop under coconut etc Wide adaptation