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A STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF MOBILE PHONE AND SHORT
MESSAGING SERVICES (SMS) ON LANGUAGE CORRUPTION IN
MALAYSIA: A CASE STUDY IN KOTA KINABALU, SABAH
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0Introduction...................................................................................................... 1
1.1Problem Statement........................................................................................1
1.2Objective of this Study...................................................................................2
1.3Research Methodology.................................................................................. 2
2.0Literature Review..............................................................................................4
2.1The Development of Mobile Communication in Malaysia...............................4
2.2What are Short Messaging Services (SMS)?...................................................5
2.3Use of SMS in Malaysia and Other Countries.................................................5
3.0Findings of the Study........................................................................................9
3.1Description of the Respondents.....................................................................9
3.2SMS Activities of the Respondents...............................................................11
3.3SMS Abbreviations by the Respondents......................................................12
3.4Respondents Opinion Regarding SMS and its Corruption of the Language.13
4.0Discussions ....................................................................................................15
5.0Conclusion...................................................................................................... 16
REFERENCES........................................................................................................17
Appendix A Questionnaire.................................................................................19
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1.0 Introduction
1.1 Problem Statement
Wei and Kolko (2005) stated that mobile phones are growing in popularity all
around the world. They have become common tools and accessories in highly
wired societies (Ito and Okabe, 2003; Ling, 2000; Oksman and Rautiainen,
2003; and Rheingold, 2002). In developing countries such as Malaysia, mobile
technology is becoming an important aspect of development as it allows the
countries to leapfrog and take advantage of advances in information and
communication technologies (ICT) without barriers (Jamieson, 2002).
In Malaysia, majority of teenagers and adults carry at least one mobile
phone. In fact, cell phones as they are also called; have become an integral
part of the modern world, providing human connectivity in a way never
thought possible before (Brown, Shipman and Vetter, 2007). A recent United
Nations report (www.cellular-news.com/story/25833.php) estimated that there
are a total of more than 2.68 billions of mobile phone subscribers in the world.
There has been a major increase in the use of phone calls and short
messages (SMS) as a form of communication among people. In Malaysia, 74
per cent of mobile phone subscribers were reported to have sent at least a text
message per day (Koay, Azilawati, Malini and Ng, 2004). It is also estimated
that approximately eight hundred thousand Malaysian students are such users.
A phenomenon that emerged in the recent decade due to the extensiveand intensive use of mobile phone and SMS is the abbreviation of words in
SMS. It has resulted in some people being worried about the corruption of our
national language (Bahasa Melayu) through abbreviation, newly created
words, code-switching, code-mixing and emoticons or symbols in their SMS.
Some however, argued that SMS has opened up new opportunities for our
national language to survive and some mother tongue languages to be revived
as they are able to romanize their languages in their SMS.
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1.2 Objective of this Study
This assignment presents a literature review on the use of SMS in Malaysia as
well as in foreign countries. These reviews are based on research articles
downloaded from the Internet and presented in the next chapter. In addition, a
small scale study using survey method with a pre-designed questionnaire by
Supyan Hussein (2008) was conducted to gather respondents from adults and
teenagers around Kota Kinabalu City area about their SMS practices.
The main aim of this assignment is to provide literal and empirical
evidences that use of SMS is corrupting our language in Malaysia. In my
opinion, I strongly agree with the notion that SMS is corrupting our language.
Thus, more specifically, the objectives of this study are presented as follows:
1. To explain the use of SMS in Malaysia and other countries based on
literature reviews; and
2. To provide empirical evidences that use of SMS is corrupting our language
by gathering perceptions of SMS practices among respondents in Kota
Kinabalu City area
1.3 Research Methodology
This study uses literature review of research articles sourced from the Internet.
In addition, a short survey using a pre-designed survey (Supyan Hussin, 2008)
was used to gather empirical data to determine the detrimental impact of SMS
messages to Malaysian language, especially Bahasa Malaysia. Factual
information from literature reviews are presented in the following chapter
while empirical data are presented in the ensuing chapters. Descriptive
analysis to obtain frequency and percentage values of respondents responses
is executed with the aid of Microsoft Excel. Results of the survey arepresented in table and graphical forms.
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2.0 Literature Review
2.1 The Development of Mobile Communication in Malaysia
The mobile phone is seen as an increasingly important communication tool,
which has become an integral part of the Malaysian society. Sheereen and
Rozumah (2009) stated that Malaysians are increasingly using the mobile
phone rather than the fixed lines to communicate with their friends, family,
colleagues and business associates. Nowadays, mobile phones are equipped
with various features that allow communication and entertainment such as the
Short Message Service (SMS), MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3) player, games,
internet and videos. These features have attracted people from all walks of life
including the younger generations, and consequently resulted in an increase
number of mobile phone users in Malaysia.
The Handphone User Survey (2005) carried out by the Malaysian
Communication and Multimedia Commission found that 13 per cent of people
aged below 20 years old owned a mobile phone. Nearly 80 per cent of people
living in Malaysia between the ages of 20 and 49 owned or used a mobile
phone (Mohd Hairul, Hazrina and Nazean, 2008).
In 2008, the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission
carried out another study which found that Malaysia ranked second in ASEAN
in terms of the number of mobile phone users, recording 26 thousand users
during that year. The survey revealed that those within the range of 20 to 49
years are the main users while those below 19 years old make up 20.9 per
cent, signifying that young adults are prominent mobile phone users in
Malaysia (Sheereen and Rozumah, 2009). Abdullah (2004) found in this study
that youths claimed that owning a mobile phone is an essential part of their
life. This is not surprising as the younger generations are regarded as digital
natives (i.e. individuals born in the technological era) and are naturally
attracted to any technological gadgets. According to Ito and Okabe (2004),
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mobile phone is regarded not only as a tool for communication but also as a
way to express themselves and to make them lookhip and cool(Ling, 2001).
Contrary to the older generations, better known as digital immigrants (i.e.
individuals born before the technological era), their use of mobile phones are
mostly for social or business purposes (Bianchi and Phillips, 2005).
2.2 What are Short Messaging Services (SMS)?
Brown et al. (2007) defined Short Messaging Services (SMS) is the text
communication service component of phone or mobile communication
systems, using standardized communication protocols that allow the exchange
of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices. SMS was
created during the late 1980s to work with a digital technology called Global
System for Mobile Communication (GSM), which eventually become the
basis for most modern cell phones.
The term SMS is used as a synonym for all types of short text messaging
as well as the user activity itself in many parts of the world. SMS is a method
of communication that sends text between cell phones or from a personal
computer or handheld to a cell phone. The short part in SMS refers to the
maximum size of the text messages i.e. 160 characters (letters, numbers or
symbols in the Latin alphabet) [How and Kan, 2005].
2.3 Use of SMS in Malaysia and Other Countries
Thurlow and Poff (2010) explained that text messaging refers to the brief
typed messages sent by SMS of mobile or cell phones, personal digital
assistants (PDA), smart phones or web browsers. They explained that texting
has become popular with the rapid spread of mobile telephony in general.
There have been extensive researchers conducted to address the role of texting
as a social-communicative resource in peoples daily lives. For instance,
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Tanakinjal et al. (2007) found that 32 percent of adult texters in Malaysia
cannot use their mobile phones without texting. Among college students in
Hong Kong, texting is a status symbol, with texters being predominantly male
and having a high household income (Leung, 2007). In Japan, Ishii (2006)
found that Japanese prefer texting to voice communication while Uy-Tioco
(2007) found that Filipino mothers in the U.S. with children overseas use
texting to maintain real-time relationships with their children. In another study
by Lin and Tong (2007) in Taiwan, it was found that subtle gender relations
are negotiated via texting.
The impact of short messages in SMS on the language has been
investigated in numerous studies all over the world. Thurlow and Poff (2010)
explained that Swedish texters typically alter their spelling from the standard
by spelling phonetically, splitting compounds, omitting vowels, using
conventional and unconventional abbreviations, writing in either all caps or all
lower case and exchanging longer words for shorter ones. Among German
texters, reduction techniques are used while French texters use phonetic
reductions, syllabograms or rebus writing (such as b4 with the English for
before), and logograms which are symbols, acronyms, and unilateralabbreviations (Anis 2007). Among US texters, unambiguous abbreviations
(e.g. I and R for you and are), vowel deletions and lexical shortenings
(e.g. Sun for Sunday) are common (Ling and Baron 2007). Other than that,
capitalization, punctuation and blank spaces are often omitted in Swedish text
messages, so do apostrophes and sentence-final punctuation (Thurlow and
Poff, 2010).
Mohd Sahandri, Mohd Reza and Saifuddin Kumar (2009) explained that
the evolution of an abbreviated language is due to the shortcoming and the
technical restrictions of SMS as a means of communication. They further
elaborated that the existence of a common background between close friends
and family members serves as a reason for using syntactic and lexical short
forms to save energy, space and time. In order to ensure comprehension, these
texters have a special shared knowledge and according to Abdullah (1988),
this points to the fact that the language of SMS that is associated with
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acronyms and changes in spelling norms, depicts that it is an inherently
informal communication system.
Based on the study by Mohd Sahandri et al. (2009) among students of
University Putra Malaysia, it was found that SMS users employed text devices
such as single letters, digits, abbreviation and acronyms to replace words.
Their study revealed the popular use of shortened words and word combined
with numbers. Grammar, punctuation and capitalization were largely ignored.
They noticed that the language of SMS messages was a combination of spoken
and written communication a spoken mode in a written medium. Table 1
below shows some of the text devices found in the analyzed SMS of the
respondents in their study.
Table 1: The main text devices found in the analyzed SMSs (N = 50)
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(Source: Mohd Sahandri et al., 2009, p. 77)
Their study challenged the assumption that language is deteriorating
because of increased use in electronic communication. However, they noted
that although there are linguistics and non-linguistic problems observed in the
SMS messages, it also suggests that language used is adapted creatively to the
particular needs of the electronic age. They argued that there is a number of
linguistic features and strategies used by the e-mail and SMS writers such as
abbreviations, spoken-like spelling, less attention to punctuation and
capitalization, as well as syntactical and lexical reductions were well suited to
the conditions of electric communication to reduce space, time and effort.
Nevertheless, they agree that SMS messages tend to ignore the affective and
aesthetic part of speech such as the omission of thanks, greetings, punctuation,
capitalization and grammar which are not good.
In another study by Kho (2004) on the impact of using net lingo (such as
btw means by the way) in computer-mediated communication on off-line
writing tasks among Cohort Two students of the Overseas Link B. Ed. TESL
Programme. According to Johnston (2003), the usage of net lingo is corrupting
the standards of English. Teh (2004) supported this notion by stating that some
educators claimed that there has been a decrease in students performance in
English language papers due to the prolonged use of net lingo. Kho (2004)
justified this claim as the frequent exposure and use to net lingo could lead to
habitual usage and that students may unconsciously use net lingo in their
writing. Since use of mobile phones is common among students, there is a
possibility that the conversational writing they use in computer-mediated
communication which includes shorthand, non-conventional spellings and
emoticons could unconsciously creep into their school work (Lee, 2003;
Smith, 2004).
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3.0 Findings of the Study
3.1 Description of the Respondents
The respondents background information was obtained from Section A of the
questionnaire. Four demographic profiles were determined: age, ethnic group,
gender and status.
Figure 1: Breakdown of Respondents based on Age
Figure 1 shows the breakdown of respondents based on age. A total of
27 per cent of the respondents are between the age of 15 and 20 years; 30 per
cent between the age of 26 and 30 years; 20 per cent between 31 and 35 years;
13 per cent between 36 and 40 and 10 percent more than 40 years old.
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Figure 2: Breakdown of Respondents based on Ethnic Group
Figure 2 shows that the majority of the respondents came from the ethnic
groups of Kadazan/Dusun, Malay, Rungus and Bajau. Remaining number of
respondents are Chinese, Indian, Brunei and others.
Figure 3: Breakdown of Respondents based on Gender
Figure 3 above shows that 57 per cent of the respondents are female and43 per cent are males.
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Figure 4: Breakdown of Respondents based on Status
Based on status, majority of the respondents are working (13
respondents) and 7 of them still studying while 9 respondents work and study.
One respondent was unemployed.
3.2 SMS Activities of the Respondents
Table 2 below presents the respondents feedback on their SMS activities,
based on the questions presented in Section B of the questionnaire.
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Table 2: Respondents SMS Activities (N = 30)
No StatementRespondents Feedback
Yes No NA
1 Do you have a mobile phone? 30
(100.0%)
0
(0.0%)
0
(0.0%)
2 Do you SMS? 30
(100.0%)
0
(0.0%)
0
(0.0%)
3 When you used SMS, did you
shorten up the words, abbreviate the
words or chunk the words?
30
(100.0%)
0
(0.0%)
0
(0.0%)
4 Did you shorten up Bahasa Melayu
words in your SMS?
30
(100.0%)
0
(0.0%)
0
(0.0%)
5 Did you shorten up mother tonguewords in SMS?
30(100.0%)
0(0.0%)
0(0.0%)
6 Did you shorten up English words in
SMS?
30
(100.0%)
0
(0.0%)
0
(0.0%)
7 Did you mix up more than one
language in your SMS?
30
(100.0%)
0
(0.0%)
0
(0.0%)
8 Will SMS help to revive your mother
tongue language?
6
(20.0%)
24
(80.0%
0
(0.0%)
Table 2 above shows that all the respondents responded Yes to
Statement 1 to 7. This indicates that respondents are regular user of mobile
phones and SMS as well as practices sentence/word shortening, abbreviation,
chunking and mixing different languages in their SMS messages. Only 20 per
cent of the respondents agreed that SMS will help to revive their mother
tongue whereas 80 per cent responded negatively.
3.3 SMS Abbreviations by the Respondents
Based on the respondents feedback about SMS abbreviations in Section C of
the questionnaire, Table 3 presents a compilation of their feedbacks.
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Table 3: Respondents SMS Abbreviations (N = 30)
Expressions Bahasa Melayu English
How are you? Apo kabo?
Ap khab?
Camana U skrg?
HRU
How U?
OK U?
Good morning SP
Sel pgi
Slmt pg
GM
Gud morn
Gud mg
I will call you Nanti I kol
I kol krg
Jap gi I kol
A wil cal ya
Cal ya sun
Wil cal ya
Breakfast SarapnMakn pgi
Mkn pgi
BrekfasB-fas
BrekFs
I love you Cyg u
ICU
Syg u
Luv u
ILU
Do you want to come with
me?
Nak kut sa?
U nak ikt sa?
U nak ikt I?
U wana come
with me?
U come wit me?
Du wanna com
wt me?
He had an accident last night Dia eksiden smlmSmlm dia aksiden
Aksiden dia smlm
He aciden l/niteHe hd accidn las
nite
He xsiden las nite
Table 3 recorded the respondents habit of SMS abbreviations in Bahasa
Melayu and English. It shows the action of shortening words, using single
letter to represent a word, spelling based on sound and code-mixing of English
and Bahasa Malaysia.
3.4 Respondents Opinion Regarding SMS and its Corruption of the
Language
From Section D of the questionnaire, the respondents were asked whether to
agree or disagree that shortening up words in SMS will corrupt the language.
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Findings indicate that all the respondents or 100 per cent of the respondents
agreed to the statement. Some of the reasons for their answers are indicated in
Table 4 below.
Table 4: Reasons Supporting the Respondents Notion that Shortening
up Words in SMS will Corrupt Language
1. Shortening up words becomes a habit that can be transferred to academic
or work assignments.
2. Laziness to determine the right spelling of the word is aggravated.
3. Mixing English and Bahasa Melayu spoil the language. Thus, texters are
neither good in English or Bahasa Melayu.
4. Shortening up words ignored the use of connecting words
(conjunctions), which further decrease the texters grammar skills for
both language
5. There are jargons used in texting e.g. LOL, ciao, mo mantai that hasmeaning in the register group of mobile phone/SMS users but are
meaningless in standard language. It might intentionally be used in
writing or speaking in the school or work environment
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4.0 Discussions
Based on the findings of the small scale study among 30 respondents in KotaKinabalu city area, it can be concluded that majority or in this case, all the
respondents agree that shortening up messages in SMS is corrupting the language.
These findings are supported by numerous researches as presented in the second
chapter of this report.
The result of the study indicated that the practice of shortening up messages in
SMS can become a habit among mobile phone users and this habit can be passed on to
the academic or professional language uses. The findings imply that the impact of
SMS on our language should be taken seriously. Since shortening messages in SMS
and the use of SMS is a growing and unavoidable trend, users especially among
teenagers and students should be made aware of this problem and that there should be
some action to be taken to ensure prevention of this habit to flow to their practice in
speaking and writing in a formal context. Language teachers should consider the need
to bring this issue out in the open with their students so as to enhance learners
awareness on the inappropriateness of using such language in the formal contexts. Ifthese actions are not taken, the governments effort to raise the standard of Bahasa
Melayu and English as the primary languages in this country will fail.
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5.0 Conclusion
It is concluded that SMS poses detrimental effect on language for both English andBahasa Melayu (as well as other mother tongues). Although, skills in shortening up
words in SMS messages are necessary especially in this era of borderless state of
communication, globalization and the need for swift actions, the impact of SMS on
our language cannot be denied.
Although language creativity in SMS has enable SMS users to communicate
effectively and efficiently with others who understand the same language level, it
must be cautioned that lack of monitoring for such practices might result in failure to
uphold the national language, Bahasa Melayu and the global lingua franca, English.
Thus, mobile phone and SMS users should be made aware of this issue and as
the practice of shortening up messages in various creative and innovative ways is
developed, there should be measures to ensure that users are also adept and proficient
in using the languages in formal contexts.
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REFERENCES
Anis, J. (2007). Neography: Unconventional Spelling in French SMS Text Messages. In
Brenda, Danner and Susan C. Herring (eds), Ed. 87-115, New York: Oxford University
Press
Brown, J., Shipman, B. and Vetter, R. (2007). SMS: The Short Message Service, Computer,
December
How, Y. J. And Kan, M. Y. (2005). Optimizing Predictive Text Entry for Short Message
Service on Mobile Phones, School of Computing, National University of Singapore
Ishii, K. (2006). Implications of Mobility: The Uses of Personal Communication Media in
Everyday Life,Journal of Communication, 56(2): 346
Ito, M. and Okabe, D. (2003). Mobile Phones, Japanese Youth, and the Re-Placement of
Social Contact, in Front Stage - Back Stage: Mobile Communication and the
Renegotiation of the Social Sphere, Grimstad, Norway, 2003. [Online]. Available:
http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/mobileyouth.pdf
Ito, M and Okabe D. (2004). Mobile Phones, Japanese Youth, and the Replacement of Social
Contact
Jamieson, D. (2002). Mobiles to leapfrog into the future, BBC News Online. [Online].
Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ technology/2287913.stm (Sept 30)
Johnston, J. (2003, March 2). Teachers call for urgent action as pupils write essays in text-
speak. Sunday Herald. Retrieved from http://www.sundayherald.com/ print31826
Koay, H. E., Azilawati, M., Malini, R., & Ng, W. M. (2004). Hand phone users survey
2004.Cyberjaya: Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission.
Kho, C. W. (2004). The Impact of Using Net Lingo in Computer-Mediated Communication
on Off-line Writing Tasks,Jurnal IPBA, Jilid 3, Bilangan 2
Ling, R. (2001). Students girls and young adult men: Two sub-cultures of the mobile
telephone.Kjeller. Telenor Research and Development, 2001 (R&D report r 34/2001).
Lin, A. M. Y. And Ting, A. H. M. (2007). Text-messaging Cultures of College Girls in Hong
Kong: SMS as Resources for Achieving Intimacy and Gift-exchange with Multiple
Function, Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 21 (2), 303-315
Ling, R. (2000). The Adoption of Mobile Telephony among Norwegian Teens, May 2000.
Telenor Notation 57/2000. Kjeller: Telenor R&D, 2000. [Online]. Available:
http://www.telenor.no/fou/program/nomadiske/articles/07.pdf
Ling, R. and Baron, N. S. (2007). Text Messaging and IM: Linguistic Comparison of
American College Data,Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 36(3): 291
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Mohd Hairul Nizam, M. N., Hazrina, H. and Nazean, J. (2008). The Use of Mobile Phones by
Elderly: A Malaysia Perspectives.Journal of Social Science, 4(2): 123-127
Mohd Sahandri, G. H., Mohd Reza, G. and Saifuddin Kumar, A. (2009). The Impact of
Electronic Communication Technology on Written Language, US-China Education
Review, Nov. 2009, Volume 6, No. 11.
Oksman, V. and Rautiainen, P. (2003). Perhaps It is a Body Part: How the Mobile Phone
Became and Organic Part of the Everyday Lives of Finnish Children and Teenagers, in
Machines That Become Us: The Social Context of Personal Communication
Technology, ed. J. E. Katz. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 293-308.
Rheingold, H. (2002). Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution, Cambridge, MA: Perseus
Publishing
Sheereen, N. Z. and Rozumah, B. (2009). Mobile Phone Use Amongst Students in a
University in Malaysia: Its Correlates and Relationships to Psychological Health,
European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 206-218
Smith, T. V. (2004, April 25). History SMS style. Sunday Star, StarMag p. 17.
Tanakinjal, G. H., Hanudin, A., Nelson, L. and Jetol, Bolongkikit (2007). Mobile Devices
and Communication: An Analysis.Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 12(3):1
Teh, E. H. (2004, January 25). Debate over influence of SMS lingo on students. Sunday Star,
Ole Brats p. 3.
Thurlow, C. and Poff, M. (2010). The Language of Text Messaging, in Susan C. Herring,
Dieter Stein and Tuija Virtanen (eds), Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Uy-Tioco, C. (2007). Overseas Filipino Workers and Text Messaging: Reinventing
Transnational Mothering, Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 21(2):
253-265
Wei, C. and Kolko, B. E. (2005). Studying Mobile Phone Use in Context: Cultural, Political,
and Economic Dimensions of Mobile Phone Use, International Professional
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Appendix A Questionnaire
SMS PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA
*(Instrument prepared by Supyan Hussin, 2008)
A. BACKGOUND INFORMATION
Instruction: Circle one only
1. Age: a. 15-20b. 21-25 c. 26-30 d. 31-35 e. 36-40 f. more than
40 years old. (Circle one)
2. Ethnic: Your mother tongue:
.3. Gender: Male Female (Circle one)
4. Status: a. Studying b. Working c. Both d. Not Applicable (Circle
one)
B. SMS ACTIVITIES
Instruction: We highly appreciate it if you could provide us some feedback on this quick
survey. Please respond to the following statements by circling the appropriate option in the
box. Do not write your name. Thank you for your cooperation.
1. Do you have a mobile phone (mobile phone)? Yes No Not Applicable
2. Do you SMS? Yes No Not Applicable
3. When you used SMS, did you shorten up the words,
abbreviate the words or chunk the words?
Yes No Not Applicable
4. Did you shorten up Bahasa Melayu words in your SMS? Yes No Not Applicable
5. Did you shorten up Mother tongue words in SMS? Yes No Not Applicable
6. Did you shorten up English words in SMS? Yes No Not Applicable7. Did you mix up more than one language in your SMS? Yes No Not Applicable
8. Will SMS help to revive your mother tongue language? Yes No Not Applicable
C. SMS ABBREVIATIONS
Instruction: How would you shorten up the following words inSMS? Or How would you SMS the following expressions?
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Expressions Bahasa English
How are you?
Good morning
I will call you
Breakfast
I love youDo you want to come with me?
He had an accident last night.
D. Agree or Disagree:
Instruction: Circle one only.
Do you think shortening up words in SMS will corrupt your language? Yes or No.
Optional for respondents to answer.
Why did you say YES? In what way SMS corrupt the language?
Why did you say NO?
Please provide answers in point forms. Use the back of the page to write your responses
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