ASSIGNMENT

• Read “St. Anselm Reading” in class files, folder for test #2. Quiz tomorrow.

Didjaredit?1. What was the name of Peter Lombard’s great 4 volume

work?2. This work was used for centuries for “didactic

purposes.” What does this mean?3. Is this work still used by theologians today?4. In the fourth volume of his work, Lombard enumerated

the number of ___________ and explained how they transmitted Divine Grace.

5. How long was Lombard the Bishop of Paris?

After we grade this quiz, turn it over and write…(next slide)

Reflection?

1. In a 4-5 sentence paragraph answer the following: In what way(s) was the love relationship between Peter and Heloise NOT healthy or life-giving?

Bio• Peter Lombard or Peter the

Lombard was born 1096, in Lombardy, Italy and died August 1164, in Paris, France.

• Born to a poor family.• was a scholastic theologian,

Bishop of Paris, and author of Four Books of Sentences, which became the standard textbook of theology, for which he earned the accolade “Master of the Sentences.”

Education• His education most likely began in Italy at the cathedral schools of Novara

and Lucca. • The patronage of Odo, bishop of Lucca, who recommended him to St.

Bernard of Clairvaux, allowed him to leave Italy and further his studies at Reims and Paris.

• Petrus Lombard studied first in the cathedral school at Reims, where Magister Alberich and Lutolph of Novara were teaching, and arrived in Paris about 1134, where St. Bernard recommended him to the canons of the church of St. Victor.

• In Paris, where he spent the next decade teaching at the cathedral school of Notre Dame, he came into contact with Peter Abelard and Hugh of St. Victor, who were among the leading theologians of the time.

• There are no proven facts relating to his whereabouts in Paris until 1142 when he became recognized as writer and teacher.

• Around 1145, Peter became a "magister", or professor, at the cathedral school of Notre Dame in Paris.

Career

• Lombard's style of teaching gained quick acknowledgment. It can be surmised that this attention is what prompted the canons of Notre Dame to ask him to join their ranks. He was considered a celebrated theologian by 1144.

• He attended the Council of Reims in 1148, where Pope Eugenius III was present at the synod, which examined Gilbert de la Porrée and Eon de l'Estoile. Peter was among the signers of the act condemning Gilbert's teachings.

• He was ordained priest some time before 1156. • In 1159, he was named bishop of Paris. • A hostile witness, Walter of St Victor, accused Peter of obtaining the office by

simony, though he had no source of income. The more probably story is that Philip, younger brother of Louis VII. and archdeacon of Paris, was elected but declined in favor of Peter, his teacher

• His reign as bishop was brief. He died a year later. • His tomb in the church of Saint-Marcel in Paris was destroyed during the French

Revolution.

Writings• Peter Lombard wrote commentaries on the Psalms and the Pauline

epistles; however, his most famous work by far was the Four Books of Sentences, which became the standard textbook of theology at the medieval universities. From the 1220s until the 16th century, no work of Christian literature, except for the Bible itself, was commented upon more frequently. All the major medieval thinkers, from Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas to William of Ockham and Gabriel Biel, were influenced by it.

• Though the Four Books of Sentences formed the framework upon which four centuries of scholastic interpretation of Christian dogma was based, rather than a dialectical work itself, the Four Books of Sentences is a compilation of biblical texts, together with relevant passages from the Church Fathers and many medieval thinkers, on virtually the entire field of Christian theology as it was understood at the time.

• In the Sentences, Lombard shows the influence of Abelard in his whole method and in countless details, while preserving a critical attitude toward some of Abelard’s peculiar teachings.

• The Sentences is divided as follows:1. The Trinity in Book I2. Creation in Book II,3. Christ, the Savior of the fallen creation in Book III, 4. the sacraments, which mediate Christ's grace, in Book

IV.• In spite of the cautious objectivity of the whole

treatment, some of the Theological propositions Lombard laid down in the Sentences were considered erroneous in after years.

• Walter of St. Victor asserts that at the Lateran council of 1179 it was proposed to condemn the Sentences but other matters prevented a discussion of the proposal.

• However the Sentences continue to hold a prominent place until the sixteenth century. It was more popular than Thomas Aquinas' writings.

• This popularity brought Peter's work under attack. But the fourth Lateran council (1215) upheld his orthodoxy. One complaint against him was that he stressed the divinity of Christ over his humanity.

• Because of his influence as the author of the Sentences, Peter Lombard also influenced church doctrine. He wrote that a sacrament is both a symbol of grace and a means to grace. He decided that seven church functions fulfilled his conditions--baptism, confirmation, Eucharist (Protestants call it communion, or the Lord's Supper) Penance (confessing a sin and receiving a discipline for it), Extreme Unction (anointing with oil as a symbol of repentance and healing, usually when a person is at death's door), Holy Orders and Matrimony. The Council of Trent adopted Peter's position as the official doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church.

Doctrine• Peter Lombard's most famous and most controversial doctrine in the

Sentences was his identification of charity with the Holy Spirit in Book I. According to this doctrine, when the Christian loves God and his neighbor, this love literally is God; he becomes divine and is taken up into the life of the Trinity. This idea, in its original form, can be extrapolated from certain remarks of St. Augustine of Hippo (cf. De Trinitate xiii.7.11). Although this was never declared unorthodox, few theologians have been prepared to follow Peter Lombard in this aspect of his teaching.

• Also in the Sentences was the doctrine that marriage was consensual and need not be consummated to be considered perfect. Lombard's interpretation was later endorsed by Pope Alexander III, and had a significant impact on Church interpretation of marriage.

• What other aspects of Peter’s Doctrine did you learn in the homily from Pope Benedict XVI?