Assignment on Legislations and Ethics in Travel and Tourism

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ContentsIntroduction.................................................................................................................................................3

Task 1..........................................................................................................................................................3

P1.1- The legal and regulatory framework of the travel and tourism sector................................................3

P1.2- Surface sea and air transport law in relation to the carriage of passengers within the legal and regulatory framework..................................................................................................................................6

Task 2..........................................................................................................................................................7

P2.1- Evaluation of the impacts of the principles of health, safety and security legislation on the travel and tourism sector..............................................................................................................................................7

P2.2- Analysing legislation that relates to equality......................................................................................8

Task 3........................................................................................................................................................10

P3.1- Explanation to contract legislation in relation to travel and tourism customers................................10

P3.2- Explanation to consumer protection legislation in relation to travel and tourism customers............12

Task 4........................................................................................................................................................14

P4.1- The ethical dilemmas faced by the travel and tourism sector...........................................................14

P4.2- Corporate Social Responsibility.......................................................................................................15

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................17

References:................................................................................................................................................18

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Introduction

Tourism can be seen as one of the key industries in world as it contributes more than 10% in global economic output along with one out of ten jobs, (WTTC, n.d). This statement of World Travel & Tourism Council indicates the importance of tourism industry in world economy. In current scenario world tourism industry is booming and so as in Britain. It is the key competitor for this industry and rated 7th in the world for number of visitors as well as their spending. This Travel as well as Tourism business has gradually turned into the topic of rules, not just from the UK legislative body but also from the European Union. Explorers as well as sightseers are more possible to choose the judges to get rights. Latest commandments on job privileges, rivalry, as well as development and corporate business can guide the travel as well as tourism administrator to experience that he or she is plummeting under an overflow of commandment. This assignment will offer a complete direction to the privileges as well as compulsion. It will also define in an apparent as well as available method that will be an aid for the company to take pre-emptive steps to keep away from unethical behavior as well as allow the company to cope up with the demands of the travelers.

Task 1

P1.1- The legal and regulatory framework of the travel and tourism sectorAlthough there is no legal and regulatory framework in British system, however, there is the ABTA code of conduct which contains issues related to tourism such as insurance notification, communication, booking etc. Regarding booking, it contains all processes like what happens before booking, how to make the booking, what can happen between travel and booking etc

These processes should be carefully implemented in order to protect the rights of the consumer in British tourism. There are other associations that provide also guidelines regarding tourists' comfortable stay and legal issues. These associations are:

(HSC), (IATA), (ATOL) and (CAA), (SRA), (HSE).

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Legal And Regulatory Framework:

The carriers are responsible for any damages caused to the passengers according to Acts described below (WTO, 2005):

Carriage by Air and Road Act 1979. The carrier is everyone involved in carrying passengers either by air or road. The carrier is responsible if due to his/her carelessness the passenger dies or gets injured or any damages are caused to his/her belongings.

International Carriage by Sea (Athens Convention 1974).

It concerns sea travelling and in this Convention the carrier is also liable for any damages caused to passengers when sea travelling.

International Carriage by Road (Carriage by Air and Road Act 1979). It concerns the rights of the travellers even if they had paid for the journey or travel for free.This Act also involves any damages caused to passengers during their travel.

Further to travelling by road there is the Regulation (EC) No 1073/2009 for travel by road which concerns free provision of international road passengers. This regulation sets common accessibility rules to the international market for coach and bus [Regulation 1073/2009].

The Athens Conventions Act 1974 is applied and amended in the UK. It involves international carriers and/ or passengers whereas the Domestic Carriage Order 1987 is addressed to domestic passengers travelling by sea.

The Carriage by Railway Act 1972 concerns international carriages and involves passengers with registered luggage. When there is a damage to a passenger then the carrier is obliged to pay for the passenger's registered luggage.

Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007 concerns also rail travel. This regulation is designed to protect people with disabilities and reduced mobility from unfair and discriminating treatment and to provide assistance during the use of commercial air services.It obliges carriers and / the travel / s agents who represent them not deny booking and boarding to disabled, to provide information in formats appropriate for their physical injuries, to provide points of departure and arrival into the airport, take and distribute among them the notification that they have to serve people with disabilities,as well as to provide them with assistance in the airport and in flight. At the same time, it binds the parties involved to have fully trained staff to the treatment of people with disabilities, and requires compensation for loss of or damage to motor equipment.

Finally, it sets the limits for complaints and sanctions.

Regarding carriage by air the Warsaw Convention 1929 is applied. The Warsaw convention is created by the global community of air transport and the purpose was to provide global standards for carrying passengers world wide, especially common rules on liability for passengers and

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goods in case of accident, loss of baggage and delay in international air transport, while it reduces the cost to the airlines. Among others, a very important layout was included that the airline is considered liable (Article 17) but that liability is generally limited (Article 22) up to 10,000 U.S. dollars maximum.

However, the passenger and the carrier may, by special contract agree to a higher limit of liability (Article 22, paragraph 1). The carrier has the opportunity to rebut any action based on the contract if s/he proves that s/he took all necessary measures to avoid damage, and in this case s/he is not liable (Article 20, paragraph 1).

Moreover, the carrier is able to limit his liability if s/he proves that s/he contributed to the accident and the negligence of the injured individual (Article 21). Finally, Article 25 prohibits a carrier from benefitting of any clause that limits or excludes liability if s/he or his/her agents commit a willful misconduct.

Finally, it should be mentioned the EU Directive on Package Travel for visitors to Europe or from Europe. The European law facilitates traveling for leisure or on business within the European Union and the common currency facilitates travelers in eurozone countries. Travellers can make unlimited purchases in the country visited and bring the goods to their country duty free. Citizens of the Member States are entitled to unlimited exchange for intra-European trips, whereas before the liberalization of capital movements they were entitled only limited tourist exchange. For their package holidays, they are protected by European legislation for the mismanagement or misuse of their holiday by tour operators [Directive 90/314] For their air trips, they are also protected against overbooking charged by airlines [Regulation 261/2004]. Travelers can call the 112 number free European emergency call across the European Union [Decision 91/396 and Directive 2002/22]. In case of illness or accident happening to them only by presenting the European Health Insurance Card, which attests their participation to a similar system in their country of residence [Decisions 2003/751, 2003/752 and 2003/753]. In the ports and airports of the Member States, special channels exist for citizens of EE, who have a uniform passport [Resolutions 23/06/1981, 14/07/1986 and 10/07/1995]. Showing passports is not needed when crossing internal borders of the Schengen area [Decision 2000/586]. The conditions of travel within the EU have become much easier for pet owners [Regulation 998/2003].

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P1.2- Surface sea and air transport law in relation to the carriage of passengers within the legal and regulatory framework.

Surface Law:  The International Carriage of Passenger by Road Act, 1979 governs the said Surface Law of the country. It formulates and protects the passengers that are on board on carrier’s permission. The remedies to the claim under the present legislation may include, physical/mental disorders or damage on the passengers travelling on the carrier. Also, loss of luggage, governed by the Carriage by Railway Act, 1972. [Medlik, (2007)] The Railway privatization focused on contributing towards the development and integrating the transport of goods and passengers. Also, to safeguard the interest of the disabled persons aboard.

Sea Law:   The International Maritime Organization formulated by the United Nations ensures and safeguards the safety and security of shipping. Also, it regulates the environmental factors involved while functioning of the ships. The International Convention for the Safety of life at Sea (SOLAS) regulates the functioning of fire protection measures, fire fighting skills of crewmembers and lifesaving equipment to a sea craft with at least 12 passengers. The Athens Convention, 1974 governs the damages suffered by the passengers while on a ship or a ferry. Also, lays down the extent of liability towards the affected passenger. The protocol of 2002 makes it mandatory to insure the passengers travelling by ships for the certain time. It also enhances the limits of liability.

Air Law:   The air transport law involves various legislations. The Warsaw Convention of 1929 defines the international carriage and lays down rules regarding the documents of carriage. Also, the passenger’s right to claim the compensation for death or personal injury. It requires the carriages to perform a luggage check at the beginning of the journey. The Montreal Conference of 1999 replaced the Warsaw System presenting a single legal instrument, instead of a patchwork provided as earlier. [ R. Collins, (2008)] The Five Freedoms Agreement of 1944 involves regulations regarding flying across its territory without landing, landing for non-traffic purpose, Putting down the passengers, mail or cargo, taken on, destined for the territory. The Denied Boarding Compensation Schemes (EU) 1997 on the other hand aims at raising the protection standards for air passengers and ensuring harmonized operation of the carriers.

There is something called common law, relating to contract of carriage, and under common law sits a variety of different legislations/acts example the Railways Act 1993, Carrier by Air Act

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1961, the Merchant Shipping Act 199, etc. Generally, governing bodies such as ABTA and CAA (some of them are government, some of them are private allocated by the government) sit under common law. They dictate the general rules of how things should be happening/run, there are different laws that cover different sets of the carriers. A common carrier is namely;

‘a person engaged in the business of carrying of goods of all persons who wish to use his services; or

- a person engaged in the business of carrying passengers, whoever they may be, who wish to be carried for the applicable fare’ (Downes, et al., 2006) A common carrier cannot refuse to offer their services to a passenger who is in a fit state and can afford for the service fee. The impact of Legislation and International conventions has reduced the differences between a common carrier and a private carrier as they have to follow the law.

A problem recognised is what imposes a law to be put in place, Carrier by Air Act 1961, are single set of rules which all, or most countries adopted in order to overcome the problems. It was first established in 1929 at the Warsaw Convention ‘regulating in a uniform manner the conditions of international transportation and the liability of the carriers.’ (Downes, et al., 2006), and has been followed up since then in order to comply with the changing of demand; The Hague Protocol 1955, The Montreal Agreement 1966 and Montreal Convention 1999. 

Task 2

P2.1- Evaluation of the impacts of the principles of health, safety and security legislation on the travel and tourism sector

The primary intention of the legislators is to regulate the development of tourism by introducing unified criteria of practices of tourism by determining the rights and obligations of the persons involved in the tourism industry. Employers and employees play an active role in the maintaining the safety of the organization. The primary motive of health and safety regulations is to make sure that the working environment is safe and free of harm. It is the employer’s duty provide for the safety of employees from any personal injury. Under the tourism sector, the country aims to provide the safe accommodation and such other services by setting out the duties and liabilities of the travel providers and the destination authorities.

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The Health and Safety at Work (HSWA 1974) sets out the regulations and its directives making it mandatory for the employers to perform their duties towards the employees and the members of the public.

Also, the Health and Safety Commission keeps the law under review and initiates research as and when required. When a situation arises where the law is not functioning well it has the following three options:

Guidance : The HSC may seek guidance to make the people aware of the legislations and to help them comply as well. Secondly, to provide the technical guidance with respect to the provisions of the legislations.

Approved Codes of Practice : These codes lay down the structure to practically comply with the law. They have a categorical legal standing, as they are a part of the legislations. The ACOP sets out the codes for hazardous materials and working practices when broken may lead to employer’s liability on the grounds of breach of health and safety law.

Regulations : It is the employer’s responsibility to safeguard the health and safety interests of the employees. Under the Health and Safety Legislation, if an organization employs 5 or more staff a written code for health and safety must issued.

1. Induction: New employees are given the information

2. Ongoing: Existing employees are given training for the use of new skills on equipment.

3. Notices: issuing drill procedures and caution signs

4. Demonstrations: fire drills, evacuation drills

5. Handbook: publishing to the staff

6. Advice: regular advice sessions by the health and safety officers

7. Representative: developing a role of health and safety representative

P2.2- Analysing legislation that relates to equalityEquality states that everyone shall be treated equally. The tourism industry legislations instruct the tourism providers to treat everyone making access to their goods, services irrespective of their age, gender, race or disability.

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The Equality Act of 2010 regulates the equal treatment of the citizens and employees by simplifying law while eliminating inconsistencies. It is a combination of acts such as Equal Pay Act, 1970; Sex Discrimination Act, 1975; Race Relations Act, 1976; Disability Discrimination Act, 1995; Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations, 2003; Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations, 2003; Employment Equality (Age) Regulations, 2006; Equality Act, 2006; Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations, 2007.

The Sex Discrimination Act, 1975, protected the interests of men and women from discrimination on the grounds of sex or marriage concerned with employment, training, education, and harassment. The Race Discrimination Act, 1976 was established to prevent discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, nationality, ethnicity, and national origin. The Disability Discrimination Act, 2005 made it unlawful for the operators to discriminate on the basis of a disability.

The different kinds of discrimination recognized under the aforementioned legislations are as follows:

1. Direct : When another person according to the standards of the law treats a person unequally.

2. Indirect : When a group of persons is mistreated or kept from providing a certain facility

3. Perceptive : Initiated from perceptions of the applicator of standards whereby the person is discriminated for having or not having of a distinct character.

4. Harassment : When the person is a victim of an unwanted behaviour on explicit denial. It may be ac client or a supplier or a contractor, which is regarded as third party harassment.

5. Disability : When a person is discriminated for possessing a dysfunctional body that can’t be fixed by regular treatments or lack of means, it is regarded as discrimination on the basis of a disability.

To serve the discriminated people on the basis of employment an Employment Tribunal has been set up to claim remedies such as compensation, retention, on the basis of discrimination from disability or harassment. If a person faces a discrimination during the usual course of his tour that would make him the affected party to which he would have the above mentioned remedies.

As an essential element of UK labor law it is illegal to distinguish adjacent to an individual since they have one of the "secluded individualities", which are- age, sex relocation, disability, matrimony as well as social affiliation, race, religious conviction or faith, gender, along with sexual orientation. The major law is the Equality Act 2010, which prohibits favoritism in admission to schooling, civil services, personal supplies as well as services or principles over and above occupation. (Eyster and Roos, 2009)

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Favoritism is illegal when a manager is employing a candidate, in the provisions as well as circumstances of agreement that are presented, in taking an assessment to discharge an employee, or any other type of disadvantage. Disability varies from other confined features in that managers are under an optimistic responsibility to create sensible changes to their place of work to lodge the requirements of handicapped employees. (McWilliams et al., 2001)

For age, faith, sex, race as well as religion there is usually no constructive compulsion to endorse fairness, as well as optimistic favoritism is normally restricted. Any discharge owing to favoritism is mechanically unjust as well as enables an individual to complain under the Employment Rights Act 1996 section 94 no issue how much time they are providing service to that company. (Eyster and Roos, 2009)

In hotel industry while appointing new recruits for the company the following acts should be taken into consideration.

Gender Discrimination Act 1975

Race relationships Act 1976

Disability bias Act 1995

Employment Rights Act 1996

Task 3

P3.1- Explanation to contract legislation in relation to travel and tourism customers

A contract may be defined as a legal relationship between two or more parties for the goods or services in exchange of consideration that is enforceable by law. Every travel company has a binding contract with the consumer setting out the details of payment and services. Every travel contract has a certain terms and conditions attached to it, such as place of destination, arrival, departure, duration and cost of stay. On failure to communicate the set out conditions the

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consumer may withdraw the contract at any time. Following are the standard elements relevant to any contract:

Offer : It is a statement to inform that said offer is ready to be accepted by the offeree. It is made by the offeror to the offeree. It shall have the presence of two parties and a condition to accept the offer. For example, staying at a hotel.

Acceptance : Whereby the offeree is ready to accept the offer been made. In a holiday contract it would amount to purchasing the product after a detailed discussion with the travel agent.

Consideration : for a contract to be valid a certain amount of consideration is required to complete the acceptance. Without a consideration any contract would just be an agreement not binding by law. Under a holiday contract the charges of the holiday by the travel agent would be regarded as the consideration.

Capacity : It refers to the capability to enter into a legal contract. The legislation defines capacity as to possess majority of age, soundness of min, intent free of any duress. Under a holiday contract it is an important aspect, as it requires the consumer to declare he is at least 18 years of age.

Certainty : The rules and terms of the contract shall be clear and common to both the parties unless the contract would not be valid. Such as, miscommunication regarding the staying preferences at a hotel.

Contracts of supply of goods means that the consumers may expect a reasonable state of goods or services provided with care and skill. When a contract is made for accommodation, the hotel room shall be of decent condition abiding by the cleanliness standards of the health and safety laws. A holiday contract has such conditions as follows:

Agreement between the customer and the agent

Details of the holiday under the brochure, advertisement or website photos.

Personal Preferences of the customer

Consumer regulations

Terms common between the two parties such as,

1. Name/place of stay for the duration of holiday

2. Destination

3. Express and implied terms

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4. Amount of consideration

5. Other factors relevant to the destination

Law of contract in the travel and tourism sector has made the travelling safer and easier for the tourists. They can now make a relationship of belief and trust with one another through the law of contracts.

P3.2- Explanation to consumer protection legislation in relation to travel and tourism customers

The consumer protection legislation aims to protect the rights and interests of the consumers from being violated at the hands of business organizations and travel agents. The Trade Description Act of 1968 prohibits the false or misleading indicator of prices of goods, services, accommodation and other related services. [Brotherton, (2008)] It sets out the responsibility of the Trading Standards Officers to check for the following:

Application of false trade description by the provider

Supply or offer of supply to which false trade description has been implied

Making false statements about the provisions of any services, facilities or accommodation.

If the services in the holiday travel are not provided by the tour operator accordingly, the clients can do the followings-

The Package tour policy can be utilized to help the clients in making claims against travel workers.

If the customers are discontented with the package of holiday tour, they can take into consideration the travel law to get their rights. 

According to rule 4 no tour operators can provide clients with deceptive information.

This is broader than only booklet information - none of the expressive fabric should be ambiguous. 

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If it's deceptive the operator or the company is in break of the rules as well as may be accountable to the customers for any failure.

The travel operator is lawfully accountable for its dealers. This denotes that the clients can follow any grievances concerning rudiments reserved as element of a conventional package straightly with the trip operator. (Stephen, 2009)

The Consumer Protection Act of 1987 lays down the rights of the consumers and the duty of the providing party. Such as manufacturer has a legal responsibility to mention the relevant information with respect to the product as mentioned by the health and safety laws of the country. It makes provision for the issues like, fraud, unfair business practices and product liability. The regulation helps in:

Abolishing the supply sub standards goods

Establishing product liability

Establishing legal authorities

Prohibiting unlawful price indications

The above-mentioned legislations have been clubbed into one legislation called the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 (CPR). The consumer protection under the Travel and Tourism industry is in the following contexts:

Authenticity of prices and service charges

Surcharge applicable to the payment made via cards

Prices of rooms made available

Included services at the time of renting the room

Price disclosure at the bars.

Charges for the minibar

Other material information such as route preferences, swimming pools, gyms and such other things.

The Package Travel Regulations of 1992 assure the miscommunication shall be corrected at the end of the service provider on making the necessary arrangements. It explicitly provides the minimum requirement for a contract to be a holiday contract. In order to be valid it must include two or more facilities such as accommodation, transport or other tourist services.

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Also, the organizer for the air travel requires the Aviation Travel Organizer’s License whereby the consumers are financially protected either by way of insurance, bonding or trade account. It has been modified to include disclosure of authentic information, extend the applicability of flight-plus holidays feature and to provide a set of standardized by-laws.

Task 4

P4.1- The ethical dilemmas faced by the travel and tourism sectorThe travel agency may have to face unethical competition i.e. extremely low prices. The company can overcome these issues by creating a code of ethics that will enable it to act in harmony with host countries and achieve competitive advantage (Holden, 2003).

The country will provide, prior to travelling, all information regarding the country that they will visit as well as to any information regarding safety and health risks. Furthermore, the company will encourage them to respect the local environment and avoid any actions that will be against the law. Safeguarding the natural environment of the countries will be top in the code of ethics of the company.The company should also try to distribute holidays in such a way so as tourist flow would be smoothed and the environment will not be further burdened. Furthermore, tourist activities planned by the company will respect the ecosystem. The company will, in cooperation with local authorities, take care of health protection and security of its clients.

In addition, the company will respect the spiritual needs of its clients and allow them to practice their religions.

Research indicates that the main areas of dilemmas that directly affect the tourism industry are that of bribery, corruption, gender and racial discrimination, sexual harassment, harming natural resources and selling unhealthy food. Corruption is the misuse of authority to for a personal motive. It is a criminal activity and forbidden under the law. It includes, bribery, extortion, appropriating goods, embezzlement and such other financial misconduct.

Several Countries promote a legislation governing the women’s right to work, providing equal opportunity. A recent study for the European Union states that the European women have been found to be discriminating in a workplace after the enactment of the Equal Treatment of Men and Women Act (ETA).

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Another unfortunate finding is the employment of child labour as helpers, cleaners, sales representatives and the likes in the developing countries. The unemployment conditions and increasing level of poverty the children are forced to earn before they can recognize the law.

Child trafficking, molestation and pornography are a common aspect that has been recognized as illegal by the UN.

P4.2- Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate Social Responsibility is a management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and interactions with their stakeholders. CSR is generally understood as being the way through which a company achieves a balance of economic, environmental and social imperatives while at the same time addressing the expectations of shareholders and stakeholders. The concept of CSR is underpinned by the idea that corporations can no longer act as isolated economic entities operating in detachment from broader society. Traditional views about competitiveness, survival and profitability are being swept away.

I choose to analyze the corporate social responsibility (CSR) policy of British Airways.

British Airways, often shortened to BA, is the flag carrier airline of the United Kingdom and its largest airline based on fleet size, international flights and international destinations. When measured by passengers carried it is second-largest in Britain, behind easyJet. The airline is based in Waterside near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport.British Airways airline network generates economic value by meeting the demand for business travel, by offering vital arteries for trade and investment, as well as providing leisure travel opportunities for individuals and families.

‘‘We are aware that our customers love to fly but have concerns about issues such as the impact on the environment, on local communities and on their health while on board.

To ensure we address these issues and grow in a sustainable manner while respecting the world we live in, we have developed One Destination, our Corporate Responsibility programme.

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Today British Airways is a leaner and better managed business. That’s because as we have reduced our costs we have also taken action to strengthen our governance structures and to increase accountability. We will continue to look for opportunities to manage our costs and our operations more efficiently and more effectively.

One Destination is our commitment to grow our airline in a responsible way towards the environment, local communities, partner organisations and individuals.’’- stated by the British Airways.

There are several reasons why British Airways chose to engage in CSR.  The first is because it is a tool to help achieve the company's long term strategic goals in providing growth opportunities around Heathrow airport. Secondly, improving business efficiency and reducing costs through waste and energy programmes provided a strong business case for CSR.  The company also thought CSR could help them with risk management by identifying risks to health, safety and environment that could hinder its opportunity to attract investors and grow the business.  Lastly, it recognised that it needed to act to enhance its corporate reputation, and customer feedback (both corporate and from the general public) revealed that they expected British Airways 'to do the right thing'.

CSR policy of British Airways:

Social perspective

British Airways offer support in the form of funding, free flights, excess baggage, merchandise, cargo space and fundraising events. Our priorities for support are Education and Youth Development, Supporting our Colleagues, Environment, Sustainable Tourism and Heritage. The Community and Conservation started in 1984; they provide these projects in and around the world.

Many of BA staffs are involved in Charity work in and abroad as the part of the management they support their staffs in their charitable work.

Few charity services mentioned below.

1) The BA community volunteering awards.

2) BA giving scheme.

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3) BA fun runs for Cancer research UK.

4) Action for street children volunteer programme.

Change for Good is promoted by onboard announcements and the showing of an onboard video. There are nearly 2,400 British Airways cabin crew members who co-ordinate the onboard collections from our customers. There are also collection points across British Airways offices so our colleagues can also donate to the programme.

E.g.: UNICEF.

Environmental perspective

BA was the first airline to report to the Environmental performance. This can be called one of

the strategies of BA. They help in minimizing the cost travel more effectively. They minimize their impact through the latest technology including airframes, engines and alternative fuels.To achieve this strategy they have developed a Comprehensive programme,

Climate change - there overall strategy is to ensure we fully contribute our share of global carbon dioxide emission reductions by 2050.

Waste - there focus on reducing, reusing, recycling and responsible disposal of their waste

Noise - reducing our impact on local communities around the airports they serve.

Air quality - improving air quality for community's around the air ports they serve.

Conclusion

This assignment offers a summary of tendencies as well as factors, discovers their moral measurements, as well as recognizes pertinent policies to arrange public managers to cope up suitably with these issues. The legislation of tourism instructs the tourism providers to treat everyone the same regardless of their age, gender, race, sexual orientation, disability, religion or belief. Also, that the decision-making is influenced depending on the ethical dilemma faced and

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the ethics applied to a given situation. Ethics in question could be business ethics, marketing ethics, accounting ethics. And the decision-making in turn depends on knowledge of all these spheres of ethics and dilemmas.  Sustainable Development is a crucial aspect for an organization to grow that could be facilitated by performing the Corporate Social Responsibility to assure a growth free from hindrances. British Airways use the approach of CSR They truly believes now they have all the vital elements in place to deliver their overall vision of becoming the world's most responsible airline. Any agency has to be an ethical business and implement specific CSR programs to achieve maximum efficiency and enhance its brand.

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http://www.businessrespect.net/news.php?CompanyID=462

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McWilliams., Abagail., Siegel., and Donald., 2001. "Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective". Academy of Management Review 26: pp.117–127.

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