Assignment 3
-
Upload
arjun-gurung -
Category
Documents
-
view
51 -
download
3
Transcript of Assignment 3
ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF BHUTAN
COLLEGE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
LOBESA: PUNAKHA
Title
Writing final paper on Beekeeping: A viable activity to alleviate Poverty and
Generate employment.
(ACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS)
Arjun Gurung B.Sc Animal Science 2011
Table of Contents
Beekeeping:A viable activity to alleviate poverty and generate employment..............................1
1.1 Why Beekeeping : Introduction......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.1
1.2 Honeybees as pollinator......................................................................................................1
Modern apiculture in Bhutan: Problems and Prospects................................................................2
2.1 Apis cerana (native): Problems and prospects....................................................................4
2.2 Apis mellifera (exotic): Problems and prospects.................................................................4
2.3 Why Apis cerana beekeeping for Bhutanese farmers?.......................................................5
Conclusion....................................................................................................................................5
Reference list................................................................................................................................6
List of tables
Table 1: Impact of honeybee (Apis cerana) pollination on fruit productivity
(Himachal Pradesh, India)………………………………………………………………………2
Beekeeping: A viable activity to alleviate poverty and generate employment.
Introduction: Why beekeeping?
Beekeeping is a very fascinating occupation and a commercially
attractive proposition (Verma, 1989). It can be practiced equally by men,
women, grown up children and even by physically handicapped and old
persons. The investment required is low, and the economic returns are
comparatively very high. Beekeeping does not bring any pressure on agricultural land. In
addition to the direct income from high-value-low-volume green bee products; beekeeping
generates off-farm employment opportunities in many fields including hive carpentry, renting
of bee colonies for pollination and bee-based micro-enterprises. Beekeeping is a decentralized
industry and does not displace persons from their villages. It produces honey, beeswax, pollen,
propolis from the flowers which otherwise dry up in nature and go waste. If conditions are
favourable, level of beekeeping can be increased to semi-commercial or commercial level
(Sukla, 2008)
Honeybees as pollinator
Though the honeybees are best known for the honey they produce, their
economic role in nature is to pollinate large number of agricultural and
horticultural crops to increase yield per acre (Chandramukhi, 2009).
According to Agricultural Scientists, value of increased crop yields due to
honeybee pollination is 10 to 15 times more than the value of honey and beeswax the
honeybees produce. Even though pesticide use is still on the rise in modern agriculture;
managed pollination has been able to make up for certain pollinator deficiencies and has
increased productivity and thus incomes. In places like the USA, Canada, Europe, and Japan,
1
honeybees have long been used for the pollination of crops like apples, almonds, pears, plums,
etc.
Tables 1 illustrates the importance of managed pollination and the economic value that
pollination can have for agricultural and horticultural crops.
Table 1: Impact of honeybee (Apis cerana) pollination on fruit productivity(Himachal Pradesh, India)
Crop
Increase infruit set (%)
Increase in fruitweight (%)
Increase in fruit size length, diameter (%)
Apple 10 33 15, 10
Peach 22 44 29, 23
Plum 13 39 11, 14
Citrus 24 35 9, 35 Premature fruit drop decreased by 46%,juice increased by 68%, and sugar content in juice by 39%
Strawberry 112 48 Misshapen fruits decreased
by 50% Source: Partap 2002
Modern apiculture in Bhutan: Problems and Prospects
In the past attempts were made to introduce modern apiculture methods
in Bhutan with the native Apis cerana in movable-frame hive in Samtse
and Gelephu but all of them ended in failure(Verma,1989). Difficulties
did not lie in the lack of bee resources or cold temperate climate. The
major reasons for failure were certain drawbacks in the human environment which can be
summed up as follows:
1. Lack of information on beekeeping and skilled manpower.
2
2. Poor knowledge about bee and flora resources.
3. Lack of measures to overcome calamities such as bee diseases, predators and pests.
4. Beekeeping method is still primitive and honey production minimal.
5. Lack of knowledge on multiplication of honeybee colonies by queen rearing which can play
a major role in up-scaling of beekeeping activity.
One of the strongest arguments in favour of developing apiculture in Bhutan is the
abundance of rich and diverse bee flora, in comparison to other areas of the Hindu-Kush-
Himalaya (verma,1989). Bhutan has the maximum per capita forest area (2.37 ha) and also the
second largest total area (72%) under forests in the world (NEC, 2008). With such richness and
diversity, Bhutan could become a veritable land of honey. The current policies of the
Government for the preservation of forests and mountain areas ensure that tremendous
potential for the development of apiculture exists. The plan of the Government to expand the
cultivation of subtropical and temperate fruits would require a corresponding increase in
pollination resources and technology. This can be achieved through appropriately managed bee
hives.
In a temperate country like Bhutan, most areas may not be able to provide bee flora
throughout the year. Under these circumstances, beekeepers have two choices, i.e. to feed the
colonies with sugar syrup or move them to other areas(migratory apiculture) where bee flora
are available and harvest more than two crops of honey in a year (Chandramukhi,2009).A
recent FAO report states “In view of the importance of honey bees for increasing the yield of
cross-pollinated crops, Himachal Pradesh in northern India has taken the lead in renting Apis
cerana and Apis millifera to the orchardists for the pollination of apples. This program has
helped to create awareness amongst the orchard owners of the importance of honeybee for
pollination.” The time is ripe for Bhutan to follow the example of Himachal Pradesh and start
pilot project on bee pollination in apple growing areas of Bhutan.
In 2010 and 2011,economic analyses particularly the cash-flow projections of honey
production carried out by researchers based in Bumthang with the existing farmers groups like
BEKAP (Apis mellifera) and Samkhara Sepjam Tshogpa (Apis cerana) has revealed that bee
3
keeping activity both with native Apis cerana as well as exotic Apis mellifera is commercially
viable and attractive.
There are two species of bees currently domesticated in Bhutan. It is important for
us to understand the pros and cons of these bees to decide the promotion of bee species most
suitable to the socio-ecology of Bhutan and Bhutanese farmers.
Apis cerana (native): Problems and prospects
Asian hive bee native to Hindu-Kush-Himalaya well adapted to the Himalayan region.
Average honey production per year is 10kg to the maximum of 20kg.
Not much aggressive and easy to handle for supervision and colony management.
Colony strength is 15000 to 20000.
Foraging range is 800 – 1000metres
Can be successfully kept up to 3400 m.a.s.l height.
More swarming, absconding and robbing behavior but less prone to diseases.
Apis mellifera (exotic): Problems and prospects
European honeybee introduced in Bhutan by Mr. Fritz Maurer in 1986.
Honey production is 40 – 60 kgs per hive annually
Healthy colony has more than 35000 bees
Can go two kilometers for foraging
Can be kept up to 1500 meters altitude
Attacked more by disease parasites and enemies like hornets, mites and wax moth.
Require sensitive care and appropriate technology resulting in huge investment which is
beyond the reach of Bhutanese farmers.
4
Why Apis cerana beekeeping for Bhutanese farmers?
Low cost( less amount of investment and associated risks)
Resistant against diseases (no need for medicine) and predators.
Can adapt to different climatic conditions(extreme cold to hot)
Work for longer hours
Can identify diverse sources for foraging and nectar collection
Part of our nature and cultural heritage of the society.
Conclusion
Department of Livestock under the MOA is in the process of
recognizing beekeeping as one of the core activity for income generation.
Therefore, it can be basically concluded that, for the development of
apiculture on sound scientific lines, the following action plans or strategies has
to be made and implemented. It was also found that, before starting the major up-scaling of
commercial beekeeping, much-needed information should be developed on different practical
aspects of apiculture in order to make it an easy and attractive income generating activity to the
rural communities of our country. The types of information required are:
1. Survey of honey plant resources and preparation of floral calendars.
2. Establishment of demonstration apiaries which is already being done by research centers.
3. Manual in practical apiculture (in English and local languages) needs to be developed for
beginners.
4. More in-depth study on economics of apiculture in Bhutan should be carried out.
5. More selection and breeding is essential for better colonies with higher productivity.
Keeping in mind the vast scope and potential of apiculture, researchers from RNR-
RDC, Jakar has been acting as the core agency for promoting, fostering and establishing an
apicultural industry in Bhutan. Since apiculture fits into the policies and programs of ICIMOD,
5
the institution has supported the researchers and farmers alike in financial and material terms.
The support is still continued.
Reference list
Verma, L.R. (1989): Honeybees in Mountain Agriculture.
Sukla, Aniruddha. (2008): Beekeeping Trainers’ Resource Book
Chandramukhi, B. (2009): Role of apiculture in increasing crop yields in horticulture. Proceedings of the workshop held on 28th February, 2008.Maharastra state Government.
Gurung, M.B and S.Joshi. (2007): Beekeeping and rural development.ICIMOD, Nepal.
Partap. (2002): Impact of honeybee (Apis cerana) pollination on fruit productivity(Himachal Pradesh, India).
6
1