Example Structure Habitat Metabolism Reproduction

Amoebas Amoeba

proteus

Scientific classification

Domain: EukaryotaKingdom: AmoebozoaPhylum:TubulineaOrder : TubulinidaFamily : AmoebidaeGenus : AmoebaSpecies : A. proteus

Cell membrane

Controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cytoplasm.

Cytoplasm The living substance in which all the chemical reactions necessary for life are carried out.

NucleusControls most of the reactions taking place in the cell and plays a vital part in cell division.

Contractile vacuole

The concentration of solutes in the cytoplasm is greater than that in the surrounding fresh water, so water tends to enter the cytoplasm. This excess water collects in the contractile vacuole which swells and discharges its contents to the outside from time to time.

Pseudopodium

(‘false foot’)Protuberance from the surface of the amoeba into which

Freshwater, shallow, clear water, that is not in direct sunlight, and is slow moving.

Amoebas are a successful group of microbes that inhabit a wide variety of niches including freshwater lakes and ponds, sewage, moist soil, salt water, hot springs, chemically polluted water, animal intestines, and even the human mouth.

Because they are so tiny, protozoans do not need any specialized organelle, such as red blood cells, to meet their oxygen demand. In fact, many can live in water with very low concentrations of oxygen.

1. Amoeba stops moving and rounds off.

2. The nucleus begins to divide.

3. The nucleus has divided and the cytoplasm starts to constrict.

4 & 5 The constriction continues to divide the cytoplasm.

6. The daughter amoebas separate.

This is a form of asexual reproduction called binary fission.

Alveolates

There are three type of phyla :

CiliatesSporozoans Dinoflagallates

Other name of Aveolates : Alveolata

- ciliates

scientific classification domain : eukaryakingdom :chromalveolatasuperphylum :alveolataphylum :ciliophora

Example of ciliates : Paramecium

Stentor

Vorticella

Tetrahymena thermophila

-Ciliates move by using their cilia.-Ciliates are single-celled-Ciliates were feed by sweeping a stream of particle-laden water through a "mouth" and "gullet" and into a food vacuole.

-they are live in almost every environment with liquid water : ocean water, marine sediments, lakes, pond, river and even soil

-Ciliates are non- photosynthetic:plastids that are surrounded by four membranes, usually referred to as “apicoplasts”.

- the ciliates developed from a chloroplast-containing ancestor.

- ciliates can undergoes both sexual and asexual reproduction

Red Algae

- Rhodophyta ( red algae)- E.g.

Atractop

hora

hypnoides

Gelidi

ella

calcicola

Leman

ea, a

freshwater

genus

Scientific classification:Domain: EukaryotaKingdom: ProtoctistaPhylum: RhodophytaClass: Rhodophyceae

- the internal wall (Cell walls) composed of cellulose and other polymers

- floridean starch as a storage product

- Have no flagella almost all red algae are photosynthetic:

- 1) pigments- chlorophyll a, Phycobilins ( can absorb light of wavelengths that penetrate deep waters) and Phycoerythrin.

2) chloroplast of red algae contain reddish accessory pigments and probably evolved from cyanobacteria

- Locomotion: none- Some species

contribute to reef building.

( their important role in the primary establishment and maintenance of coral reefs)

- Of more than 4,000 species of red algae: live in warm marine currents and clear tropical seas.

- Certain species live at the greatest depths.

- They have a prostrate growth form, growing close to the substrate-rock, shells or other algae.

- Some single- celled species persist, but most are multicelled

- They usually grow as sheets or in a branching pattern

- A few species of red algae form a crust when they secrete CaCO3.

- The reproductive cycle of red algae may be triggered by factors such as day length.

Fertilization:

Red algae lack

motile sperm.

Hence they rely on

water currents to

transport their

gametes to the

female organs.-

Alternation of

phase:

Haploid & diploid

phase are

multicellular

Haploid stage

Brown algae Fucus or rock weed

Section through the thallus of Fucus sp.

- Large brown algae create habitats by providing forest structure for fish and invertebrate species and creating conditions in the sub canopy for other algae.

- Along exposed coasts (open area of the east), thick beds of brown macro algae help to dampen wave shock, as well as providing habitat and refuge (protection from danger) for intertidal and shallow subtidal species.

-Smaller brown algae can also be important in structuring habitats when they grow as dense mats or extensive areas of crusts.

- Brown algae represent a major component of littoral and sublittoral zones in temperate (moderate) and subtropical (eg: island) ecosystems.

- An essential adaptive feature of this independent eukaryotic lineage is the ability to couple oxidative reactions resulting from exposure to sunlight and air with the halogenations of various substrates, thereby addressing various biotic and abiotic stresses defense against predators, tissue repair, holdfast adhesion, and protection against reactive species generated by oxidative processes.

- Whereas marine

-Brown Algae are the largest of the three algae groups, both in terms of the number of its member species, as well as in terms of the physical size of each algae specimen.

- Brown Algae reproduce by a sexual process identical to that of Red Algae save for one detail, the spermatium of Brown Algae is motile.

- This makes a very big difference in the reproductive capacity of this algae group.

- Red Algae are restricted to living in very closely knit colonies.

- Brown Algae are spread out throughout the cold seas of the entire planet, as their sperm cells are able to find one another across distances of many miles.

Fungi

It have three major group :

Zygomycetes

Ascomycetes

Basidiomycetes

AscomycetesSarcoscypha coccinea

Scientific classification

Kingdom: FungiDivision: AscomycotaSubdivision: PezizomycotinaClass: PezizomycetesOrder: PezizalesFamily: SarcoscyphaceaeGenus: SarcoscyphaSpecies: S. coccinea

-contain membrane-bound nuclei with chromosomes that contain DNA with noncoding regions

-lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic organisms

-arcoscypha coccinea grows on decaying woody material from various plants:

Rosacea e, Beech

Hazel Willow Elm

-The fruit bodies are persistent and may last for several weeks if the weather is cool.

- the time for the development of fruit bodies to be about 24 weeks.

- maximum life span may well be more than 24 weeks

    

-sexual reproduction

- Oomycotes (water molds

Saprolegnia (water mold)

-Example of Oomycotes: the water molds & downy mildews

-Oomycotes are single-celled

- Like fungi; they are heterotrophic protists

- Many have long branching filaments called hyphae

-Cellulosic walls

-Live as a mesh of nutrient-absorbing filaments

- Aquatic: fresh or salt water

- Terrestrial: soil

-Parasitic or Saprotrophic.Most act as decomposers in aquatic ecosystems.

-many oomycotes are plant pathogens (e.g. Aphanomyces euteiches, a legume root pathogen)- so scientist make a

-two-generation life cycle: alternation of generation

Sexual reproduction by gametes

Gametophyte (n)

Stramenopiles

-means “straw- haired” - have a flagellum with hairlike filaments

Plasmopara (downy mildew)

research about sterol metabolism

Asexual reproduction By spores

Vegetative hyphae

Life cycle of Oomycotes

Sporophyte (2n)

TITLE PREPARED BYALVEOLATES NOR SHARLIDA BT. MOHAMAD JALAILUDDIN

AMOEBAS NORHAMIDAH BT. ROHANIRED ALGAE NOOR SUMAYAH BT. ISMAIL

BROWN ALGAE RAJA NUR ARINAH BT. RAJA ARIFFFUNGI NOR SHARLIDA BT. MOHAMAD JALAILUDDIN

NORHAMIDAH BT. ROHANISTRAMENOPILES NOOR SUMAYAH BT. ISMAIL

RAJA NUR ARINAH BT. RAJA ARIFF

UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

SEMESTER 2 SESI 2009/2010

TBU 3023: BIOLOGY II

TITLE

GROUP LECTURE: _ B __

LECTURER’S NAME:

DR. SHAKINAZ BT DESA

PREPARED BY:

GROUP’S MEMBER NO.MATRIK NO/ IC

1. NOOR SUMAYAH BT ISMAIL D20091035088 900110-11-5460

2. NOR SHARLIDA BT MOHAMAD JALAILUDIN D20091035098 890515-03-5200

3. RAJA NUR ARINAH BT RAJA ARIFF D20091035107 901128-03-5156

4. NORHAMIDAH BT ROHANI D20091036643 900914-11-5052

TARIKH SERAH: 09/04/2010

THE SIMPLEST EUKARYOTES