ASSESSMENT ON AMU AND AMR

RISK IN AQUACULTUREIN IN CHINA:

Hu Kun(khu@shou.edu.cn)

Shanghai Ocean University

Shanghai，P.R.China

26 Jul,2021

List of approved and banned antimicrobials in aquaculture

Antimicrobials Use in aquaculture

Contents

1

2

3

4National action plan and strategy

Main pathogenic bacteria in China

6

National regulations to antimicrobials;

Monitoring and surveillance of AMU and AMR

Strategy and actions in addressing AMR risks

5

7

aquaculture products in China(2019) Aquaculture is an important

component of Chinese agriculture

and the sector supports a large

consumer market and export

trade.

Approximately 8.5 million ha

encompassing ponds, lakes,

reservoirs, rivers and rice paddies

are used for aquaculture in China.

Indicators 2019(T)

Total 64803616

aquaculture products 50790728

Mariculture 20653287

Freshwater aquaculture 30137441

Fish 27086062

Crustaceans 5674350

Shellfish 14579369

Algae 2543861

Others 907086

4

High production: the total annual output of aquaculture in the country

exceeds 50 million tons

Large aquaculture area: the total aquaculture area exceeds 8 million

hectares, of which the pond culture area exceeds million hectares.

Too many farmed varieties: for example, there are no less than 25

freshwater fish species with an annual production of more than 10,000

tons each.

Too many forms of aquaculture water body: ponds, lakes, reservoirs, nets,

deep-sea nets, mudflats, streams, rice paddies and others

Too many small-scale family fish farms

Too many fish bacterial pathogens and diseases

remarkable characteristics of aquaculture in China

Pathogen Disease Host of pathogen

Aeromonas hydrophilaMotile aeromonads

septicemia(MAS)Catfish,carp,trout,eel,sturgeon,tilapia and bass,etc

Aeromonas salmonicida Furunculosis Salmon,trout,carp and catfish

Other Aeromonas species MAS Carp,catfish,eel,sturgeon,tilapia,etc

Edwardisellaictaluri Enteric septicaemia of catfish Catfish,yellow catfish

Edwardisella tardaEdwardsiellosis or putrefactive

diseseTurbot,flounder,carp,catfish,eel and tilapia

Flavobacterium columnare Columnaris Carp,mandarinfish,trout,tilapia ,catfish and salmon

Flavobacterium psychrophilum Flavobacteriosis Trout

Citrobacter spp. Carp,sturgeon,crab,crayfish,softshell,turtle

Acinetobacter spp. Sturgeons

Photobacterium spp. Pasteurellosis Sturgeons,seabream,yellowcatsish,seabass,snakehead

Pseudomonas spp. Pseudomonads septicaemia Carp,catfish,eel,salmon

Vibrio spp. Vibrosis Most of the marine fish species,crayfish

Yersinia ruckerYersiniosis or enteric red mouth

diseaseTrout and salmon

Pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria in aquaculture

Pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria in aquaculture

Pathogen Disease Host of pathogen

Lactococcus garvieae Lactococcosisflounder, soft-shell turtle,

crayfish

Nocardia sp. Nocardiosis

Snakehead, large yellow

croakers, seriola,largemouth

bass, Trachinotusovatus

Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcosis Tilapia, Grouper

Streptococcus iniae StreptococcosisTilapia, sea bream, flounder,

hybrid striped bass

Streptococcus dysgalactiae Streptococcosis Sturgeon

Weissella sp. Haemorrhagicsepticaemia Trout

Mycobacterium spp. Fish tuberculosis sturgeon

Pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria in aquaculture

AWARENESSAquaculture Medicine Understanding Paper

Antimicrobials Use in aquaculture

No. Group Active Compound

1 aminoglycoside Neomycin

2 Tetracycline Doxycline

3 AmphenicolsThiamphenicol

Florfenicol

4 Quinolone

Enrofloxacine

Oxolinic

Flumequine

5 sulfonamides

Sulfadiazine

sulfamethoxazolum

Sulfadimidinum

Sulfamonomethoxinum

Table 4 The antimicrobials types

The antimicrobials types

The antimicrobials usually

used to prevention and control

of bacterial diseases for fish,

Shrimp and crab.

List of antimicrobial approved and banned use in aquaculture in China

No approved use in aquaculture banned use in aquaculture1. Neomycin Norfloxacin

2. Doxycline Ciprofloxacin

3. Thiamphenicol Erythromycin

4. Florfenicol Chloramphenicol

5 Enrofloxacine Thlosin

6 Oxolinic Bacitracin Zinc

7 FlumequineNitrofurans(Furazolldone,Nitrofurazon,Nitrofurantoin,

rtc)

8 Sulfadiazine Olaquindox

9 sulfamethoxazolum

10 Sulfadimidinum

11 Sulfamonomethoxinum

National Action Plan on AMU and AMR, consist:

1.Official veterinary system

2.Drug residue and Drug resistance monitoring

3.Hygiene, Infection Prevention and Control

4.Optimize use of Antimicrobial Medicines

5.Screening chinese herbal antibacterial preparation

The Goals of the National Action PlanConcerning AMU and AMR

The proportion of sales with veterinary prescription of

antibacterial agents in animal sector will be realized in 50% .

Set up reference laboratories of antimicrobial resistance and

bacterial strain banks.

Control the increasing trend of the main animal origin

antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.

Develop and implement educational efforts to ensure that

medical staff.

National Action Plan to Contain Antimicrobial Resistance

(2016-2020),published on August 5,2016.

http://en.nhfpc.gov.cn/2016-08/26/c_70850.htm

National action plan to contain antimicrobial resistance of

animal origin (2017—2020),(official) published on June

22,2017 by The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs

(MARA).http://www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/tzgg/tz/201706/t20170623_5726086.htm

Development of NAPs on AMU/AMR in China

National Action Plan to Contain Antimicrobial Resistance

(2016-2020)

National action plan to contain antimicrobial resistance of animal

origin (2017—2020年）(draft for comments)

Other national regulations pertaining to the supply, sale and use of antimicrobials;

1.National Action Plan to Contain Antimiacrobial Resistence(2016-

2020)

2.National Action Plan to Contain Antimiacrobial Resistence of

animal origin(2017-2020)

3.Medication Guideline for the Prevention of Fish Diseases(2012)

4.Investigation Report on Fishery Drugs Industry and its

Management（2011）.

• Animal Epidemic Prevention Law of the People's Republic of

China

• Agricultural Product Quality And Safety Law

• Food Safety Law

• Regulations on the Administration of Veterinary Drugs

• Regulations on the Administration of Feeds and Feed

Additives

• Regulations on quality safety management of aquaculture

• Regulations on the control of agricultural chemicals

Important laws related to the Governance of

food safety and AMU/AMR in agriculture

A list of banned veterinary drugs by the Ministry of Agriculture of China

A Updated “Veterinary Drug Quality Standards” （including Veterinary

Pharmacopoeia which has been updated very five years ）

A “5G” system of veterinary drugs (GAP, GLP, GCP, GMP and GSP).

A updated version（2019） of MRL and withdrawal times for veterinary

drugs.

A series of Good Aquaculture Practice documents

Discontinuation of antimicrobials as Animal growth improver from

January 1, 2020.

important policies related to the Governance of food

safety and AMU/AMR in Agriculture

The antibiotics emission density in the mainland of China (not including Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan)

——Qian-Qian Zhang et al,. Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibiotics Emission and Fate in theRiver Basins of China: Source Analysis, Multimedia Modeling, andLinkage to Bacterial Resistance. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 6772-6782

Drug resistance factor transmission in

Fujian(2016)

0

25

50

75

100

AMX CTX TET DOX STR KAN NEO ERY NOR OFL ENR RIF SMZ TMP SXT CHL FFL

青霉

素类

头孢类 四环素类 氨基糖苷类 大环

内酯

喹诺酮类 利福平 磺胺类 酰胺醇类

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides Macrolides

Quinolones Rifampicins

Sulfonamides Amphenicols

抗菌药物 Antibiotics

菌株

数

Nu

mber o

f is

ola

tes

AeromonasCitrobacterAcinetobacterKlebsiellaShewanellaothers

Strategy and actions in addressing AMR risks in aquaculture

1 Public awareness

Food safety and quality

Environment responsibility

Fish health and animal welfare

2. Social and economy

3. Offical veterinary system

Certificate of veterinary medical qualification

Offical veterinary systemThe qualification examination is an

entrance examination.

China will establish a sound official

veterinary medical system by carrying

out the qualification examination.

Law enforcement personnel on the

job can be transferred to an official

veterinarian after passing the

examination.

Risk Assessment & Safety Control of Fishery Drugs Use

Pharmacology Experiments of Fishery Drugs

Renovate the culture ponds, especially removing silt if necessary.

Control the reasonable stocking density and attach importance to the collocation of different fish species.

Vaccination Prudent use of drugs. Strengthen artificial oxygen supplement and

application of other novel farming technologies. Use high quality feed. Extensive use of microbial agents (probiotics) and

other alternatives. Purifying and recycling of aquaculture tail water

Technical details adopted

New farming methods and technologies are constantly emerging

• Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)

• Integrated ecological fishery such as Rice Field Integrated Farming of

different aquatic animals, such as fish plus crayfish, and so on.

• Microporous aeration technology

• Deep-sea cage farming technology

• Bioflocs technology in shrimp culture

• Multiple-trait selection technology of aquatic animals

• Ecological floating bed technology

• Industrialized recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)

• Diagnosis kits for most of the major fish diseases are available

commercially.

• Progress on vaccine technology

• Probiotics (including bioflocs)

• Prebiotics: oligosaccharides

• Bacteriophage

• Herbal medicines, used especially as immune modulators

• Vaccines

• Dietary acidifiers, short-chain fatty acid，other organic acids

• In-feed enzymes

• Egg yolk antibody(IgY)

• Antibacterial peptides

Alternatives to antibiotics are widely applied in aquaculture

GroupsStrai

nInitial MIC（μg/mL）

MIC after drug action （μg/mL）

10 generation

s

20 generation

s

CK SS 0.25 0.5 4

Forsythia SS 0.25 0.25 0.5

Scutellaria baicalensis SS 0.25 0.25 1

Radix Sophorae

FlavescentisSS 0.25 0.5 1

Radix isatidis SS 0.25 0.5 1

Application of Chinese herbal medicine to inhibite the resistance Aeromonas Hydrophila to Enrofloxacin

name(μg/mL)Concentration

Enrofloxacin concentration (μg/mL)

8 16 32 48 64 128

Forsythiaside A

0.05 R R R R S S0.1 R R R I S S

0.25 R R S S S S0.5 R R R S S S1 R I I S S S

Forsythiaside B

0.05 R R I I S S0.1 R R R I S S

0.25 R R R R I S0.5 R R R R I S1 R R R S I S

Forsythin

0.05 R R R R I S0.1 R R R R R S

0.25 R R R R I S0.5 R R R R I S1 R R I I R S

control group 0 R R R R R R

• Jing Sun , Xuanyun Huangd, Yaping Dong , Yingying Jiang , Guihong Fu, Kun Hu. Transcriptome responses in enrofloxacin-resistant strains of Aeromonas hydrophila exposed toForsythia suspensa. Aquaculture, 517, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734809

Certificate of invention patent

Histogram of the enriched terms from GO annotation of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ENR-resistant strains of Aeromonas. hydrophila exposed to Forsythia suspensa.