Assessment of Water Quality, Heavy Metals Determination
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Transcript of Assessment of Water Quality, Heavy Metals Determination
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ADEYEMI AZEEM
PRESENTED BY:
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Environment is defined as the totality ofcircumstances surrounding an organism or
group of organisms especially the
combination of external physical conditionthat affect and influence the growth,
development and survival of organisms. It
consists of the flora, fauna and a bioticcomponent which include the aquatics,
terrestrial and atmospheric habitats.
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The environment is considered in terms of the most
tangible aspects like air, water and food and the less
tangible though no less important to the communities we
live in[duruibe et al. 2007] Any substances in theenvironment, which causes objectionable effects,
impairing the welfare of the environment , reducing the
quality of life and may eventually cause death is known
as pollutant such a substance has to be present in theenvironment beyond a set of tolerance limit which could
be either a desirable or acceptable limit before it is
considered a pollutant. Environmental pollutant from
many different sources contaminate water, air and land
putting human and ecosystems at risk [kirmani2010].
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Environmental pollution is the presence of pollutant in the environmentair, water and soil which may be poisonous or toxic and will cause
harm to living thing in the polluted environment [duruibe et al] Overthe last three decades, there has been increasing global concern over thepublic health impacts attributed to environment pollution, in particularthe global burden of disease.
The world health organization[WHO] estimates that about a quarter ofthe diseases facing mankind today occurs due to prolong exposure toenvironmental pollution[kirmani 2010]. The industrial andtechnological growth however has been accompanied by a growingnegative impacts on the environment In term of its pollution anddegradation. Industrialization carries with it the seed of environment
damage assisted and abetted, by both needs and greed of man activitiessuch as manufacturing, processing, transportation and consumptionnot only deplete the stock of natural resources but also add stress to theenvironmental system by accumulating the stock of wastes.
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There are 35 metals that concern us because of occupational or
residential exposure; 23 of these are the heavy elements or heavymetals: antimony, arsenic,
bismuth, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, gold,
iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, platinum, silver, tellurium,
thallium, tin, uranium,
vanadium and zinc (Glanze, 1996). Indeed, the body actually has need
for approximately 70 friendly trace element heavy metals.
Interestingly, small amounts of these elements are common in our
environment and diet and are actually necessary for good health but
large amounts of any of them may cause acute or chronic toxicity
(poisoning).
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Some of these are trace elements (micronutrients) and
perform essential functions for both plants and animals in
which they constitute essential part of the metabolizing
and/or detoxifying proteins or enzymes.
Selenium, copper, zinc and iron are examples of this
class of metals. Iron for example, prevents anaemia, and
zinc is a cofactor in over 100 enzyme reactions.Magnesium and copper are other familiar metals that
in minute amounts, are necessary for proper metabolism
to occur. They normally occur at low concentrations and
are known as trace metals. At high concentrationshowever, they can be toxic and therefore pose a risk to the
health of animals and man.
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There are 12 others that are very toxic even at levels that are only
moderately above background levels (that is, very low
concentrations). These are the toxic heavy metals and include arsenic
cadmium, lead, mercury, Nickel, etc. (WHO, 1996a; Carpenter,
2001). They act as poisonous interference to the enzyme systems andmetabolism of the body. No matter how many good health
supplements or procedures one takes, heavy metal overload will be a
detriment to the natural healing functions of the body. The most
common problem-causing cationic metals (metallic elements whoseforms in soil are positively charged cations for example, Pb2+) are
mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium and
manganese, while the most common anionic compounds (elements
whose forms in soil are combined with oxygen and are negatively
charged for example, MoO4 2-) are arsenic, molybdenum, selenium,
and boron (USDA, 2000).
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Toxic heavy metals have no function in the body and can be highly
toxic. The metals are taken into the body through inhalation,
ingestion and skin absorption. If heavy metals enter and
accumulate in body tissue faster than the bodys detoxificationpathways can dispose of them, a gradual build-up of these toxins
will occur. High concentration exposure is not necessary to
produce a state of toxicity in the body tissues and over time, toxic
concentration levels may be reached. Heavy metals are dangerous
not only because of their inherent nature but also because of their
bio accumulative tendency and problem of biomagnifications with
increasing trophic levels, and therefore can cause permanent
damage to health. While the inorganic form of the metal may not
be easily taken up, the organic (alkylated) forms are readily takenup by body tissues and can be retained for a considerable length of
time (Berlin and Ulberg, 1963; Garrett et al., 1992).
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Physio-Chemical Parameters In WaterParameter Industry A Industry B Industry C Industry D pH (In-situ) 6-9 6-9 6-9 6.92 Temp. 20-33 30 29 28 TDS(mg/l) 449 4175 12 252 TS(mg/l) 540 4282 18 254 TSS(mg/l) 91 107 6 2 DO(mg/l) 2.11 2.01 3.12 2.1 COD(mg/l) 1430 180 64 46 TotalHardness(mg/l) 217.8 18.7 - 112.2 Alkalinity(mg/l) 08 178 31 100.8
Oil&Grease 13 12 10 -
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Heavy Metal Concentration (mg/l) in water
Metals Industry A Industry B Industry C Industry DFe 0.05 1.3 20 0.07
Zn 0.23 0.24 0.92 0.25
Pb 0.05 0.01
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