Assessment of Traffic Emission in Asian Cities and Co ... · Kim Oanh N. T., Asian Institute of...
Transcript of Assessment of Traffic Emission in Asian Cities and Co ... · Kim Oanh N. T., Asian Institute of...
Kim Oanh N. T.,
Asian Institute of Technology
2015 IEIC – US EPA
Air Quality Challenges: Tackling the Changing Face of Emission
San Diego, 14-16 April 2015
Assessment of Traffic
Emission in Asian Cities
and Co-Benefit of Faster
Technology Intrusion
Presentation highlights
Mobile source emission in Asian
cities
Survey results of vehicle fleets in
selected cities
EI results and climate co-benefit
assessment
Fast increase in emission sources:
traffic, industry, open burning …
High pollution levels and air quality is worsening in
urban areas
PM is most significant (primary & secondary PM)
Surface ozone air quality
Air toxics
Impact on human health, crops/ecosystem
economical effect is serious but not well studied
Other issues: Indoor air pollution, Trans-boundary
(Acid rain, ABC, regional haze, dust storm, etc.)
Air pollution in AsiaBeijing, Jan 2013
Vehicles and emission control:
Low technology levels: second-hand and long life
Large share of motorcycles
No enforcement of control devices for in-use vehicles
Urban planning issue, slow increase of road network,
fast increase in vehicle population congestion
Non-road emissions are important but normally
overlooked
Positive development: observed improvement in
vehicle technologies & fuel quality, alternative fuels …
(1) Traffic emission in Asian Cities
Hanoi, Sept 2010
On-road vehicles contribute over 60-80% of total urban air pollution burden in developing countries
Congestion
Tehran (VN Express,2005)
HCMC, Vietnam, 2012
(2) Fleet analysis: survey and
results
Four cities: Bangkok, Kathmandu,
Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC)
IVE survey methods:
Parking lot and gasoline stations survey
for vehicle technologies, age, mileage,
odometer, fuel types, etc. (500-1000
vehicles per city)
GPS surveys for driving activities: 6-10
vehicles per fleet type in a city
Traffic counting: video camera
Vehicle Technology Distribution
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%H
CM
C, 20
13
Han
oi,
2008
- 2
010
Ban
gk
ok,
200
9
Kat
hm
andu,
201
0
HC
MC
, 20
13
Han
oi,
2008
- 2
010
Ban
gk
ok,
200
9
Kat
hm
andu,
201
0
HC
MC
, 20
13
Han
oi,
2008
- 2
010
Ban
gk
ok,
201
0
Kat
hm
andu,
201
0
HC
MC
, 20
13
Han
oi,
2008
- 2
010
Ban
gk
ok,
201
0
Kat
hm
andu,
201
0
HC
MC
, 20
13
Ban
gk
ok,
201
0
Bus Taxi MC PC Truck
Pre-Euro Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro 4
Vehicle speeds
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
HCMC, 2013 Hanoi, 2008 - 2010 Bangkok, 2010 Kathmandu, 2010
Sp
eed (
km
/h)
Motorcycle
Taxi
Personal car
Bus
Truck
Driving activitiesMotorcycles
HCMC, 2013 Hanoi, 2008 Kathmandu, 2010 Bangkok, 2013
Active population 5,004,831 2,339,519 394,420 1,298,765
Average age 4.6 (1-29) 3.6 (1-10) 4.3 (1-27) 5.7 (1-20)
Daily VKT (km/veh) 19 20 15 16
TaxiActive population 17,802 12,189 6,206 83,742
Average age 6 (2-10) 2.11 (1-4) 9.5 (1-21) 3.6 (0-14)
Daily VKT (km/veh) 124 157 87 280
Personal carActive population 315,943 100,359 1,202,499
Average age 7.6 (0-16) 2.44 (1-8) NA 5.3 (1-20)
Daily VKT (km/veh) 33.4 42 NA 70
BusActive population 3,358 1,118 11,328 18,850
Average age 6.4 (1-11) 6.31 (2-10) 8.9 (1-47) 8.8 (1-30)
Daily VKT (km/veh) 197 212 96 137
TruckActive population 185,501 61,720
Average age 11.7 (1-27) NA NA 6.2 (1-17)
Daily VKT (km/veh) 31 NA NA 112
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19S
ha
reBin numbers
VSP: weekday in Hanoi
Bus
Taxi
Personal car
Driving activities: VSP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
8 bin9 bin 10bin
11bin
12bin
13bin
14bin
15bin
16bin
17bin
Bin
sh
are
, %
VSP: Kathmandu 2010
Bus
Van
Motorbike
3-wheelers
Taxi
Common for all 4 cities: Bins No. 11-13
Bin 11 & 12: low speeds with stops/idling (traffic jams)
Bin 13: slight accelerations (ISSRC, 2008)
(3) EI results: annual emission (Gg)
and shares
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CO VOC NOx PM CO VOC NOx PM CO VOC NOx PM CO VOC NOx PM
HCMC, 2013 Hanoi, 2008 - 2010 Bangkok, 2009-2013 Kathmandu, 2010
Bus Taxi MC PC
1,252 206 61 10 210 61 14 2.8 195 30 49 1.1 30 7.5 16 4.7
Annual emission of BC and OC
Bus fleet in Kathmandu: high mileage, old and low speeds
Running EFs vs. speed
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0
50
100
150
200
250
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Be
nze
ne
, F
orm
ald
eh
yle
(g
km
-1)
PM
, C
O, N
Ox
, V
OC
(g
km
-1)
Hour
Bus EFs, outskirt route B1, Kathmandu
CO VOC
NOx PM
Formaldehydes Benzene
Speed 1.4 13.2 11.7 5.6 9.6 0.9 9.4 9.1 9.1 10.1 4.5
km h-1
Extremely high EFs of buses when speeds are low
EFs vs.
Technologies
0
5
10
15
20
25
1076 1128 1129 1130
EF
s
Technology index
Bus CO EF, Hanoi
running (g/km)
start (g/start)
Kathmandu Old
technologies
with high
mileage have
high EFs
Co-benefit of faster Euro3 Intrusion
SpeciesEmission reduction under Euro3 scenario, %
Hanoi HCMC Kathmandu
CO 89 57 51
VOC (exh+evap) 92 42 48
NOx 36 57 31
Sulfate 44 45 -4
PM 61 60 45
BC 68 69 46
OC 28 50 46
CO2 -7 3 -2
N2O 44 5 -627
CH4 97 39 40
Air Toxics 87 43 -39
Total pollutants* 85 55 44
Total GWP ** 28 42 31
* Excluded BC, OC and GHGs
** SLCPs (BC, OC, VOC etc.) are included
Summary
Low levels of engine technologies: only
a small percentage of Euro4 present
Wide age span, slow speeds
High EF of old and high mileage vehicle
and slow speeds
Substantial benefits to air quality and
climate mitigation if at least Euro3
implemented
Thank You!