Assessment of the Local Technical Potential for CO Drawdown...

Assessment of the Local Technical Potential for CO2 Drawdown using Biochar from Forestry Residues and Waste Wood in 26 Counties of Washington State

James E. Amonette1,2

1Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354 2Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354

A report for The Waste to Fuels Technology Partnership

2017-2019 Biennium: Advancing Organics Management in Washington State

XXXX, 2019

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Table of Contents Page

List of Figures and Tables.............................................................................................................. iii Figures...................................................................................................................................... iii Tables ....................................................................................................................................... iii

List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... iv

Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................................v

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1

Methods............................................................................................................................................2

Selection of counties ..................................................................................................................2

BGRAM algorithm ....................................................................................................................4

Soil and crop yield inputs ..........................................................................................................6

Biomass supply inputs ...............................................................................................................9

Results and discussion ...................................................................................................................10

Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................18

References ......................................................................................................................................19

Appendices .....................................................................................................................................21

Appendix A. Summaries of County-Level Technical Assessment Results by Scenario .........21

Appendix B. Individual County Technical Assessment Results .............................................42

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List of Figures and Tables Page

Figures Figure 1: High-risk wildland-urban-interface communities in Washington State based on a statewide assessment of high and moderate fire risk (Military, 2014) ............................................3

Figure 2: The four categories (MSW, Forest Biomass, WUI Fire Risk, and Agricultural Productivity) and ranked counties in each that were selected for this study. The 26 counties selected are shown by colored dots on the map, with the color corresponding to the category for which the county was selected. Spokane County (green dot) had already been selected based on previous work of Amonette (2018) ..................................................................................................4

Figure 3: Map of Walla Walla County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Walla Walla County in Washington State...................8

Figure 4: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offset for biochar (slow pyrolysis) under the Conservative (Facility) scenario for Walla Walla County . Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 5: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offset for bioenergy (i.e., complete combustion) under the Conservative (Facility) scenario for Walla Walla County........................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 6: Cumulative 100-year biochar production in the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for the 26 counties in this study .................................................................................................................15

Figure 7: Cumulative 100-year biochar production in the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for the 26 counties in this study .....................................................................................................15

Figure 8: The initial biochar storage capacity in agricultural soils for each of the 26 counties in this study ........................................................................................................................................16

Figure 9: Cumulative net biochar C stored during the first 100 years of production in each of the seven scenarios summed for the 26 counties in this study, and the sum of the initial biochar storage capacity in agricultural soils for the 26 counties ...............................................................17

Tables Table 1: Biomass inputs by harvest scenario summed for 26 counties in this study .....................10

Table 2: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production and net years of storage capacity in agricultural soils summed by harvest scenario for 26 counties in this study .................................11

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Table 3: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, for the 26 counties in this study ...............................................................................................................................................13

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List of Abbreviations

BGRAM Biochar Global Response Assessment Model C carbon

Ceq carbon equivalent CH4 methane cm centimeter CO2 carbon dioxide

CO2eq carbon dioxide equivalent csv comma-separated-value DNR Department of Natural Resources GHG greenhouse gas GIS geographic information system GJ gigajoule ha hectare m meter Mg C/ha megagram carbon per hectare MSW municipal solid waste Mt metric ton (megatonne) N2O nitrous oxide npSOC non-pyrogenic soil organic carbon ppbv parts per billion by volume QGIS GIS software package WUI wildland-urban interface yr year

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Acknowledgements • The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by

Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE AC06 76RL01830

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Abstract This report presents further development and application of a high-resolution scalable method to estimate the technical potential for atmospheric carbon (C) drawdown by biochar in Washington State using forestry residues and waste wood as primary feedstocks. Improvements to the method include spatial integration of soil productivity and crop information at 1 hectare resolution, separate accounting for changes in soil organic C levels resulting from feedstock harvesting and biochar application, and tracking of biochar production and soil storage capacities over time. Twenty-six counties in Washington State were selected [on the basis of wildland-urban interface fire risk and the production of municipal solid waste (MSW), forest biomass, and agricultural crops] for application of the improved method. For each county, seven biomass feedstock and biochar process scenarios were developed including one for waste wood harvested from MSW alone and processed at a central facility, and six for MSW waste wood combined with forestry residues from three levels of timber harvest and two processing locations (either a central facility or both a central facility and in the field). Individual results for each county were generated. The combined results for all 26 counties show that, over 100 years, the MSW scenario could generate 8 million metric tons (megatonnes; Mt) of biochar C, a total immediate offset of 11 Mt of C-equivalent (Ceq, which equals 39 Mt of CO2-equivalent; CO2eq) and, after accounting for climate-system responses, an ultimate drawdown of 2.4 ppbv of atmospheric CO2eq. For the six timber-harvest scenarios, which typically included 2-6% of MSW waste wood, substantially higher values were obtained: 119-411 Mt of biochar C production, 113-354 Mt of Ceq offsets, and an ultimate drawdown of 24-77 ppbv of atmospheric CO2eq. If the same sustainably procured biomass were instead combusted for renewable energy, these offset and drawdown values decrease by 50%, primarily due to the low C intensity of the primary energy supply in Washington State.

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Introduction As outlined in Amonette et al. (2016a,b), production of biochar from waste wood in Washington State using modified biomass boilers has the potential to yield many benefits including improved biomass productivity, decreased irrigation costs, and, perhaps most importantly, drawdown of atmospheric CO2. Although Amonette et al. (2016a,b) used the results of an earlier global model (Woolf et el., 2010) to estimate that on the order of 500-600 Mt atmospheric CO2 could be offset in Washington State over the course of a century (before accounting for releases of C currently in the oceanic and terrestrial pools), they recommended further analysis be made to refine and solidify this estimate. Amonette (2018) took the first step along this path, by developing and demonstrating a high-resolution scalable method for estimating the net 100-year CO2 drawdown technical potential of biochar for Spokane County with the aim to apply the method to the entire state in a separate, later effort. His method took into account local, site-specific factors such as (1) the availability and distribution of waste-wood biomass, (2) the locations of existing biomass boilers, (3) the soil types and land-use categories receiving biochar amendments, and (4) the expected primary productivity responses to biochar amendments (a positive feedback loop). Global climate system responses to drawdown, such as net losses of soil C and the exsolvation of oceanic CO2, were also considered. In the present work, the approach of Amonette (2018) is strengthened in several ways. First, land capability classes and cropping systems are explicitly related at a 1-ha spatial resolution for use in estimating primary productivity responses to biochar amendments. Second, soil priming effects (i.e., the change in soil organic C levels expected from additions of biochar) are updated to reflect recent literature suggesting a small enhancement of soil organic C by biochar amendments to agronomic soils. This effect is treated separately from the decreases in forest soil organic C levels expected from the removal of forestry residues to make biochar. Third, explicit time-dependent tracking of biochar production levels and biochar soil storage capacities is incorporated in order to account for the exports of biochar from counties that have exceeded their storage capacities to counties for which storage capacities in excess of their own biochar production capacity exist. This tracking allows the first assessment of the relative levels of production and consumption over time among the counties included in the study and sets the stage for a future economic assessment that includes transportation costs as a factor.

These improvements are discussed and the updated method is then applied to 26 counties (two-thirds of the counties in Washington State) to gain a more detailed and scientifically defensible estimate of the technical potential of biochar technology to drawdown atmospheric CO2 over a century.

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Methods

Selection of counties Washington State has 39 counties, one of which (Spokane County) had been assessed by Amonette (2018). The goal of the current project was to bring assessment coverage to two-thirds of the counties (a total of 26 counties). Selection of the additional 25 counties was based on four equal criteria: 1) MSW production capacity, 2) timber harvest production capacity, 3) agricultural production, and 4) wildland-urban interface (WUI) fire risk. Counties were ranked by each criterion, and the top six in each category (seven for agricultural productivity) were selected for the study. Some counties appeared in the top six of more than one category, and so the category in which they scored the highest was the one for which they were selected, and they were removed from the rankings in the other categories. For the MSW production capacity category, the counties were ranked on the basis of recovered wood (i.e., dimensional lumber, engineered wood, pallets & crates, other untreated wood, and natural wood) using data from the 2015-2016 MSW survey (Ecology, 2016) adjusted on the basis of population to 2018 values. Counties were ranked for timber harvest production capacity using the online Washington State Biomass Calculator (http://wabiomass.cfr.washington.edu/default.aspx), use and assumptions for which are described by Pérez-Garcia et al. (2013). Values for roadside biomass production were used in the rankings. For agricultural productivity, counties were ranked on the basis of a 50:50 mix of total field crop acreage and total field crop value, using data downloaded from the US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service Quick Stats database (https://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/). Crops used in the selection included dry beans, grapes, hay/haylage, lentils, dry peas, potatoes, and wheat. Assessment of WUI fire risk was focused on counties east of the crest of the Cascade Mountains. Although pockets of high fire risk are found on the west side of the crest they are not county-wide (Figure 1; Military, 2014). The counties were ranked in terms of a 25:50:25 % blend of total biomass (roadside biomass production capacity), population, and economic value of the biomass.

http://wabiomass.cfr.washington.edu/default.aspx

https://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/

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Figure 1: High-risk wildland-urban-interface communities in Washington State based on a statewide assessment of high and moderate fire risk (Military, 2014)

The 26 counties selected for this study and ranked by the above criteria for the category under which they were selected, are shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 2: The four categories (MSW, Forest Biomass, WUI Fire Risk, and Agricultural Productivity) and ranked counties in each that were selected for this study. The 26 counties selected are shown

by colored dots on the map, with the color corresponding to the category for which the county was selected. Spokane County (green dot) had already been selected based on previous work of

Amonette (2018)

BGRAM algorithm As discussed in Amonette (2018), the algorithm used to perform the assessment is a modification of the Biochar Global Response Assessment Model (BGRAM) implemented in spreadsheet form by Woolf et al. (2010). This algorithm considers biomass composition, pyrolysis and combustion process parameters, energy production, C intensity of energy being offset, rate of technology adoption, biochar properties, biomass growth response, biomass and biochar transport, biochar decomposition rates, and greenhouse gas emissions at every stage of the cycle from biomass harvest to 100 years after biochar has been added to the soil. The original version was developed for a global analysis based primarily on the use of agricultural biomass residues and required modest revisions to be able to work with smaller national, regional, and local datasets. Extensive details about the BGRAM program can be found in the online supplemental information file associated with the Woolf et al. (2010) publication. The BGRAM program performs calculations for a specific input scenario, which basically consists of estimates of the amount and composition of sustainably available biomass for each

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feedstock being considered, coupled with information about whether the biomass is processed in the field by a mobile unit or at a central location, whether pyrolysis (for biochar) or combustion (for bioenergy) processes are to be used, and the travel distances required to get the biomass to the processor and the biochar to the land where it is to be applied. For this study, three primary feedstock streams were used: residual forest biomass from timber harvesting operations, wood reclaimed from municipal solid waste (MSW; dimensional lumber, engineered wood, pallets and crates, natural wood, and other non-treated wood), and green waste also reclaimed from the MSW stream. In addition, a fourth secondary feedstock stream, based on the additional drawdown stemming from biomass response to biochar amendment (i.e., enhanced yield), was considered in each scenario. Several modifications to the version of BGRAM used by Amonette (2018) were made in the present study. Based on a review of the recent literature, the enhanced yield feedstock stream was adjusted to include a significant enhancement of non-pyrogenic soil organic carbon (npSOC) levels as a result of biochar amendment. The level of enhancement was based on modeling work by Woolf and Lehmann (2012) that consistently (across three different soils) showed an increase in npSOC from biochar amendment after 100 years that was twice that of the decrease in npSOC that would have occurred if the same amount of biomass had simply been harvested and not returned to the soil. The parameters in BGRAM were thus adjusted so that the increase in npSOC seen in the enhanced yield feedstock stream was twice the decrease in npSOC calculated for removal of the residual forest biomass and greenwaste used to make the biochar (no decrease in npSOC is calculated for wood reclaimed from MSW). Treatment of the enhanced yield feedstock stream was also improved by allocating the yield response among 56 different possible combinations of land capability class (eight levels) and crop group (seven levels). As discussed in detail in the next section, using GIS, the fractional areal extent of each crop group was determined for each land capability class based on a 1-ha grid. The total biomass yield in the county for each crop group was then distributed among the eight land capability classes according to fractional areal extent. The response of these biomass yields to biochar amendment was then estimated as the fraction of the maximum response rate (0.022 Mg C/ha for cereals, and 0.066 Mg C/ha for all other crops; Woolf et al., 2010) that varied with the land capability class. For example, crops growing in soil having a land capability class of 1 (i.e., prime farmland) received only 10% additional yield response to the addition of biochar, whereas crops growing where the land capability class was 8, received 100% of the maximum response rate. The fractional yield responses for land capability classes of 1 through 8 were somewhat arbitrarily assigned to be 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 90 and 100%, respectively, of the maximum response rate. Obviously, there is room for further improvement in the estimate of enhanced yields including: (1) use of actual biomass yield data for different land capability classes (rather than assuming the same pre-biochar yield across all land capability classes, which is the only option currently available); (2) incorporation of actual yield response rates for given crop, soil, and biochar combinations; and (3) use of the National Commodity Crop Productivity Index approach (NRCS-USDA, 2012) or similar models such as CropSyst (Stöckle et al., 2019) rather than the rather broad-stroke approach represented by land capability classes to assess soil fertility. Future versions of BGRAM will hopefully incorporate some or all of these improvements, as relevant datasets and models become available. Another improvement to BGRAM involved time-dependent tracking of biochar production and soil storage capacity for each county. This allows estimation of the point at which the

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agricultural soil in the county becomes “saturated” with biochar (currently assumed to be incorporation of 50 t biochar C/ha to a 15-cm depth), and the county then must export biochar to other counties in the state with available storage capacity. As will be shown in the results, assembling and analyzing the data collected across the state allows a better grasp of the biochar export/import economy and helps provide input to future techno-economic studies of the probable development path of the biochar industry in Washington State. These improvements were consolidated in version 1.60 of BGRAM, which was used to process all scenarios for the 26 counties.

Soil and crop yield inputs As described in the previous section, the enhanced yield secondary feedstock stream in BGRAM required input data for initial crop yields distributed among land capability classes. A significant GIS-assisted effort was required to obtain these data. The approach involved creation of two perfectly aligned raster datasets at 1-ha spatial resolution, one for crop type and the other for land capability class, and then interrogating them in a spreadsheet to assign the dominant crop type/land capability classification to each ha of cropped land in the county. These were then summed to yield the number of ha in each category and normalized by crop to yield the fraction of each crop type grown in a particular land capability class. The land capability classification data were obtained from published soil-survey data available online from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx). The soil survey areas covering each county (several may be involved) were downloaded, and the tabular soil property database loaded into Microsoft Access. A simple query for the land capability classification data was run, and the resulting table downloaded to Microsoft Excel and saved as a comma-separated-value (csv) file. The spatial soil dataset was loaded as a vector layer into QGIS (vr 2.18.18), a free, open-source desktop GIS software package (https://qgis.org/en/site/), followed by the tabular land capability classification csv dataset and the two layers joined on the basis of map unit symbol. This layer was trimmed to fit within the county boundary, and set to display the non-irrigated land capability class variable. This vector file was then converted to a raster format at a 100 m x 100 m spatial resolution and to a rectangular extent that exceeded the dimensions of the county. Some soil survey data either were not publicly available (e.g., some urban areas, federal reservations, and tribal lands) or had no agricultural lands (e.g., National Parks), and, consequently, these were not included in the present analysis. For crop type, a raster file containing crop type information at 30 m x 30 m resolution was downloaded from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (https://nassgeodata.gmu.edu/CropScape/), loaded into the QGIS county project, converted to a 100 m x 100 m (i.e., 1-ha) resolution raster, and trimmed to roughly the same rectangular extent as the land capability classification raster. The two (or more, depending on the number of soil survey areas involved) 1-ha resolution rasters having approximately the same areal extents were then aligned, a process that ensures direct comparability between raster points and the exact same number of data points in each raster. The positions and values of these raster data points (i.e., x, y, and z) were extracted into a csv file for

https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx

https://qgis.org/en/site/

https://nassgeodata.gmu.edu/CropScape/

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each raster. These csv files were then loaded into an Excel spreadsheet and the integer values of z, which ranged between 1 and 8 for the land capability classification data and between 1 and 254 for the crop-type data were sorted to yield the number of pixels (i.e., ha) for each crop type-land capability class combination. The crop types were then combined into seven broad categories (cereals, orchard crops, hay, oilseed, pasture, pulse, and vegetable/berry crops). The result was a 7 x 8 matrix of crop category and land capability class. The values for each crop category were normalized to give the distribution (in percentages) of a given crop category across the range of land capability classes (i.e., for a given crop category, the percentages for the eight land capability classes sum to 100). Finally, the matrices for each soil survey in the county were combined (with weighting of each survey on the basis of the number of cropped ha) to obtain the matrix used as input to BGRAM. The area of land cropped to each crop in the county (and by summation, the total area of cropped land in the county) was obtained from the 2018 version of the Washington State Department of Agriculture database (in the form of an Excel pivot table), available online (https://agr.wa.gov/departments/land-and-water/natural-resources/agricultural-land-use). These contain essentially the same data as in the US Department of Agriculture raster dataset. To determine the total crop production for each crop type, crop yields were taken directly from the US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service Quick Stats database (https://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/), or estimated on the basis of total statewide production and area harvested. These data were converted to county levels of production based on the areas from the pivot table. Finally, the data for the many crops were consolidated into the seven broad categories used previously to create the matrix with the land capability classification data. For images provided in Appendix (an example of which is provided in Figure 3), both the crop type raster from the US Department of Agriculture and a similar agricultural land use vector data set available from the Washington State Department of Agriculture (https://agr.wa.gov/departments/land-and-water/natural-resources/agricultural-land-use) were loaded as layers because together they provided a more visually definitive graphic. The land capability classification data were also set as a visible layer.

https://agr.wa.gov/departments/land-and-water/natural-resources/agricultural-land-use

https://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/

https://agr.wa.gov/departments/land-and-water/natural-resources/agricultural-land-use

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Figure 3: Map of Walla Walla County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and

water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Walla Walla County in Washington State.

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Biomass supply inputs Municipal solid waste Two woody biomass feedstock streams recovered from MSW were modeled in BGRAM, green waste and reclaimed waste wood. Estimated quantities for these in each county were developed from a survey conducted in 2015-2016 and reported on the basis of 2014 tonnage rates by the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology, 2016). Among the categories of MSW surveyed, quantities for “Yard & Garden Waste—Prunings” were considered to be green waste, whereas the sum of quantities for “Dimensional lumber, Engineered wood, Pallets & Crates, Other untreated wood, and natural wood” was used as the value for reclaimed waste wood in BGRAM. In addition to statewide totals, the survey results are reported on the basis of six waste generation areas representing different geographic regions of the state. To obtain county-level estimates, the values in each waste generation area were apportioned among the counties in that area on the basis of population, and adjusted for changes in population between 2014 and 2018. Official estimates of county population available from the Washington State Office of Financial Management (OFM, 2018) were used for these calculations.

Timber harvest residues Estimates of harvestable woody biomass were generated for each county using the DNR biomass calculator (http://wabiomass.cfr.washington.edu/default.aspx). As provided by the calculator, this biomass consists of the trimmings from tree stems harvested for lumber. Because the focus of this study is on the technical potential and a goal was to estimate the highest possible potential, only one set of economic conditions was specified: low biomass harvest costs and high ($100 per bone dry ton) biomass price paid at facility. All existing and potential biomass processing facilities within four hours driving time of the harvest location were selected for consideration of economic viability. Several biomass harvest models were selected for each of two five-year periods ranging from 2020 to 2030. These models generally fell into conservative, average, and aggressive estimates of available biomass. The output from the calculator grouped the biomass into three categories: scattered, roadside, and market. Of these, roadside and market biomass were considered available for processing into biochar. Roadside biomass could be processed using a mobile pyrolysis platform. Market biomass could be processed at a central pyrolysis facility identified by the biomass calculator. As the estimates of available harvestable biomass did not differ greatly among the two time periods, mean data from the two periods were calculated for use in the input scenarios.

http://wabiomass.cfr.washington.edu/default.aspx

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Results and discussion The presentation of results and discussion here will focus generally on the overall summation of results for the 26 counties studied grouped by scenario. Results for individual counties are tabulated by scenario in Appendix A. Summaries of County-Level Technical Assessment Results by Scenario and, for each county separately, in Appendix B. Individual County Technical Assessment Results.

The biomass inputs (reported as green weights) for the seven scenarios considered ranged from a total of 342 Mt for the MSW Only (Facility) scenario to 20,700 Mt for the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario, a factor of 60 (Table 1). On average, the proportion of the woody biomass coming from MSW is small, ranging from 1.6% to 5.8% of the total when grouped by scenario for the six scenarios that include timber harvest residues. For individual counties, however, the MSW proportion ranges more widely (see Appendix A). For example, the MSW proportion for the timber harvest residue scenarios in King County ranges from 12% to 29%, whereas the range for Grays Harbor County is 0.15% to 0.46%, reflecting the large differences in the types of biomass available in urban population centers and heavily timbered rural counties.

Table 1: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario summed for 26 counties in this study

Harvest scenario

Processing location

Biomass inputs

Facility Field Harvested biomass

MSW recovered wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass processed

-------------- thousands of green t --------------

MSW Only X n/a 303 39.4 342

Conservative X 5,500 303 39.4 5,850

Average X 7,870 303 39.4 8,210

Aggressive X 9,330 303 39.4 9,670

Conservative X X 12,100 303 39.4 12,500

Average X X 17,100 303 39.4 17,500

Aggressive X X 20,300 303 39.4 20,700

As logic would dictate, the cumulative 100-year biochar-C gross production levels follow the same trends as the biomass input levels (Table 2). Production levels range from 8 Mt C for the MSW Only (Facility) scenario to 411 Mt C for the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario, roughly a factor of 51. The net number of years of agricultural soil storage capacity for the seven

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scenarios follows the inverse trend (Table 2), and includes an estimate of biochar C oxidation (i.e., is calculated on the basis of net biochar production = gross production - oxidation) that effectively maximizes the storage capacity. If MSW is the only source of biomass, more than a millennium of storage capacity available (Table 2). With progressively higher biochar production levels, however, the years of available storage capacity drop quickly—to 109 years for the Conservative (Facility) scenario and as little as 54 years for the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario. The physical storage capacity estimates assume a maximum of 50 t biochar C in the top 15 cm of each ha of cropped agricultural soil. Larger physical storage capacities could be envisioned with deeper incorporation of biochar and spreading on range and forested lands.

Table 2: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production and net years of storage capacity in agricultural soils summed by harvest scenario for 26 counties in this study

Harvest scenario

Processing location

Biochar

Facility Field Gross production (100-yr)

Net storage capacity in agricultural soils

Mt C Years

MSW Only X 8 1350

Conservative X 119 109

Average X 164 98

Aggressive X 194 88

Conservative X X 248 75

Average X X 344 60

Aggressive X X 411 54

To assess the climate impact of a given scenario, BGRAM calculates a variety of offsets for each feedstock stream, which are summed for the feedstock stream (Figure 4, left panel), and then over all feedstock streams to obtain a total offset (Figure 4, right panel). In addition to results for biochar, which assume slow pyrolysis, BGRAM also calculates results for complete combustion of the same biomass to generate bioenergy (Figure 5). These two sets of results bracket the range of offsets possible by different methods for making biochar such as slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, gasification, etc., with slow pyrolysis being the most C-efficient process for making biochar and combustion being the extreme case in which no biochar is produced. They also highlight the different contributions to the offset, with biochar C added being most important for biochar and fossil-fuel offset being the most important for bioenergy.

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Figure 4: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offset for biochar (slow pyrolysis) under the Conservative (Facility) scenario for Walla Walla County

Figure 5: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offset for bioenergy (i.e., complete combustion) under the Conservative (Facility) scenario for Walla Walla County

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0.35Δ CH4 biomass

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Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

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Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

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0.14Δ CH4 biomass

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Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

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The total 100-year offsets for biochar and bioenergy in the seven scenarios summed for the 26 counties in this study are listed in Table 3. The results can be interpreted in two ways: the immediate offset (Mt Ceq), which accounts for the initial C drawdown, and the ultimate offset (ppbv CO2(eq)), which is expressed here in terms of atmospheric CO2 levels and adds the long-term buffering response of the earth’s climate system to the initial C drawdown. As discussed by Amonette (2018) [based on the work of Cao and Caldeira (2010)], when expressed in the same units as the immediate offset, the ultimate offset is smaller by a factor of 2.17 to account for release of CO2 from other labile reservoirs in the earth’s climate system, primarily the oceans. Put simply, in order to lower the ultimate (equilibrium) concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere by 1 ppmv, 2.17 ppmv of CO2 need to be removed.

Table 3: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, for the 26 counties in this

study

Harvest scenario

Processing location

Total 100-year offsets

Facility Field Biochar Bioenergy Biochar Bioenergy Bioenergy / Biochar

Mt Ceq (immediate) ppbv CO2(eq) (ultimate)

MSW Only X 11 5 2 1 0.50

Conservative X 113 54 24 12 0.48

Average X 154 75 33 16 0.49

Aggressive X 178 88 38 19 0.50

Conservative X X 222 114 48 25 0.51

Average X X 303 158 66 34 0.52

Aggressive X X 354 186 77 40 0.53

The 100-year climate offsets generally follow the expected trend established by the size of the biomass inputs (Table 3). For biochar, the immediate offset ranges from 11 Mt Ceq for the MSW Only (Facility) scenario to 354 Mt Ceq for the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario. The ultimate offset ranges from 2 ppbv CO2(eq) to 77 ppbv CO2(eq) for the scenarios analyzed. Recognizing that the current levels of atmospheric CO2 are on the order of 411 ppmv (NOAA-ESRL-GMD, 2019) as compared to pre-industrial levels of 270 ppmv and a recommended target level of 350 ppmv to avoid significant climate disruption (Hansen et al. 2008), it is clear that the potential contribution of biochar produced from woody biomass by these 26 counties in Washington State, while large, still only addresses 0.13% of the needed global drawdown. Fortunately, this is roughly in proportion to the fraction of the earth’s land surface occupied by these counties (0.095%) and further supports the concept that biochar technology can make a

14

significant contribution to the effort. Nevertheless, the magnitude of the drawdown effort required to address climate change is truly significant and requires a substantial contribution from every region of the planet.

The offsets from bioenergy in Washington State are roughly half of those estimated for biochar (Table 3). This is largely due to the low C intensity of the primary energy supply (10.16 kg C / GJ, U.S. Energy Information Agency, 2019) stemming from the large contributions of hydro- and wind-power to the electrical grid, but also to the degree of enhanced yield obtained when biochar is applied to soils (see Woolf et al., 2010 for further discussion). For C drawdown purposes, then, biochar is twice as effective as bioenergy in Washington State.

The results for the 26 counties differ substantially within a given scenario as well as across scenarios. To offer an idea of the major trends in the county-level results, the cumulative 100-year biochar-C gross production levels for the two endmember scenarios [i.e., MSW Only (Facility) and Aggressive (Facility + Field)] with the counties ranked from highest to lowest are plotted in Figure 6 and Figure 7. For the MSW Only (Facility) scenario (Figure 6e 4), the highly urbanized counties dominate, with King County alone accounting for about 2 Mt C, roughly 25% of the total for the 26 counties in the study. For the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario (Figure 7), largely rural counties with ample timber harvest activity, led by Grays Harbor and Lewis Counties tend to dominate. With the exception of Yakima County, which is large and diverse, the counties with significant agricultural sectors contribute little to the overall production of biochar C. However, in part this is due to the present study’s focus on biochar from woody biomass. Biochar can be made from a variety of feedstocks, including agricultural residues as well as timber harvest residues, and a full analysis of the contribution of these counties would include both categories of feedstocks.

Producing biochar, however, is only half of the solution. A place to store it is needed, and currently the most favorable storage option is to incorporate biochar into agricultural soils, where it is safe from inadvertent combustion and has numerous benefits with respect to agricultural production (as suggested by the enhanced yield feedstock stream in BGRAM). It is in this regard that the dominant agricultural counties make essential contributions to the overall use of biochar technology in Washington State. A plot of the biochar-C storage capacities of the 26 counties, ranked in the same order as the biochar-C production levels shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7, shows that the counties with small woody-biomass biochar production capacities generally have large biochar-C storage capacities (Figure 8). In fact, the counties having the largest biochar-C production, such as Grays Harbor and Lewis, will generally exceed their intra-county storage capacity within the first two decades of production (Appendix A. Summaries of County-Level Technical Assessment Results by Scenario), and will become biochar exporters for the remainder of the century. Large-scale adoption of biochar technology, therefore, will require a substantial effort to transport not only biomass to processing facilities, but also biochar to storage sites that may be 100-200 miles distant. Although the climate impact of this transportation effort is relatively small compared to the overall benefit, the economic impact will likely be very large. Further techno-economic study of the problem is needed to refine the overall C drawdown

15

Figure 6: Cumulative 100-year biochar production in the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for the 26 counties in this study

Figure 7: Cumulative 100-year biochar production in the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for the 26 counties in this study

16

Figure 8: The initial biochar storage capacity in agricultural soils for each of the 26 counties in this study

potential of biochar technology in Washington State and to identify the locations where it is most likely to be economically viable.

Another, somewhat more tractable issue, relates to the overall biochar-C storage capacity. While this study considers only 26 counties (i.e., two-thirds of the counties in Washington), the process by which they were selected ensured that they are the largest producers of biochar or potential recipients of biochar soil amendments and that the balance between production and storage is not likely to change with inclusion of the remaining counties. A timeline comparison of the net cumulative biochar-C stored, which is the difference between the gross biochar produced and that which is oxidized once in soil, shows that five of the seven scenarios considered fully saturate the available storage capacity during the first 100 years (Figure 9), and as shown in Table 2, the sixth timber harvest residue scenario would reach saturation within 110 years. Addition of biochar produced from agricultural residues will shorten the time to saturation even further.

This seemingly dire limitation to the overall C-drawdown potential of biochar, however, can be addressed in part by developing additional locations for storage. Examples include incorporation to greater depths in agricultural soils (to some extent this will happen organically, as biochar particles weather and mover further into the soil profiles over time). A simple doubling of the initial depth of incorporation to 30 cm will double the storage capacity. Application of biochar to the ground surface in range and forested lands offers another potential way of significantly increasing the storage capacity, albeit not as efficient or beneficial as addition to agricultural

17

lands would be. The pH of any surface-applied biochar likely will need to be near neutral to avoid positive priming (enhanced oxidation) of forest and range surface litter (Wardle et al., 2008), and other limitations may be encountered. Other potential solutions, such as mixing biochar with waste materials designated for land filling, might have environmental benefits such as decreased leaching of hazardous metals and organic compounds, and lower emissions of methane, while at the same time providing a fire-protective environment that would preserve the biochar C-storage function. These concepts need research to identify which are viable solutions to the biochar storage problem. Fortunately, the current results suggest that we will have several decades at least to develop alternative storage options.

Figure 9: Cumulative net biochar C stored during the first 100 years of production in each of the seven scenarios summed for the 26 counties in this study, and the sum of the initial biochar

storage capacity in agricultural soils for the 26 counties

18

Conclusions This assessment of the C-drawdown potential of biochar technology when implemented in 26 selected counties of Washington State over the course of 100 years shows that a wide range in drawdown potential exists, depending primarily on the size of the woody biomass supply.

• Use of recovered woody biomass from MSW yields a total immediate greenhouse gas offset of 11 Mt Ceq.

• Addition of timber-harvest residual biomass to the MSW biomass results in 113 to 354 Mt Ceq depending on the harvest scenario and process facility location.

• When equilibrium with the climate system reservoirs is considered an ultimate greenhouse gas offset can be calculated in terms of decreases in atmospheric CO2 levels. This metric yields a drawdown potential range from 2 to 77 ppbv CO2(eq), roughly 0.13% of what is needed to stabilize the earth’s climate system from today’s levels of CO2.

• Because this study focuses on woody biomass as feedstock, it underestimates the total drawdown potentials of biochar, particularly in the southeastern portion of the state, by not considering agricultural residues as feedstocks.

• Use of the same woody biomass to generate bioenergy instead of biochar yields half of the climate drawdown potential obtained with biochar.

• The biochar-C storage capacity is lowest for counties that generate large amounts of woody biomass, and consequently, after a few decades they will need to export their biochar to agricultural counties, located primarily in the south east quadrant of the state.

• Under current storage potential assumptions, the 26-county biochar-C soil storage capacity will be saturated in 54 to 109 years for the scenarios that include timber harvest biomass residues. This limit, however, can be avoided with the development of additional storage reservoirs and technologies.

19

References Amonette, J.E., Garcia-Pérez, M., Sjoding, D., Fuchs, M.R. 2016a. Biochar from biomass and its

potential agronomic and environmental use in Washington: A promising alternative to drawdown carbon from the atmosphere and develop a new industry. PNNL-25239. http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-25239.pdf

Amonette, J.E., Garcia-Pérez, M., Sjoding, D., Fuchs, M.R. 2016b. Biochar from biomass and its potential agronomic and environmental use in Washington: A promising alternative to drawdown carbon from the atmosphere and develop a new industry. Invited Keynote Presentation by James E. Amonette at Biochar 2016, Corvallis, OR on 23 August 2016. http://biochar-us.org/sites/default/files/presentations/Amonette_USBI_Aug2016_finfinfin.pdf

Amonette, JE. 2018. Assessing local technical potentials for CO2 drawdown using biochar from forestry residues and waste wood in Washington State. p. 271-293 (Chpt. 14) in Advancing Organics Management in Washington State: The Waste to Fuels Technology Partnership 2015-2017 Biennium. Washington State Department of Ecology Publication Number 18-07-010. https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1807010.pdf

Cao, L., Caldeira, K. 2010. Atmospheric carbon dioxide removal: long-term consequences and commitment. Environ. Res. Lett. 5, 024011.

Ecology. 2016. 2015-2016 Washington statewide waste characterization study. Washington State Department of Ecology Publication Number 16-07-032. https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1607032.pdf

Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P., Beerling, D., Berner, R., Masson-Delmotte, V., Pagani, M., Raymo, M., Royer, D.L., Zachos, J.C. 2008. Target atmospheric CO2: Where should humanity aim? Open Atmos. Sci. J. 2, 217-231. https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282300802010217

Military. 2014. Washington State Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 Annual Update. Wildland Urban Fire Profile. Emergency Management Division, Washington State Military Department. Available online at: https://mil.wa.gov/uploads/pdf/wildland_fire_hazard_profile_2014-update.pdf. Accessed 23 June 2019.

NRCS-USDA. 2012. User guide for the National Commodity Crop Productivity Index (NCCPI) Version. 2.0. Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Available online at https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_050734.pdf

NOAA-ESRL-GMD. 2019. Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Global monthly mean CO2. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division. Available online at: https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/global.html. Accessed 23 June 2019.

OFM, 2018. April 1 official population estimates. Available online at: https://www.ofm.wa.gov/sites/default/files/public/dataresearch/pop/april1/ofm_april1_population_change_and_rank.xlsx. Accessed 23 June 2019.

http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-25239.pdf

http://biochar-us.org/sites/default/files/presentations/Amonette_USBI_Aug2016_finfinfin.pdf

http://biochar-us.org/sites/default/files/presentations/Amonette_USBI_Aug2016_finfinfin.pdf

https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1807010.pdf

https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1607032.pdf

https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282300802010217

https://mil.wa.gov/uploads/pdf/wildland_fire_hazard_profile_2014-update.pdf.

https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_050734.pdf

https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/global.html

https://www.ofm.wa.gov/sites/default/files/public/dataresearch/pop/april1/ofm_april1_population_change_and_rank.xlsx

https://www.ofm.wa.gov/sites/default/files/public/dataresearch/pop/april1/ofm_april1_population_change_and_rank.xlsx

20

Pérez-Garcia, J., Oneil, E., Hansen, T., Mason, T., McCarter, J., Rogers, L., Cooke, A., Comnick, J., McLaughlin, M. 2013. Washington forest biomass supply assessment. Available online at http://wabiomass.cfr.washington.edu/docs/WashingtonForestBiomassSupplyAssessment.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2017.

Stöckle, C.O., Pickering, N., Nelson, R. 2019. Using CropSyst to Evaluate Biochar as a Soil Amendment for Crops. A report for the Waste to Fuels Technology Partnership: 2017-2019 Biennium.

U.S. Energy Information Agency. 2019. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the State Level, 2000-2016. Available online at: https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/state/analysis/excel/table8.xlsx Accessed 23 June 2019.

Woolf, D., Amonette, J.E., Street-Perrott, F.A., Lehmann, J., Joseph, S. 2010. Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nature Comms 1, 56. http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1053

Woolf, D., Lehmann, J. 2012. Modelling the long-term response to positive and negative priming of soil organic carbon by black carbon. Biogeochem. 111, 83-95.

http://wabiomass.cfr.washington.edu/docs/WashingtonForestBiomassSupplyAssessment.pdf

http://wabiomass.cfr.washington.edu/docs/WashingtonForestBiomassSupplyAssessment.pdf

https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/state/analysis/excel/table8.xlsx

http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1053

21

Appendices

Appendix A. Summaries of County-Level Technical Assessment Results by Scenario Table A- 1: Annual biomass feedstock streams by county for the MSW Only (Facility) scenario

Harvest Scenario: MSW Only

Processing

Configuration: Facility

M Series Biomass inputs

Harvested biomass MSW recovered

wood MSW green

waste Total biomass

processed

Code ID County ---------------------------- annual green tonnes ---------------------------- WA001 01 Adams 0 1236 270 1506 WA005 05 Benton 0 8140 5075 13215 WA007 07 Chelan 0 3208 2000 5208 WA011 11 Clark 0 20933 1199 22132 WA015 15 Cowlitz 0 4685 268 4953 WA021 21 Franklin 0 5715 1248 6963 WA025 25 Grant 0 4014 2503 6516 WA027 27 Grays Harbor 0 3961 161 4123 WA033 33 King 0 89845 3792 93638 WA035 35 Kitsap 0 10958 463 11420 WA039 39 Klickitat 0 906 565 1471 WA041 41 Lewis 0 3422 196 3618 WA043 43 Lincoln 0 668 146 813 WA045 45 Mason 0 3445 140 3586 WA047 47 Okanogan 0 1752 1092 2844 WA049 49 Pacific 0 935 54 989 WA051 51 Pend Oreille 0 836 183 1019 WA053 53 Pierce 0 35780 1510 37290 WA057 57 Skagit 0 6191 1141 7332 WA061 61 Snohomish 0 33027 1394 34421 WA063 63 Spokane 0 31370 6849 38219 WA065 65 Stevens 0 2781 607 3388 WA067 67 Thurston 0 11556 488 12044 WA071 71 Walla Walla 0 3817 833 4650 WA075 75 Whitman 0 3039 663 3703 WA077 77 Yakima 0 10494 6542 17036

Totals 0 302714 39381 342096

22

Table A- 2: Annual biomass feedstock streams by county for the Conservative + MSW (Facility) scenario

Harvest Scenario: Conservative + MSW

Processing


A Series Biomass inputs


wood MSW green

waste Total biomass

processed


Totals 5503320 302714 39381 5845416

23

Table A- 3: Annual biomass feedstock streams by county for the Average + MSW (Facility) scenario

Harvest Scenario: Average + MSW

Processing


B Series Biomass inputs


wood MSW green

waste Total biomass

processed


Totals 7867632 302714 39381 8209728

24

Table A- 4: Annual biomass feedstock streams by county for the Aggressive + MSW (Facility) scenario

Harvest Scenario: Aggressive + MSW

Processing


C Series Biomass inputs


wood MSW green

waste Total biomass

processed


Totals 9329425 302714 39381 9671520

25

Table A- 5: Annual biomass feedstock streams by county for the Conservative + MSW (Facility + Field) scenario


Processing

Configuration: Facility + Field

D Series Biomass inputs


wood MSW green

waste Total biomass

processed


Totals 12142092 302714 39381 12484188

26

Table A- 6: Annual biomass feedstock streams by county for the Average + MSW (Facility + Field) scenario


Processing


E Series Biomass inputs


wood MSW green

waste Total biomass

processed


Totals 17134372 302714 39381 17476468

27

Table A- 7: Annual biomass feedstock streams by county for the Aggressive + MSW (Facility + Field) scenario


Processing


F Series Biomass inputs


wood MSW green

waste Total biomass

processed


Totals 20316996 302714 39381 20659091

28

Table A- 8: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets for the MSW Only (Facility) scenario


Processing


M Series

100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets

Biochar Bioenergy Biochar Bioenergy Bioenergy

/ Biochar

Code ID County Mt Ceq (Immediate) ppbv CO2eq (ultimate)

WA001 01 Adams 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.47 WA005 05 Benton 0.57 0.27 0.12 0.06 0.47 WA007 07 Chelan 0.21 0.11 0.05 0.02 0.50 WA011 11 Clark 0.62 0.33 0.13 0.07 0.53 WA015 15 Cowlitz 0.13 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.58 WA021 21 Franklin 0.31 0.12 0.07 0.03 0.38 WA025 25 Grant 0.32 0.13 0.07 0.03 0.41 WA027 27 Grays Harbor 0.23 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.27 WA033 33 King 2.31 1.36 0.50 0.29 0.59 WA035 35 Kitsap 0.25 0.17 0.06 0.04 0.65 WA039 39 Klickitat 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.60 WA041 41 Lewis 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.55 WA043 43 Lincoln 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.56 WA045 45 Mason 0.09 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.59 WA047 47 Okanogan 0.11 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.51 WA049 49 Pacific 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.45 WA051 51 Pend Oreille 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.66 WA053 53 Pierce 0.86 0.54 0.19 0.12 0.63 WA057 57 Skagit 0.33 0.12 0.07 0.03 0.36 WA061 61 Snohomish 1.20 0.50 0.26 0.11 0.42 WA063 63 Spokane 1.16 0.65 0.25 0.14 0.56 WA065 65 Stevens 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.66 WA067 67 Thurston 0.30 0.17 0.07 0.04 0.58 WA071 71 Walla Walla 0.17 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.47 WA075 75 Whitman 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.52 WA077 77 Yakima 1.08 0.35 0.23 0.07 0.32

Totals 10.74 5.41 2.35 1.17 0.511

29

Table A- 9: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets for the Conservative + MSW (Facility) scenario

Harvest

Scenario: Conservative + MSW

Processing


A Series



/ Biochar



Totals 113.1 54.41 24.48 11.79 0.484

30

Table A- 10: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets for the Average + MSW (Facility) scenario


Processing


B Series



/ Biochar



Totals 153.62 75.46 33.23 16.35 0.490

31

Table A- 11: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets for the Aggressive + MSW (Facility) scenario


Processing


C Series



/ Biochar



Totals 178.03 88.48 38.49 19.15 0.493

32

Table A- 12: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets for the Conservative + MSW (Facility + Field) scenario


Processing


D Series



/ Biochar



Totals 222.49 113.5 48.12 24.59 0.497

33

Table A- 13: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets for the Average + MSW (Facility + Field) scenario


Processing


E Series



/ Biochar



Totals 303.04 157.96 65.57 34.19 0.501

34

Table A- 14: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets for the Aggressive + MSW (Facility + Field) scenario


Processing


F Series



/ Biochar



Totals 354.17 186.31 76.66 40.33 0.504

35

Table A- 15: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils for the MSW Only (Facility) scenario


Processing


M Series

Biochar Production and Storage Data

Gross Biochar Production 100-y

Final Biochar Production

Rate

Biochar Storage Capacity

Biochar Storage Years

Code ID County Mg C Mg C / yr Mg C Years WA001 01 Adams 34500 503 1.70E+07 33790 WA005 05 Benton 318000 4720 9610000 2070 WA007 07 Chelan 121000 1740 5.88E+05 369 WA011 11 Clark 478000 6220 594000 119 WA015 15 Cowlitz 103000 1300 1.57E+05 142 WA021 21 Franklin 183000 2810 9500000 3420 WA025 25 Grant 172000 2690 1.60E+07 5974 WA027 27 Grays Harbor 128000 2120 385000 221 WA033 33 King 1960000 24300 6.77E+05 56 WA035 35 Kitsap 223000 2820 63700 49 WA039 39 Klickitat 30600 408 3.87E+06 9488 WA041 41 Lewis 76700 1000 1340000 1359 WA043 43 Lincoln 17400 231 1.67E+07 72137 WA045 45 Mason 74400 927 65900 91 WA047 47 Okanogan 65500 942 2.09E+06 2253 WA049 49 Pacific 23200 314 203000 671 WA051 51 Pend Oreille 16900 211 4.43E+05 2116 WA053 53 Pierce 755000 9330 450000 80 WA057 57 Skagit 198000 3070 1.37E+06 482 WA061 61 Snohomish 833000 11400 958000 111 WA063 63 Spokane 817000 10900 7.20E+06 686 WA065 65 Stevens 67000 833 2010000 2429 WA067 67 Thurston 249000 3150 5.17E+05 185 WA071 71 Walla Walla 108000 1530 11600000 7615 WA075 75 Whitman 81900 1120 2.08E+07 18550 WA077 77 Yakima 530000 9040 7280000 847

Totals 7.66E+06 1.04E+05 1.31E+08

36

Table A- 16: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils for the Conservative + MSW (Facility) scenario


Processing


A Series




Rate




Totals 1.19E+08 1.50E+06 1.31E+08

37

Table A- 17: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils for the Average + MSW (Facility) scenario


Processing


B Series




Rate




Totals 1.64E+08 2.05E+06 1.31E+08

38

Table A- 18: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils for the Aggressive + MSW (Facility) scenario


Processing


C Series




Rate




Totals 1.94E+08 2.41E+06 1.31E+08

39

Table A- 19: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils for the Conservative + MSW (Facility + Field) scenario


Processing


D Series




Rate




Totals 2.48E+08 3.07E+06 1.31E+08

40

Table A- 20: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils for the Average + MSW (Facility + Field) scenario


Processing


E Series




Rate




Totals 3.44E+08 4.26E+06 1.31E+08

41

Table A- 21: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils for the Aggressive + MSW (Facility + Field) scenario


Processing


F Series




Rate




Totals 4.11E+08 5.01E+06 1.31E+08

42

Appendix B. Individual County Technical Assessment Results Adams County

Figure B- 1: Map of Adams County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Adams County in Washington State.

43

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 1: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Adams County

County: Adams_WA001

Scenarioa Harvested biomass

MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C

Intensity ------------- Annual Mg green biomass ------------- kHa kg C / GJ

M 0 1236 270 1506 339.767 10.16 A 0 1236 270 1506 339.767 10.16 B 0 1236 270 1506 339.767 10.16 C 0 1236 270 1506 339.767 10.16 D 0 1236 270 1506 339.767 10.16 E 0 1236 270 1506 339.767 10.16 F 0 1236 270 1506 339.767 10.16

a M = MSW only (Facility), A = Conservative + MSW (Facility), B = Average + MSW (Facility), C = Aggressive + MSW (Facility), D = Conservative + MSW (Facility + Field), E = Average + MSW (Facility + Field), F = Aggressive + MSW (Facility + Field)

Table B- 2: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Adams County

County: Adams_WA001

Land Capability Class Cereal

Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts

Hay /Silage Oilseed Pasture Pulse

Vegetables and

Berries Ag Total --------------------------------- Production, Mg / yr ---------------------------------

All 772048 80312 121557 5045 121926 31017 1037692 2.17E+0

6 -------------------- Fraction of production in land capability class -------------------

1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.013 0.000 0.013 0.011 0.005 0.010 0.002 0.013 3 0.323 0.014 0.199 0.403 0.174 0.105 0.058 0.297 4 0.250 0.015 0.072 0.284 0.171 0.041 0.018 0.223 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6 0.408 0.890 0.662 0.272 0.598 0.815 0.757 0.458 7 0.005 0.066 0.045 0.001 0.030 0.008 0.013 0.008 8 0.001 0.013 0.009 0.000 0.020 0.001 0.001 0.002

Sum 1.000 0.999 1.000 0.972 0.998 0.980 0.848 1.000

44

BGRAM Results

Table B- 3: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Adams County

County: Adams_WA001 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets

Scenarioa Biochar Bioenergy Biochar Bioenergy Bioenergy / Biochar

Mt Ceq (Immediate) ppbv CO2eq (Ultimate) M 0.050 0.030 0.010 0.010 0.470 A 0.050 0.030 0.010 0.010 0.470 B 0.050 0.030 0.010 0.010 0.470 C 0.050 0.030 0.010 0.010 0.470 D 0.050 0.030 0.010 0.010 0.470 E 0.050 0.030 0.010 0.010 0.470 F 0.050 0.030 0.010 0.010 0.470


Table B- 4: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Adams County

County: Adams_WA001 Biochar Production and Storage Data

Scenarioa Gross Biochar

Production 100-y

Final Biochar Production Rate



Mg C Mg C / yr Mg C Years M 34500 503 1.70E+07 33790 A 34500 503 1.70E+07 33790 B 34500 503 1.70E+07 33790 C 34500 503 1.70E+07 33790 D 34500 503 1.70E+07 33790 E 34500 503 1.70E+07 33790 F 34500 503 1.70E+07 33790


45

Figure B- 2: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Adams County

-0.01

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.04Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

46

Benton County

Figure B- 3: Map of Benton County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Benton County in Washington State.

47

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 5: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Benton County

County: Benton_WA005


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 8140 5075 13215 192.156 10.16 A 0 8140 5075 13215 192.156 10.16 B 0 8140 5075 13215 192.156 10.16 C 0 8140 5075 13215 192.156 10.16 D 0 8140 5075 13215 192.156 10.16 E 0 8140 5075 13215 192.156 10.16 F 0 8140 5075 13215 192.156 10.16


Table B- 6: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Benton County

County: Benton_WA005


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 374415 419359 35001 0 70963 17590 1871240 2.79E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.022 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.014 3 0.455 0.052 0.411 0.000 0.162 0.080 0.112 0.335 4 0.064 0.052 0.074 0.038 0.065 0.063 0.093 0.068 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6 0.380 0.746 0.411 0.736 0.530 0.662 0.475 0.480 7 0.071 0.133 0.089 0.094 0.233 0.097 0.157 0.099 8 0.001 0.012 0.004 0.000 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.004

Sum 0.994 0.996 1.000 0.868 0.996 0.904 0.842 1.000

48

BGRAM Results

Table B- 7: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Benton County

County: Benton_WA005 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 8: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Benton County

County: Benton_WA005 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






49

Figure B- 4: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Benton County

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

50

Chelan County

Figure B- 5: Map of Chelan County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Chelan County in Washington State.

51

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 9: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Chelan County

County: Chelan_WA007


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 3208 2000 5208 11.763 10.16 A 35136 3208 2000 40344 11.763 10.16 B 59901 3208 2000 65109 11.763 10.16 C 79380 3208 2000 84588 11.763 10.16 D 89212 3208 2000 94419 11.763 10.16 E 145413 3208 2000 150621 11.763 10.16 F 198373 3208 2000 203581 11.763 10.16


Table B- 10: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Chelan County

County: Chelan_WA007


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 492 237857 1071 0 4430 0 1014 2.45E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.016 0.041 0.004 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.021 3 0.373 0.578 0.563 0.000 0.144 0.216 0.000 0.355 4 0.112 0.166 0.130 0.000 0.066 0.000 0.000 0.114 5 0.000 0.001 0.029 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.003 6 0.394 0.111 0.080 0.000 0.078 0.000 0.000 0.110 7 0.088 0.061 0.193 0.000 0.680 0.000 0.000 0.383 8 0.016 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.023 0.000 0.000 0.014

Sum 0.999 0.961 1.000 0.000 1.000 0.216 0.000 1.000

52

BGRAM Results

Table B- 11: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Chelan County

County: Chelan_WA007 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 12: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Chelan County

County: Chelan_WA007 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






53

Figure B- 6: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Chelan County

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

54

Figure B- 7: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Chelan County

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

55

Clark County

Figure B- 8: Map of Clark County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Clark County in Washington State.

56

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 13: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Clark County

County: Clark_WA011


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 20933 1199 22132 11.871 10.16 A 97399 20933 1199 119531 11.871 10.16 B 91849 20933 1199 113981 11.871 10.16 C 105708 20933 1199 127840 11.871 10.16 D 231085 20933 1199 253217 11.871 10.16 E 206373 20933 1199 228505 11.871 10.16 F 236517 20933 1199 258650 11.871 10.16


Table B- 14: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Clark County

County: Clark_WA011


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 28761 21227 18577 0 8818 0 5736 8.31E+0


1 0.165 0.066 0.228 0.000 0.050 0.000 0.302 0.070 2 0.419 0.226 0.324 0.000 0.258 0.000 0.128 0.276 3 0.300 0.254 0.273 0.000 0.345 0.000 0.372 0.339 4 0.010 0.022 0.007 0.000 0.071 0.000 0.012 0.062 5 0.001 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.008 6 0.089 0.093 0.159 0.000 0.224 0.000 0.151 0.207 7 0.009 0.017 0.009 0.000 0.041 0.000 0.023 0.036 8 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.002

Sum 1.000 0.687 1.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.988 1.000

57

BGRAM Results

Table B- 15: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Clark County

County: Clark_WA011 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 16: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Clark County

County: Clark_WA011 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






58

Figure B- 9: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Clark County

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

59

Figure B- 10: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Clark County

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

60

Cowlitz County

Figure B- 11: Map of Cowlitz County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Cowlitz County in Washington State.

61

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 17: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Cowlitz County

County: Cowlitz_WA015


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 4685 268 4953 3.140 10.16 A 411332 4685 268 416285 3.140 10.16 B 642447 4685 268 647400 3.140 10.16 C 842686 4685 268 847639 3.140 10.16 D 912708 4685 268 917661 3.140 10.16 E 1398971 4685 268 1403924 3.140 10.16 F 1828772 4685 268 1833725 3.140 10.16


Table B- 18: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Cowlitz County

County: Cowlitz_WA015


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 2341 723 2331 0 1437 0 2638 9.47E+0


1 0.252 0.271 0.309 0.000 0.069 0.000 0.000 0.084 2 0.026 0.043 0.000 0.000 0.079 0.000 0.000 0.076 3 0.113 0.130 0.130 0.000 0.075 0.000 0.500 0.079 4 0.570 0.401 0.520 0.000 0.426 1.000 0.000 0.428 5 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.017 0.000 0.000 0.016 6 0.000 0.043 0.000 0.000 0.055 0.000 0.000 0.053 7 0.026 0.038 0.000 0.000 0.245 0.000 0.000 0.230 8 0.013 0.033 0.041 0.000 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.034

Sum 1.000 0.968 1.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.500 1.000

62

BGRAM Results

Table B- 19: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Cowlitz County

County: Cowlitz_WA015 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 20: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Cowlitz County

County: Cowlitz_WA015 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






63

Figure B- 12: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Cowlitz County

-0.04

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.04

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

64

Figure B- 13: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Cowlitz County

-20.00

-10.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-20.00

-10.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

65

Franklin County

Figure B- 14: Map of Franklin County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Franklin County in Washington State.

66

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 21: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Franklin County

County: Franklin_WA021


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 5715 1248 6963 190.009 10.16 A 0 5715 1248 6963 190.009 10.16 B 0 5715 1248 6963 190.009 10.16 C 0 5715 1248 6963 190.009 10.16 D 0 5715 1248 6963 190.009 10.16 E 0 5715 1248 6963 190.009 10.16 F 0 5715 1248 6963 190.009 10.16


Table B- 22: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Franklin County

County: Franklin_WA021


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 575373 331769 391919 79 63598 8628 1622620 2.99E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3 0.364 0.064 0.041 0.488 0.050 0.136 0.093 0.228 4 0.125 0.009 0.002 0.150 0.045 0.002 0.005 0.070 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6 0.369 0.665 0.544 0.291 0.617 0.602 0.442 0.450 7 0.138 0.256 0.411 0.071 0.251 0.248 0.427 0.248 8 0.003 0.006 0.002 0.000 0.035 0.003 0.001 0.003

Sum 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.997 0.991 0.968 1.000

67

BGRAM Results

Table B- 23: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Franklin County

County: Franklin_WA021 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 24: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Franklin County

County: Franklin_WA021 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






68

Figure B- 15: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Franklin County

-0.04

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

69

Grant County

Figure B- 16: Map of Grant County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Grant County in Washington State.

70

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 25: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Grant County

County: Grant_WA025


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 4014 2503 6516 319.601 10.16 A 0 4014 2503 6516 319.601 10.16 B 0 4014 2503 6516 319.601 10.16 C 0 4014 2503 6516 319.601 10.16 D 0 4014 2503 6516 319.601 10.16 E 0 4014 2503 6516 319.601 10.16 F 0 4014 2503 6516 319.601 10.16


Table B- 26: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Grant County

County: Grant_WA025


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 964663 1107084 840591 3395 68550 55712 1907603 4.95E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.004 3 0.226 0.065 0.192 0.051 0.129 0.207 0.192 0.198 4 0.103 0.045 0.033 0.019 0.099 0.033 0.040 0.072 5 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.001 0.001 6 0.444 0.589 0.380 0.306 0.368 0.440 0.320 0.418 7 0.222 0.298 0.395 0.383 0.388 0.313 0.447 0.306 8 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000

Sum 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.759 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

71

BGRAM Results

Table B- 27: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Grant County

County: Grant_WA025 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 28: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Grant County

County: Grant_WA025 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






72

Figure B- 17: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Grant County

-0.04

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

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0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

73

Grays Harbor County

Figure B- 18: Map of Grays Harbor County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Grays Harbor County in Washington State.

74

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 29: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Grays Harbor County

County: Grays_Harbor_WA027


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 3961 161 4123 7.699 10.16 A 893230 3961 161 897353 7.699 10.16 B 1295120 3961 161 1299243 7.699 10.16 C 1538463 3961 161 1542586 7.699 10.16 D 1936178 3961 161 1940301 7.699 10.16 E 2761018 3961 161 2765141 7.699 10.16 F 3254662 3961 161 3258785 7.699 10.16


Table B- 30: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Grays Harbor County

County: Grays Harbor_WA027


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 35082 7524 17217 0 5414 787 5131 7.12E+0


1 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.002 2 0.011 0.192 0.007 0.000 0.135 0.000 0.000 0.133 3 0.769 0.222 0.467 0.000 0.203 0.000 0.000 0.213 4 0.083 0.389 0.082 0.000 0.420 0.000 0.000 0.413 5 0.074 0.025 0.356 0.000 0.030 0.000 0.986 0.032 6 0.046 0.066 0.074 0.000 0.035 0.000 0.000 0.036 7 0.003 0.049 0.000 0.000 0.159 0.000 0.000 0.155 8 0.000 0.039 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.015

Sum 0.986 0.988 0.986 0.000 0.998 0.000 0.986 1.000

75

BGRAM Results

Table B- 31: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Grays Harbor County

County: Grays Harbor_WA027 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 32: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Grays Harbor County

County: Grays Harbor_WA027 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






76

Figure B- 19: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Grays Harbor County

-0.04

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

77

Figure B- 20: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Grays Harbor County

-40.00

-20.00

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-40.00

-20.00

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-20.00

-10.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-20.00

-10.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

78

King County

Figure B- 21: Map of King County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of King County in Washington State.

79

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 33: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for King County

County: King_WA033


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 89845 3792 93638 13.537 10.16 A 229096 89845 3792 322734 13.537 10.16 B 344876 89845 3792 438514 13.537 10.16 C 462905 89845 3792 556543 13.537 10.16 D 471163 89845 3792 564800 13.537 10.16 E 690979 89845 3792 784617 13.537 10.16 F 930807 89845 3792 1024445 13.537 10.16


Table B- 34: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for King County

County: King_WA033


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 27032 9893 13355 0 15622 0 56114 1.22E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.003 3 0.425 0.147 0.437 0.000 0.125 0.151 0.026 0.164 4 0.173 0.244 0.179 0.000 0.379 0.151 0.041 0.358 5 0.387 0.125 0.351 0.000 0.320 0.151 0.066 0.323 6 0.000 0.006 0.003 0.000 0.028 0.000 0.002 0.025 7 0.007 0.041 0.015 0.000 0.087 0.000 0.001 0.078 8 0.008 0.008 0.015 0.000 0.055 0.000 0.000 0.049

Sum 1.000 0.570 1.000 0.000 0.999 0.453 0.136 1.000

80

BGRAM Results

Table B- 35: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for King County

County: King_WA033 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 36: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for King County

County: King_WA033 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






81

Figure B- 22: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for King County

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

82

Figure B- 23: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for King County

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-6.00

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

83

Kitsap County

Figure B- 24: Map of Kitsap County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Kitsap County in Washington State.

84

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 37: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Kitsap County

County: Kitsap_WA035


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 10958 463 11420 1.273 10.16 A 48170 10958 463 59590 1.273 10.16 B 62333 10958 463 73754 1.273 10.16 C 64629 10958 463 76049 1.273 10.16 D 99460 10958 463 110881 1.273 10.16 E 130065 10958 463 141485 1.273 10.16 F 132617 10958 463 144037 1.273 10.16


Table B- 38: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Kitsap County

County: Kitsap_WA035


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 0 1800 503 0 1775 0 1120 5.20E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.167 0.013 0.000 0.000 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.039 3 0.083 0.026 0.333 0.000 0.167 0.000 0.000 0.162 4 0.667 0.506 0.400 0.000 0.404 1.000 1.000 0.411 5 0.000 0.039 0.267 0.000 0.101 0.000 0.000 0.099 6 0.000 0.390 0.000 0.000 0.232 0.000 0.000 0.235 7 0.083 0.013 0.000 0.000 0.053 0.000 0.000 0.051 8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.003

Sum 1.000 0.987 1.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

85

BGRAM Results

Table B- 39: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Kitsap County

County: Kitsap_WA035 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 40: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Kitsap County

County: Kitsap_WA035 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






86

Figure B- 25: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Kitsap County

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

87

Figure B- 26: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Kitsap County

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

88

Klickitat County

Figure B- 27: Map of Klickitat County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Klickitat County in Washington State.

89

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 41: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Klickitat County

County: Klickitat_WA039


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 906 565 1471 77.308 10.16 A 170767 906 565 172238 77.308 10.16 B 282669 906 565 284140 77.308 10.16 C 395393 906 565 396864 77.308 10.16 D 374580 906 565 376051 77.308 10.16 E 615233 906 565 616705 77.308 10.16 F 852011 906 565 853483 77.308 10.16


Table B- 42: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Klickitat County

County: Klickitat_WA039


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 53761 112806 69312 55 33343 187 59023 3.28E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.259 0.036 0.311 0.000 0.072 0.002 0.000 0.200 3 0.458 0.262 0.371 0.941 0.284 0.257 0.009 0.370 4 0.061 0.012 0.067 0.000 0.246 0.005 0.000 0.115 5 0.001 0.003 0.055 0.000 0.021 0.000 0.000 0.029 6 0.161 0.599 0.117 0.000 0.132 0.678 0.779 0.191 7 0.031 0.016 0.077 0.000 0.215 0.000 0.000 0.088 8 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.000 0.030 0.000 0.000 0.009

Sum 0.971 0.931 1.000 0.941 1.000 0.941 0.788 1.000

90

BGRAM Results

Table B- 43: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Klickitat County

County: Klickitat_WA039 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 44: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Klickitat County

County: Klickitat_WA039 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






91

Figure B- 28: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Klickitat County

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.04

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

92

Figure B- 29: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Klickitat County

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

93

Lewis County

Figure B- 30: Map of Lewis County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Lewis County in Washington State.

94

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 45: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Lewis County

County: Lewis_WA041


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 3422 196 3618 26.743 10.16 A 791007 3422 196 794624 26.743 10.16 B 1143976 3422 196 1147594 26.743 10.16 C 1116692 3422 196 1120310 26.743 10.16 D 1599986 3422 196 1603604 26.743 10.16 E 2303914 3422 196 2307532 26.743 10.16 F 2250610 3422 196 2254227 26.743 10.16


Table B- 46: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Lewis County

County: Lewis_WA041


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 24391 69868 56007 0 18047 1023 6001 1.75E+0


1 0.087 0.065 0.031 0.000 0.016 0.232 0.034 0.022 2 0.158 0.326 0.040 0.000 0.133 0.069 0.362 0.145 3 0.424 0.361 0.584 0.000 0.286 0.586 0.431 0.299 4 0.067 0.097 0.099 0.000 0.155 0.020 0.086 0.148 5 0.224 0.090 0.217 0.000 0.220 0.074 0.034 0.211 6 0.031 0.021 0.022 0.000 0.062 0.020 0.000 0.058 7 0.004 0.036 0.006 0.000 0.109 0.000 0.000 0.101 8 0.004 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.017 0.000 0.000 0.015

Sum 1.000 0.999 1.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.948 1.000

95

BGRAM Results

Table B- 47: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Lewis County

County: Lewis_WA041 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 48: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Lewis County

County: Lewis_WA041 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






96

Figure B- 31: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Lewis County

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.04

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

97

Figure B- 32: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Lewis County

-20.00

-10.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-20.00

-10.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-15.00

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-15.00

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

98

Lincoln County

Figure B- 33: Map of Lincoln County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Lincoln County in Washington State.

99

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 49: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Lincoln County

County: Lincoln_WA043


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 668 146 813 333.421 10.16 A 6460 668 146 7273 333.421 10.16 B 10082 668 146 10895 333.421 10.16 C 11523 668 146 12337 333.421 10.16 D 14357 668 146 15171 333.421 10.16 E 22629 668 146 23442 333.421 10.16 F 25199 668 146 26012 333.421 10.16


Table B- 50: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Lincoln County

County: Lincoln_WA043 Land

Capability Class Cereal

Perennial Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and

Berries --------------------------------- Production, Mg / yr ---------------------------------

All 653008 177 84486 7659 88136 12906 107064 -------------------- Fraction of production in land capability class -------------------

1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.122 0.000 0.054 0.098 0.034 0.268 0.001 3 0.257 0.250 0.427 0.211 0.445 0.089 0.330 4 0.565 0.333 0.323 0.583 0.309 0.582 0.322 5 0.000 0.000 0.013 0.000 0.035 0.000 0.000 6 0.043 0.333 0.098 0.100 0.064 0.059 0.344 7 0.005 0.083 0.053 0.001 0.061 0.000 0.000 8 0.007 0.000 0.032 0.007 0.051 0.001 0.002

Sum 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.999

100

BGRAM Results

Table B- 51: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Lincoln County

County: Lincoln_WA043 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 52: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Lincoln County

County: Lincoln_WA043 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






101

Figure B- 34: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Liincoln County

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

0.00

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eq

0.00

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0.01Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total0.00

0.00

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0.01

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Avoi

ded

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eq

102

Figure B- 35: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Lincoln County

-0.30

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.20

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Avoi

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eq

-0.15

-0.10

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0.00

0.05

0.10

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0.25

0.30

0.35Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.20

-0.10

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eq

103

Mason County

Figure B- 36: Map of Mason County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Mason County in Washington State.

104

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 53: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Mason County

County: Mason_WA045


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 3445 140 3586 1.318 10.16 A 281606 3445 140 285192 1.318 10.16 B 353326 3445 140 356911 1.318 10.16 C 409191 3445 140 412776 1.318 10.16 D 574657 3445 140 578242 1.318 10.16 E 710949 3445 140 714534 1.318 10.16 F 811833 3445 140 815418 1.318 10.16


Table B- 54: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Mason County

County: Mason_WA045


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 0 7052 763 0 1305 0 337 9.46E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.000 0.000 0.018 3 0.333 0.037 0.000 0.000 0.121 0.000 0.000 0.116 4 0.667 0.908 0.000 0.000 0.613 0.000 0.000 0.633 5 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.047 0.000 0.000 0.044 6 0.000 0.024 0.000 0.000 0.082 0.000 0.000 0.078 7 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.035 0.000 0.000 0.034 8 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.082 0.000 0.000 0.077

Sum 1.000 0.998 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 1.000

105

BGRAM Results

Table B- 55: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Mason County

County: Mason_WA045 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 56: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Mason County

County: Mason_WA045 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






106

Figure B- 37: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Mason County

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.02

0.00

0.02

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Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

-0.01

0.00

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0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

0.00

0.01

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0.05

0.06

Avoi

ded

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G /

Mt C

eq

107

Figure B- 38: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Mason County

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

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25.00

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Mt C

eq

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

108

Okanogan County

Figure B- 39: Map of Okanogan County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Okanogan County in Washington State.

109

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 57: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Okanogan County

County: Okanogan_WA047


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 1752 1092 2844 41.886 10.16 A 116863 1752 1092 119707 41.886 10.16 B 184924 1752 1092 187768 41.886 10.16 C 253806 1752 1092 256650 41.886 10.16 D 281729 1752 1092 284574 41.886 10.16 E 445232 1752 1092 448077 41.886 10.16 F 608966 1752 1092 611810 41.886 10.16


Table B- 58: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Okanogan County

County: Okanogan_WA047


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 39199 423426 62649 483 18723 0 5662 5.50E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.140 0.000 0.022 0.092 0.002 0.033 0.000 0.078 3 0.073 0.065 0.171 0.145 0.046 0.065 0.000 0.077 4 0.020 0.028 0.015 0.043 0.032 0.000 0.000 0.025 5 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.002 6 0.044 0.105 0.062 0.010 0.061 0.065 0.065 0.064 7 0.015 0.045 0.019 0.005 0.125 0.033 0.033 0.043 8 0.015 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.065 0.000 0.006

Sum 0.307 0.247 0.294 0.294 0.295 0.261 0.098 0.295

110

BGRAM Results

Table B- 59: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Okanogan County

County: Okanogan_WA047 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 60: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Okanogan County

County: Okanogan_WA047 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






111

Figure B- 40: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Okanogan County

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.02

0.00

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0.14

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

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0.02

0.03

0.03

0.04

0.04Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

0.00

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0.06

0.07

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

112

Figure B- 41: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Okanogan County

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-10.00

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G /

Mt C

eq

-4.00

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0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

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8.00

10.00

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ded

GH

G /

Mt C

eq

113

Pacific County

Figure B- 42: Map of Pacific County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Pacific County in Washington State.

114

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 61: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Pacific County

County: Pacific_WA049


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 935 54 989 4.050 10.16 A 605191 935 54 606180 4.050 10.16 B 789582 935 54 790571 4.050 10.16 C 780880 935 54 781869 4.050 10.16 D 1334705 935 54 1335694 4.050 10.16 E 1737637 935 54 1738626 4.050 10.16 F 1718352 935 54 1719341 4.050 10.16


Table B- 62: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Pacific County

County: Pacific_WA049


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 0 8419 11268 0 3543 0 162 2.34E+0


1 0.000 0.111 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.000 0.000 0.024 2 0.000 0.111 0.000 0.000 0.052 0.000 0.000 0.051 3 0.417 0.111 0.104 0.000 0.093 0.000 0.000 0.093 4 0.167 0.333 0.011 0.000 0.452 0.000 0.000 0.446 5 0.417 0.037 0.885 0.000 0.031 0.000 0.000 0.041 6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 7 0.000 0.148 0.000 0.000 0.345 0.000 0.000 0.340 8 0.000 0.148 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.005

Sum 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 1.000

115

BGRAM Results

Table B- 63: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Pacific County

County: Pacific_WA049 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 64: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Pacific County

County: Pacific_WA049 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






116

Figure B- 43: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Pacific County

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

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eq

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0.01Δ CH4 biomass

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Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total0.00

0.00

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0.01

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Avoi

ded

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G /

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eq

117

Figure B- 44: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Pacific County

-20.00

-10.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-20.00

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eq

-10.00

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5.00

10.00

15.00

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25.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-10.00

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0.00

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25.00

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ded

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G /

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eq

118

Pend Oreille County

Figure B- 45: Map of Pend Oreille County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Pend Oreille County in Washington State.

119

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 65: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Pend Oreille County

County: Pend_Oreille_WA051


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 836 183 1019 8.850 10.16 A 188961 836 183 189980 8.850 10.16 B 300032 836 183 301050 8.850 10.16 C 402602 836 183 403621 8.850 10.16 D 477978 836 183 478997 8.850 10.16 E 745339 836 183 746357 8.850 10.16 F 975102 836 183 976121 8.850 10.16


Table B- 66: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Pend Oreille County

County: Pend Oreille_WA051


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 93 258 16412 0 6857 0 94 2.37E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3 0.764 0.999 0.916 0.999 0.803 0.571 0.000 0.820 4 0.116 0.000 0.055 0.000 0.092 0.000 0.000 0.088 5 0.025 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.038 0.000 0.000 0.029 6 0.034 0.000 0.013 0.000 0.032 0.143 0.000 0.028 7 0.020 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.014 0.143 0.000 0.013 8 0.040 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.022 0.143 0.000 0.022

Sum 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 1.000 0.999 0.000 1.000

120

BGRAM Results

Table B- 67: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Pend Oreille County

County: Pend Oreille_WA051 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 68: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Pend Oreille County

County: Pend Oreille_WA051 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






121

Figure B- 46: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Pend Oreille County

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.03Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

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Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

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eq

122

Figure B- 47: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Pend Oreille County

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-10.00

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-6.00

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8.00

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Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-6.00

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

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14.00

Avoi

ded

GH

G /

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eq

123

Pierce County

Figure B- 48: Map of Pierce County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Pierce County in Washington State.

124

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 69: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Pierce County

County: Pierce_WA053


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 35780 1510 37290 8.996 10.16 A 403210 35780 1510 440500 8.996 10.16 B 510296 35780 1510 547586 8.996 10.16 C 536466 35780 1510 573756 8.996 10.16 D 789780 35780 1510 827070 8.996 10.16 E 1000303 35780 1510 1037593 8.996 10.16 F 1054690 35780 1510 1091980 8.996 10.16


Table B- 70: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Pierce County

County: Pierce_WA053


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 1593 8386 5762 137 10372 360 44630 7.12E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.006 3 0.337 0.225 0.216 0.000 0.233 0.161 0.265 0.244 4 0.285 0.273 0.225 0.000 0.444 0.268 0.117 0.448 5 0.068 0.030 0.084 0.000 0.154 0.116 0.047 0.143 6 0.001 0.023 0.000 0.000 0.045 0.000 0.004 0.045 7 0.012 0.011 0.209 0.000 0.088 0.000 0.002 0.088 8 0.087 0.029 0.009 0.000 0.025 0.000 0.001 0.027

Sum 0.791 0.592 0.754 0.000 0.996 0.544 0.436 1.000

125

BGRAM Results

Table B- 71: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Pierce County

County: Pierce_WA053 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 72: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Pierce County

County: Pierce_WA053 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






126

Figure B- 49: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Pierce County

-0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.20

0.00

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1.00

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eq

-0.10

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Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

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G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.10

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127

Figure B- 50: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Pierce County

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

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Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

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t Ceq

Total-10.00

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15.00Δ CH4 biomass

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Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

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GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-5.00

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128

Skagit County

Figure B- 51: Map of Skagit County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Skagit County in Washington State.

129

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 73: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Skagit County

County: Skagit_WA057


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 6191 1141 7332 27.415 10.16 A 135689 6191 1141 143021 27.415 10.16 B 189369 6191 1141 196701 27.415 10.16 C 243001 6191 1141 250333 27.415 10.16 D 485954 6191 1141 493286 27.415 10.16 E 628523 6191 1141 635855 27.415 10.16 F 781787 6191 1141 789119 27.415 10.16


Table B- 74: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Skagit County

County: Skagit_WA057


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 194877 36814 51327 0 9241 703 331075 6.24E+0


1 0.000 0.002 0.008 0.000 0.084 0.000 0.000 0.023 2 0.123 0.163 0.125 0.000 0.075 0.057 0.099 0.115 3 0.367 0.451 0.408 0.000 0.271 0.274 0.368 0.368 4 0.473 0.333 0.386 0.000 0.429 0.669 0.497 0.423 5 0.030 0.028 0.067 0.000 0.084 0.000 0.022 0.051 6 0.004 0.012 0.003 0.000 0.008 0.000 0.003 0.006 7 0.001 0.005 0.003 0.000 0.039 0.000 0.001 0.011 8 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.003

Sum 1.000 0.996 1.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.990 1.000

130

BGRAM Results

Table B- 75: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Skagit County

County: Skagit_WA057 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 76: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Skagit County

County: Skagit_WA057 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






131

Figure B- 52: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Skagit County

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.10

-0.05

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eq

-0.02

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0.08

0.10Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.02

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0.12

0.14

Avoi

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eq

132

Figure B- 53: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Skagit County

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-10.00

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-4.00

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6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-4.00

-2.00

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133

Snohomish County

Figure B- 54: Map of Snohomish County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Snohomish County in Washington State.

134

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 77: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Snohomish County

County: Snohomish_WA061


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 33027 1394 34421 19.163 10.16 A 193391 33027 1394 227813 19.163 10.16 B 221816 33027 1394 256237 19.163 10.16 C 290330 33027 1394 324751 19.163 10.16 D 443862 33027 1394 478283 19.163 10.16 E 468536 33027 1394 502958 19.163 10.16 F 611992 33027 1394 646413 19.163 10.16


Table B- 78: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Snohomish County

County: Snohomish_WA061


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 114454 34806 31109 1 13484 0 34745 2.29E+0


1 0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000 0.042 0.000 0.000 0.021 2 0.727 0.478 0.520 0.000 0.202 0.800 0.806 0.406 3 0.212 0.423 0.345 0.000 0.408 0.200 0.082 0.356 4 0.018 0.045 0.024 0.000 0.180 0.000 0.004 0.098 5 0.041 0.030 0.100 0.000 0.128 0.000 0.000 0.095 6 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.005 7 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.000 0.026 0.000 0.004 0.014 8 0.001 0.005 0.002 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.003

Sum 1.000 0.992 1.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.896 1.000

135

BGRAM Results

Table B- 79: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Snohomish County

County: Snohomish_WA061 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 80: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Snohomish County

County: Snohomish_WA061 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






136

Figure B- 55: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Snohomish County

-0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.40

-0.20

0.00

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0.60

0.80

1.00

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1.60

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eq

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0.50Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.10

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eq

137

Figure B- 56: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Snohomish County

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-10.00

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eq

-4.00

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4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-4.00

-2.00

0.00

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Mt C

eq

138

Spokane County

Figure B- 57: Map of Spokane County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Spokane County in Washington State.

139

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 81: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Spokane County

County: Spokane_WA063


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 31370 6849 38219 144.382 10.16 A 49801 31370 6849 88020 144.382 10.16 B 81837 31370 6849 120056 144.382 10.16 C 109360 31370 6849 147579 144.382 10.16 D 122377 31370 6849 160595 144.382 10.16 E 200847 31370 6849 239066 144.382 10.16 F 263754 31370 6849 301972 144.382 10.16


Table B- 82: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Spokane County

County: Spokane_WA063


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 240022 9464 111494 9912 23561 24369 25190 4.44E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.090 0.084 0.135 0.000 0.098 0.035 0.030 0.091 3 0.223 0.446 0.281 0.000 0.291 0.146 0.360 0.228 4 0.463 0.133 0.173 0.000 0.160 0.711 0.220 0.421 5 0.160 0.096 0.221 0.000 0.172 0.084 0.190 0.160 6 0.012 0.000 0.028 0.000 0.022 0.010 0.000 0.015 7 0.008 0.012 0.021 0.000 0.029 0.002 0.020 0.011 8 0.045 0.229 0.141 0.000 0.227 0.011 0.180 0.074

Sum 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

140

BGRAM Results

Table B- 83: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Spokane County

County: Spokane_WA063 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 84: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Spokane County

County: Spokane_WA063 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






141

Figure B- 58: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Spokane County

-0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.40

-0.20

0.00

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0.80

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ded

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eq

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0.50Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.10

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Avoi

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eq

142

Figure B- 59: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Spokane County

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-2.00

0.00

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Mt C

eq

-2.00

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0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-2.00

-1.00

0.00

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G /

Mt C

eq

143

Stevens County

Figure B- 60: Map of Stevens County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Stevens County in Washington State.

144

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 85: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Stevens County

County: Stevens_WA065


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 2781 607 3388 40.134 10.16 A 339503 2781 607 342891 40.134 10.16 B 543990 2781 607 547378 40.134 10.16 C 734489 2781 607 737877 40.134 10.16 D 826009 2781 607 829397 40.134 10.16 E 1311816 2781 607 1315204 40.134 10.16 F 1747673 2781 607 1751061 40.134 10.16


Table B- 86: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Stevens County

County: Stevens_WA065


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 2695 6588 80495 303 28667 231 11610 1.31E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.078 0.000 0.105 0.077 0.067 0.078 0.110 0.083 3 0.626 0.857 0.653 0.698 0.461 0.508 0.699 0.572 4 0.122 0.064 0.097 0.101 0.185 0.000 0.007 0.137 5 0.057 0.043 0.072 0.018 0.082 0.000 0.000 0.072 6 0.059 0.029 0.041 0.006 0.093 0.344 0.125 0.067 7 0.048 0.007 0.028 0.089 0.089 0.047 0.051 0.057 8 0.011 0.000 0.005 0.012 0.023 0.023 0.000 0.013

Sum 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.993 1.000

145

BGRAM Results

Table B- 87: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Stevens County

County: Stevens_WA065 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 88: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Stevens County

County: Stevens_WA065 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






146

Figure B- 61: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Stevens County

-0.02

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.02

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Mt C

eq

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Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

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0.07

Avoi

ded

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Mt C

eq

147

Figure B- 62: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Stevens County

-20.00

-10.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-20.00

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eq

-10.00

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Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-10.00

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0.00

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25.00

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Mt C

eq

148

Thurston County

Figure B- 63: Map of Thurston County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Thurston County in Washington State.

149

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 89: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Thurston County

County: Thurston_WA067


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 11556 488 12044 10.336 10.16 A 179306 11556 488 191350 10.336 10.16 B 217791 11556 488 229834 10.336 10.16 C 223679 11556 488 235723 10.336 10.16 D 365857 11556 488 377900 10.336 10.16 E 439769 11556 488 451812 10.336 10.16 F 458381 11556 488 470425 10.336 10.16


Table B- 90: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Thurston County

County: Thurston_WA067


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 3321 20960 16043 0 10746 500 11001 6.26E+0


1 0.007 0.002 0.039 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.006 2 0.007 0.004 0.026 0.000 0.012 0.000 0.000 0.012 3 0.479 0.489 0.481 0.000 0.446 0.594 0.030 0.451 4 0.338 0.275 0.143 0.000 0.406 0.000 0.018 0.405 5 0.046 0.013 0.078 0.000 0.032 0.000 0.000 0.032 6 0.043 0.029 0.026 0.000 0.056 0.000 0.005 0.055 7 0.011 0.021 0.000 0.000 0.031 0.000 0.000 0.030 8 0.069 0.023 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.010

Sum 1.000 0.856 0.793 0.000 0.998 0.594 0.052 1.000

150

BGRAM Results

Table B- 91: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Thurston County

County: Thurston_WA067 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 92: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Thurston County

County: Thurston_WA067 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






151

Figure B- 64: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Thurston County

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.10

-0.05

0.00

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eq

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0.14

0.16

0.18Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

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GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.05

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eq

152

Figure B- 65: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Thurston County

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-4.00

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3.00

4.00

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7.00Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-3.00

-2.00

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153

Walla Walla County

Figure B- 66: Map of Walla Walla County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Walla Walla County in Washington State.

154

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 93: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Walla Walla County

County: WallaWalla_WA071


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 3817 833 4650 231.545 10.16 A 3751 3817 833 8401 231.545 10.16 B 5471 3817 833 10121 231.545 10.16 C 6697 3817 833 11347 231.545 10.16 D 9045 3817 833 13695 231.545 10.16 E 13087 3817 833 17737 231.545 10.16 F 16129 3817 833 20779 231.545 10.16


Table B- 94: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Walla Walla County

County: Walla Walla_WA071


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 510047 243773 86310 1608 102375 19917 575867 1.54E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.067 0.043 0.050 0.126 0.055 0.243 0.002 0.073 3 0.183 0.117 0.360 0.197 0.224 0.050 0.177 0.187 4 0.520 0.086 0.157 0.370 0.242 0.533 0.022 0.449 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6 0.177 0.316 0.271 0.249 0.143 0.111 0.274 0.192 7 0.049 0.426 0.146 0.059 0.187 0.056 0.356 0.091 8 0.003 0.012 0.016 0.000 0.149 0.003 0.006 0.007

Sum 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.996 0.837 1.000

155

BGRAM Results

Table B- 95: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Walla Walla County

County: Walla Walla_WA071 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 96: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Walla Walla County

County: Walla Walla_WA071 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






156

Figure B- 67: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Walla Walla County

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.05

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Mt C

eq

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Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

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Avoi

ded

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G /

Mt C

eq

157

Figure B- 68: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Walla Walla County

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.20

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Mt C

eq

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0.00

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0.25Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.10

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0.35

Avoi

ded

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158

Whitman County

Figure B- 69: Map of Whitman County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Whitman County in Washington State.

159

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 97: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Whitman County

County: Whitman_WA075


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 3039 663 3703 415.610 10.16 A 658 3039 663 4360 415.610 10.16 B 792 3039 663 4495 415.610 10.16 C 763 3039 663 4466 415.610 10.16 D 1522 3039 663 5224 415.610 10.16 E 1770 3039 663 5472 415.610 10.16 F 1779 3039 663 5481 415.610 10.16


Table B- 98: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Whitman County

County: Whitman_WA075


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 105472

5 1404 58172 4919 88603 106810 400 1.32E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.042 0.273 0.049 0.062 0.020 0.033 0.000 0.040 3 0.219 0.182 0.277 0.196 0.110 0.086 0.000 0.194 4 0.654 0.545 0.499 0.678 0.214 0.833 1.000 0.649 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6 0.073 0.000 0.099 0.057 0.081 0.043 0.000 0.070 7 0.011 0.000 0.070 0.007 0.570 0.004 0.000 0.046 8 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.001

Sum 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

160

BGRAM Results

Table B- 99: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Whitman County

County: Whitman_WA075 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 100: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Whitman County

County: Whitman_WA075 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






161

Figure B- 70: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Whitman County

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

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0.08

0.10Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.04

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Avoi

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Mt C

eq

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0.05Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.01

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G /

Mt C

eq

162

Figure B- 71: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Whitman County

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

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0.08

0.10Δ CH4 biomass

Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.05

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Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

Avoi

ded

GH

G /M

t Ceq

Total-0.02

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G /

Mt C

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163

Yakima County

Figure B- 72: Map of Yakima County, Washington showing cropped agricultural lands (clearly delineated rectangular and circular polygons in a variety of colors), non-irrigated land capability classes (reddish, non-delineated zones), non-agricultural land (other non-delineated zones), and water (blue areas). Inset shows location of Yakima County in Washington State.

164

BGRAM Input Data

Table B- 101: Annual biomass inputs by harvest scenario under all scenarios and the extent of cropped land and C intensity of the current energy supply for Yakima County

County: Yakima_WA077


MSW recovered

wood

MSW green waste

Total biomass

processed Cropped

Land C


M 0 10494 6542 17036 145.603 10.16 A 322791 10494 6542 339827 145.603 10.16 B 535152 10494 6542 552188 145.603 10.16 C 720781 10494 6542 737817 145.603 10.16 D 699889 10494 6542 716925 145.603 10.16 E 1155969 10494 6542 1173005 145.603 10.16 F 1556989 10494 6542 1574024 145.603 10.16


Table B- 102: Annual production of crops and the fractions produced on the eight land capability classes for Yakima County

County: Yakima_WA077


Perennial

Treefruit and Nuts


Vegetables and


All 107865

5 1189372 189873 922 66889 359 285254 2.81E+0


1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.014 0.019 0.006 0.000 0.012 0.000 0.000 0.018 3 0.364 0.188 0.305 0.183 0.238 0.158 0.128 0.254 4 0.032 0.049 0.056 0.000 0.104 0.023 0.012 0.047 5 0.002 0.005 0.005 0.000 0.017 0.000 0.002 0.004 6 0.557 0.651 0.597 0.461 0.540 0.255 0.335 0.641 7 0.024 0.019 0.021 0.000 0.054 0.004 0.001 0.024 8 0.001 0.007 0.002 0.000 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.006

Sum 0.993 0.937 0.993 0.644 0.974 0.441 0.478 0.993

165

BGRAM Results

Table B- 103: Total 100-year offsets for production of biochar and bioenergy summed by harvest scenario, and the ratios of the bioenergy offsets to the biochar offsets, under all scenarios for Yakima County

County: Yakima_WA077 100-year Greenhouse Gas Offsets




Table B- 104: Cumulative 100-year biochar gross production, final production rate, and the storage capacity (Mg C and years) in agricultural soils under all scenarios for Yakima County

County: Yakima_WA077 Biochar Production and Storage Data


Production 100-y






166

Figure B- 73: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the MSW Only (Facility) scenario for Yakima County

-0.10

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Δ CH4 soil

Δ N2O biomass

Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

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Avoi

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GH

G /M

t Ceq

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Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

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Tillage

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GH

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t Ceq

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167

Figure B- 74: Contributions of feedstocks and offset mechanisms to the total offsets for biochar (slow pyrolysis, upper panel) and bioenergy (complete combustion, lower panel) under the Aggressive (Facility + Field) scenario for Yakima County

-20.00

-10.00

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Δ CH4 soil

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Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

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Tillage

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G /M

t Ceq

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Δ N2O soil

Fossil Fuel Offset

Biochar C Added

Transport

Biochar C Oxidized

Tillage

Δ npSOC

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t Ceq

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Assessment of the Local Technical Potential for CO Drawdown...

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