ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF POLICY AND ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS ON INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS ON

COMMUNITIES’ VULNERABILITY AND COMMUNITIES’ VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION CAPACITY TO DROUGHT IN ADAPTATION CAPACITY TO DROUGHT IN

KGATLENG DISTRICT, EASTERN BOTSWANAKGATLENG DISTRICT, EASTERN BOTSWANA

Kevin Kamau Gichangi And Elisha N. TotengKevin Kamau Gichangi And Elisha N. Toteng

Department of Environmental ScienceDepartment of Environmental Science

Faculty of ScienceFaculty of Science

University of BotswanaUniversity of Botswana

Vulnerability and Adaptation Capacity to DROUGHT : Impact of Policy and Institutional Frameworks

KGATLENG

BOBIRWASUB_DISTRICT

NORTH EASTDISTRICT

Case Studies SOME KEY QUESTIONSWhat are the institutions?

How do these affect communities’ vulnerability and adaptation capacity to drought?

What are the policies?

How do these affect communities vulnerability and adaptation capacity to drought?

Future directions in policy and institutional reform: what could be done to ensure policies address vulnerability and adaptation to drought in Botswana?

Climate Change

Extreme events(Natural Hazards)

(Disasters)

CLIMATIC drought (prevalent in Botswana) floods storms -hurricanes-typhoons-tornadoesbush firesheat wavescold spells

CLIMATIC drought (prevalent in Botswana) floods storms -hurricanes-typhoons-tornadoesbush firesheat wavescold spells

GEOMORPHIC/GEOLOGICALearthquakesvolcanic eruptionstsunamis (tidal waves)landslidesavalanches

GEOMORPHIC/GEOLOGICALearthquakesvolcanic eruptionstsunamis (tidal waves)landslidesavalanches

BIOLOGICALfloral (poisonous plants)fungal diseases (Dutch elm)faunal diseases (malaria)Infestations (locusts)

BIOLOGICALfloral (poisonous plants)fungal diseases (Dutch elm)faunal diseases (malaria)Infestations (locusts)

Adapted from Waugh (2000)

CLIMATE CHANGE, VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION

MEAN AND PREDICTED RAINFALL FOR SOUTHERN AFRICAMEAN AND PREDICTED RAINFALL FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

To assess how the existing To assess how the existing policy framework in Botswana policy framework in Botswana affects vulnerability and affects vulnerability and adaptation capacity to adaptation capacity to drought among local drought among local communities in eastern communities in eastern BotswanaBotswana

To examine how the existing To examine how the existing institutional framework affects institutional framework affects vulnerability and adaptation vulnerability and adaptation capacity to drought in eastern capacity to drought in eastern BotswanaBotswana

Study Area

    Admin

CentralChobeGhanziKgalagadiKgatlengKwenengNgamilandNorth EastSouth EastSouthern

30000000 0 30000000 60000000 Kilometers

N

EW

S

Botswana

PUBLIC POLICY REVIEWPUBLIC POLICY REVIEW

1)1) OVERARCHING POLICIES: Policies pertinent to rural development and OVERARCHING POLICIES: Policies pertinent to rural development and rural livelihoodsrural livelihoods

2)2) SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES: Policies that strive at improving SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES: Policies that strive at improving communities’ standards of livingcommunities’ standards of living

3)3) AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION SUPPORT POLICIES: AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION SUPPORT POLICIES: Policies mainly concerned with food securityPolicies mainly concerned with food security

4)4) NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIES: Policies concerned NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIES: Policies concerned with the sustainable use and management of natural resourceswith the sustainable use and management of natural resources

5)5) INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION SUPPORT POLICIES: INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION SUPPORT POLICIES: Policies aimed at providing economic security Policies aimed at providing economic security

OVERARCHING POLICIESOVERARCHING POLICIES

Promote rural development and rural livelihoods (rural population Promote rural development and rural livelihoods (rural population most vulnerable to drought)most vulnerable to drought)

Self reliance and community participationSelf reliance and community participation

Community should perform the dominant roles of: identifying Community should perform the dominant roles of: identifying needs, formulating, implementing, monitoring and evaluating needs, formulating, implementing, monitoring and evaluating developmentdevelopment

State and local government should only facilitate, support and State and local government should only facilitate, support and monitor developmentmonitor development

The Elite Model of Public PolicyThe Elite Model of Public Policy

Elite

Officials and Administrators

Mass

SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIESSOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES

Aim for the redistributive transfer of opportunities towards the Aim for the redistributive transfer of opportunities towards the poorer members of societypoorer members of society

Drought affects the most vulnerable groups (such as the poor, Drought affects the most vulnerable groups (such as the poor, remote area dwellers, the elderly and the destitute)remote area dwellers, the elderly and the destitute)

The poor (most vulnerable) are concentrated in rural areasThe poor (most vulnerable) are concentrated in rural areas

Income transfers generate positive multiplier effects on the rural Income transfers generate positive multiplier effects on the rural economyeconomy

IMPACT OF SOME SOCIAL WELFARE POLCIESIMPACT OF SOME SOCIAL WELFARE POLCIES

DROUGHT RELIEF PROGRAMMEDROUGHT RELIEF PROGRAMME 14,152 WORKERS IN 2001/2002 14,152 WORKERS IN 2001/2002 DROUGHT YEARDROUGHT YEAR

REMOTE AREA DEVELOPMENT REMOTE AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEPROGRAMME

38 PROJECTS BETWEEN 1997-200338 PROJECTS BETWEEN 1997-2003

NATIONAL POLICY ON DESTITUTE NATIONAL POLICY ON DESTITUTE PERSONSPERSONS

655 BENEFICIARIES IN THE 2002/2003 655 BENEFICIARIES IN THE 2002/2003 FINANCIAL YEARFINANCIAL YEAR

OLD AGE PENSION SCHEMEOLD AGE PENSION SCHEME 1,134 BENEFICIARIES IN THE 1,134 BENEFICIARIES IN THE 2002/2003 FINANCIAL YEAR2002/2003 FINANCIAL YEAR

AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION SUPPORT AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION SUPPORT POLICIESPOLICIES

Recurrent drought and land pressure threatens the agricultural Recurrent drought and land pressure threatens the agricultural sector in Botswanasector in Botswana

Agricultural sector guided by the overall objective of food security Agricultural sector guided by the overall objective of food security at household levelat household level

Agriculture a vital source of livelihood for majority of the people, Agriculture a vital source of livelihood for majority of the people, particularly in rural areas of Botswanaparticularly in rural areas of Botswana

EXAMPLES OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION EXAMPLES OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION SUPPORT POLICIESSUPPORT POLICIES

ALDEP – introduced improved farming methods and techniques to ALDEP – introduced improved farming methods and techniques to improve the income of the small-scale farmerimprove the income of the small-scale farmer

ARAP – Benefited a total of 46,348 people in the Kgatleng district ARAP – Benefited a total of 46,348 people in the Kgatleng district of Botswana (1986 – 1990)of Botswana (1986 – 1990)

NAMPAAD – Expected to improve rural incomes by making arable NAMPAAD – Expected to improve rural incomes by making arable and dairy farming profitable and more attractive to farmersand dairy farming profitable and more attractive to farmers

LIMITATIONS OF THE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD LIMITATIONS OF THE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION SUPPORT POLICIESPRODUCTION SUPPORT POLICIES

Agriculture is the most vulnerable of all economic activities to Agriculture is the most vulnerable of all economic activities to droughtdrought

Better to provide a community with alternative sources of income Better to provide a community with alternative sources of income (as adaptation strategies) in order to be less vulnerable to drought(as adaptation strategies) in order to be less vulnerable to drought

NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIESNATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIES

Some of these policies have potential to provide adaptation Some of these policies have potential to provide adaptation strategies to droughtstrategies to drought

-- WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT POLICYWILDLIFE MANAGEMENT POLICY: Communities : Communities adjacent adjacent to parks could benefit to parks could benefit

-- GAME RANCHING POLICYGAME RANCHING POLICY – Communities can engage – Communities can engage in in game farming and ranching to improve their incomegame farming and ranching to improve their income

-- TOURISM POLICYTOURISM POLICY – Can provide local communities with – Can provide local communities with direct and indirect benefits from tourism activities such as direct and indirect benefits from tourism activities such as employmentemployment

INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION SUPPORT INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION SUPPORT POLICIESPOLICIES

Vital in achieving economic security which cushions communities Vital in achieving economic security which cushions communities against income shocks associated with droughtagainst income shocks associated with drought

Majority of the rural population engage in subsistence agriculture Majority of the rural population engage in subsistence agriculture which is vulnerable to drought – these policies provide alternative which is vulnerable to drought – these policies provide alternative means of livelihoodmeans of livelihood

However, these policies are not easily accessible to the drought However, these policies are not easily accessible to the drought vulnerable rural populationvulnerable rural population

INSTITUTIONS TARGETEDINSTITUTIONS TARGETED

COMMUNITY LEVEL INSTITUTIONSCOMMUNITY LEVEL INSTITUTIONS

VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE: Village level institution VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE: Village level institution responsible for the coordination, planning and implementation of responsible for the coordination, planning and implementation of development activities on behalf of the communitydevelopment activities on behalf of the community

COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONSCOMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS

NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONSNON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS

CHIEFTAINSHIPCHIEFTAINSHIP

INSTITUTIONS TARGETED (CONT..)INSTITUTIONS TARGETED (CONT..)

LOCAL/RERGIONAL/DISTRICT INSTITUTIONSLOCAL/RERGIONAL/DISTRICT INSTITUTIONS

DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION: An institution that represents central government at DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION: An institution that represents central government at the district levelthe district level

DISTRICT COUNCIL: Concerned with development activities at district level and DISTRICT COUNCIL: Concerned with development activities at district level and general administration of the districtgeneral administration of the district

TRIBAL ADMINISTRATION: Botswana divided into eight major tribal authorities TRIBAL ADMINISTRATION: Botswana divided into eight major tribal authorities each headed by a chief, the senior tribal authorityeach headed by a chief, the senior tribal authority

LAND BOARD: An institution charged with the responsibility of land allocation and LAND BOARD: An institution charged with the responsibility of land allocation and managementmanagement

WAY FORWARD FOR INSTITUTIONSWAY FORWARD FOR INSTITUTIONS

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – A change in the role of the state and CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – A change in the role of the state and local government officers to one of facilitation, support and local government officers to one of facilitation, support and monitoringmonitoring

DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION – Should enhance its important DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION – Should enhance its important role of being the link between the community and central role of being the link between the community and central governmentgovernment

DISRICT COUNCIL – Should be involved in activities that could DISRICT COUNCIL – Should be involved in activities that could promote local economiespromote local economies

TRIBAL ADMINISTRATION – the Kgotla (the traditional village TRIBAL ADMINISTRATION – the Kgotla (the traditional village assembly) should be used to incorporate villagers into the assembly) should be used to incorporate villagers into the decision making processdecision making process

WAY FORWARD FOR INSTITUTIONS (CONTINUED)WAY FORWARD FOR INSTITUTIONS (CONTINUED)

LAND BOARDSLAND BOARDS

Should address the problem associated with dual grazingShould address the problem associated with dual grazing

Unplanned changes of land use from agriculture to other uses Unplanned changes of land use from agriculture to other uses should be haltedshould be halted

Address the problem of land long allocated but unused which Address the problem of land long allocated but unused which impedes rural developmentimpedes rural development

WAY FORWARD FOR INSTITUTIONS (CONTINUED)WAY FORWARD FOR INSTITUTIONS (CONTINUED)

VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEES (VDCs)VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEES (VDCs)

Should depend on locally generated resources for the Should depend on locally generated resources for the implementation of development activities rather than implementation of development activities rather than government fundinggovernment funding

Should develop their ability to consult with the communityShould develop their ability to consult with the community

WAY FORWARD FOR INSITUTIONS (CONTINUED)WAY FORWARD FOR INSITUTIONS (CONTINUED)

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONSNON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

Government should enter into formal arrangements with NGOs Government should enter into formal arrangements with NGOs to provide services in the area of community building, disaster to provide services in the area of community building, disaster relief, and representation of community concerns and interestsrelief, and representation of community concerns and interests

NGOs important because they work with the community. NGOs important because they work with the community. Government tends to be too domineeringGovernment tends to be too domineering

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

A wide range of policies and institutions exists, though most of A wide range of policies and institutions exists, though most of these are not climate variability and climate change specificthese are not climate variability and climate change specific

Drought has not been taken into account as a cross-cutting issue Drought has not been taken into account as a cross-cutting issue in the policymaking process in Botswanain the policymaking process in Botswana

Drought should be seen as an important aspect in the formulation Drought should be seen as an important aspect in the formulation of policies, particularly those relating to agricultural production and of policies, particularly those relating to agricultural production and natural resource managementnatural resource management

Poverty most important cause of high vulnerability to droughtPoverty most important cause of high vulnerability to drought

Hoped that this study assists in the Hoped that this study assists in the development of effective policy and development of effective policy and institutional frameworks in countries with institutional frameworks in countries with similar environmentssimilar environments