MOl""'" ro' A....... . ' ho Elfects on Cll<m~.lo on Repro<l",," Y<Fun<,"""Etl,l«! \»'V. 8 . Voo• • tId P J S.... b>.n

1::'' 9U SCOP~

Assessment of the Effects of Chemicals onthe Reproductive Functions of Reptiles andAmphibians

I I:"TRO DUCf IO :"

Amphibians 8nd reptiles 8re reg8rded 8S rather pnm lllve ,'ertebrale!l. They a repoi ' ;lolhocrruc. in whkh they differ from birds and m.1mmaJs; on the olher hand.rq,t iles. hh birds. produce eggs. while amphibian. mOSllyproduce Spa "'lI. likefish.

The risk in not maintaining 8 unlform body temperature lies in vulnerabili lYtoextreme temperat ures , There are adva ntages: food intake IS proporlion8J to lheactua l body " mpe,ature: th" " not only economic. bUI it i. a .u r-ivalmechan ism wben Ihe enviro nment is hos tile,

Rep tile' and amph ,b"'n ' are mo, t abu ndant in the tropics bUI are . as well.spread far in lhe temperale lOnes, Tbey are ' 'Or)' prol i&: "," h a high degree ofenvironmental ad8 pla tion . The economic benefil of Ibe.. groups i' lim;,edexcept for crocod iles. alligator .. green turt le, and frogs,

Reprod uetiond ilfe.. in amph ibia and rep,il.. . Most repliles p,od uee eW . butthere are d,fferen"" . e.g. torto ises and geckoes ha"e hard -,helled eggs. laid in dryplaces. while ;n otber species the eus may ha "e soft . fle'ible shell' laid in moistsand or earth or dead "egelatio n, In a fe... ,pecies the eggs are retained w;th ;n thebody of the mothe r. In all casesI he newl)' ha td 'lCdyoung are minor copies of thepare nts. and all are mdependent, Amphib, ans produ,", eggs. "'ith a gelatinou,coat ing. usually Iiud in waler. The)' hatch into tadpoles . which eat and growbefore metamorp hosi ng tnto youni. pare nl-like animal', Only a few genera ii,'ebirth to la,vae or fully formed infants. Or lay eggs whICh hatch into metamOr·phosed young , The larvae. or ladpoles . normally It"e in " 'ate r.

Thi. discussion of reproduct ive injury is primaril) eoncem<d with the effeclSofchem"'aIs on the format ion of egg$ and sperm. embT)'ogene, is. larval de"elop­menlo and growth a nd metamorphosis,Thtr~ I,llltit lnfol1'l'la\l(}n available on tile IO~ eseeu of enm [)l'lmel'ltal

con tam ina tion 00 amph ibian. and reptiles compared. for example. 10 birds ,

~ Mn hodJfor AJ-NS#/lI , '''' £ff ff lJ of C""mic:~1s "" IUproJ"" ,I.. flll(",/()fI$

sp<>eift<informl1i"" 011lhe df..,u of uI~rnal facIo" on ~odllC\,on ISt\'~n

mor~ poorly docu menledIn add'UOCllo lhe lJuelI ofpcsuo da 10Ibex &,"oups.,njUfYnn o.:alr from

boa,")"moIa1s.oucb aseopprr Inc! cadmiUm. oil 'Pillson""'ler. as ""'II as. "'" pHof ""'ltf . Genooue d.amqc mty CXXUIfrom • number of ehenucall. Ell\,tOll­lDetIu,1CODllIlII1DIl>OCl_.... IO.lfca "",pbiboans and ~Ieo 10 .houl IIx SImI<

dqrtt,.. other .nrmt"Pb}sioIc>P<a l dilfnmccs .. 111,however. CODlnblllt 10dilf~ III~

For <:>:Impk. lhe ""I1er-,,,,poIlf eOO'dUCIlll:1l%oncas is bipty ..... blt lit lunlaand ropt1lcs. A S&\IPP"'I IWlIl: 'II (C.\rl)Jrl> .,_,itt) bIs I CODdUC1.lnuto....... 5$ lJmCS tqher IlIan lbl: 1"In eg.. .. beral; ibt ool1.....,U IlIrtlt C'II(T..... )·r .... ~l bIs I CODd_.1Itt on!) $----611meobipor 1" 11the .".n C'IIand ihat or ibt AIDenI:Ill tJliplOt (A/l.ird_ ,..... ,...pp ). n." ,mplocs

pooable chff........,.. '" lbl: IIlI.te of .....=-to!ublt I Fns by ibt '" Ihls CISoO

lbl: dilf..--...a" ahoul 10 1lmCS (Pactanl n tiL 1979). Ii bIs bccu sbo ..'11 Ihilinsccticidcs (DDT IIId dlcldn n) do ""~ ibt qg< of tbc cOIIOllmo.l1b salk'(Ath''' .......~l (Fl«!." til .. 1m)

In lll unnl., lbl:skm ISIh' ,mpolUll Ior pn for .....ltfu pule. IoIetunllbl: ncaIfor act\l.lldri nkinl- Th us. . " ml-solu b\t Ill~n' may he a btor bcd ullo tbc bodyfrom ,he aqu«JUS ~n"'ronmcnl ...he,..,.,s a ""I~r.l i ,ing snak~ can dnn k fromunconllllllJla led ,,-..I.r

2 EFHXTS ON OOGENES IS ANU SP ER' 1ATOG L"'ESI S

In lhe African clawed 100d (X.~"",., I<u-,"sj. lhe eatly c\taw .S<'" . an of lhe eusare .. n" l ,ve 10 a ha logeul cd ana loau~ of lhe normal,hyrnod ;n~. ioco!'P'Ora ledduring DNA S}'nlltel " , Tlu l pyrimidin~ . 5-bromodeox }"urid,nc. I'o'ill ee ml$lahnfor tb yll1ld,,... dun ng mll",is and block dC\'elopmeo, a, 'he blaslu la Illige.loadin g to po int mUlalionl '0 lhe IICwly formed DN A ' Ullndl. The <if.." 011V" a'er "'lh ..,hillOderm 'US thin I mphibian ~gp, ,,·ltich m.y be ", p1an\ed bylhe fact lhal mon: 'hlm c!'nt . pro portionally. " prcsoo, in a mp hibian tW (Sailand COlII<'. 197$)

Ear l)"che nuco l inpnyof oocyta can 0CCI1<on,be R~A. Doc}1CSfrom X......../Qr<is tlUted witb lbe 'mt~l'UIn radical ..in ccax dC\~lopn. ,n Ipacbj,he ... merOJts phaK. III11mlltly IaUh",. in the Oon-prod..roOll of tW(Stttn$. 1971).

A Ilmi.Ianly '" ~a":1_ bet,, ·......... mma.band IImpbibtans and ropuks,."tid"",onslr.ued in tho Im.nl and.,. leNd Ql.nnacrutO•..-bit:b inl.neres "lth spmnpmdtrbOn ... mlmmlk ... restedfor 'lSdrca on IlnoodOfl'l:"CS<1l1lwrds andbistoloP:a1 ractiom IIllbe lOIId. "" u b lhe 10Id. tho dm, prDduced ICSlle"........... andebaDJa ... DOUmorphololY tnlbe bD.rd(1'uano ,·.." ....... isl.lheeomfl'O\lttd callSCd .. OlJhlloou of'lot IeStCS.opteb;i}lIIis. ' .... dd"crms and krdne}land a lOIa.I caJ.&uoa of 5permII'~ II ........ 10 1II1.n...., .. 'Ib Ite<OOdbo.os)"'lbcsISlind tm:rabnllSm. 'ttd","ud by tho prt:IorDDO of :occtImulllud amountl

E~a I>/Clomlkab<WI kproduclM Fwoc/fI>N1>/kp/iJu QIU/ A"" o\Ulialts ~

gJ the p=unorolaO'l'Oids.wdanophibc l,pds (SllI>"llklUDaand Dn~ Sartl./ .1979~

II is "'dl b1o"'ll WI cadmium Ii ",UYmdy \_ 10 mammalian lCitei aDd10~lOP" '" II lou bccu quoalKmC4 whnllll:J anunaJs ""lh abd o""",,1t=cs racllO 1hc AIDe "''''Y as "D1IO,k willi tcrOlalleSl.ei do_Frop aDd I<*1J'" at lhndOR e~poMd 10cadmmm by _ olmln.pcnlOoeaI or..,balla_l1Ij«tiofts . follo'a"ld by mcut.tioo uoder Iaboralory coodiUom. Sc:uaaUyIIl:U>"frop (~ f........ ) oI101o"ld a rruld 1hnoIi:.,.,ollbe It!l ... after 43 !Iou" "'hocblour ....... 'aled. ",·,Ib relati>"ty promp l production or sptnlUOudi aDd>i>C""""OlOIl, On the olber band. 'mb sexually lIlactn" rrop or1hc ...... spoc....rormallOll of ipC111>aI<W>ll".-." 001 obIcrvcd \IOul a ",-cd:; afttt l0JCll'tlOll, Tbecfrttl of eadm,um may boog ahoul a rde_ of aonadouopuu wlul:b ,n tu rninilialed spcrmatogen .... (Marur and Ramli Wimi. 1976).

In toads (BIl/ 1>mtlallOJl icnu) the: injecuo n of <:admium chlomle alU~ aoigoificanl dtt reasc in numbers of _ ond ary .permatogon;a and pri mary$permatOC~1K aft er 7 days_The suggestion of tbe authors is that. in tbc toa d,cadmium suppresses >pcrmat""", .. iI poui bly b)· iDCreu.i0lltei l icular sleroidhormone 1),"b"'l ( Hi. ...... CIaJ.• 1976). Cadmi um see"", 10interfere at tbe Ic'l:!of barm",," repalabOo. although ,be mec:han,smil DOl ....ell ulldcrstood .

In 1926, Dilltlll and Healy lUted tbat '001 of lead., coppe r. ziDc.tbonum.bcr)"llium aDdlhaJbum "'-en:aU A10pecwl of diswrbJllI the ,.,-mmauon of tilefrot; spa"'ll and 1hcJfO"'1hof tadpolei . "The.... tbodI ....."..,rubcr cno;lc. bul thecooduIioa .... WI Ie:ad"'.... by far the _ actI>"Cannfertihty "IfIl l ,

3 EFT£CTS OS L\ tB lt\ 'OGL"'£SJS

Tbc .... p1 .. ' 10 tloo bcrbo:ocle plqlloIllUOll. WC'edu.~ a t01a1 baJI 10rcprodl>CU(Nlm a froJ pood. WC«ln bad bccu spn)"ld oa a railway tnck..... rb) . Iftd lbe spa "'l1 found 111lbe poad "'= cloudy aDddid 001 ""'leb..~plural R_ frop from lhe porodlaocl$pi"",... lank,.rod the ""'lClullll'ClUlI...". POOl from thcK also . TbI: sumvilll r.dpolcs "'-e~ three times as bn "")' asnormal, ."d all docd before mc:tamorpbC*s. The fross could 1\01 rcprodUl:eaptn unul'bc pond ...... cleaned arodl '" botlOm dredged. No informatIOn ....,..livCII as 10 tp11lyilll in lClUit)' Or concen tration in "'lIler. It ....,.. clear tMt tileSUMlJO"" e rema,ned acl i"." in lbe oed;"",nt aft er tbe porodhad been kepi dry for along period (Hazelwood, 1970)_

Well-d= 1oped fl».""J1 of the common frol' R.3"" umpor~d(J., "'II notpenCirated by DDT at 0_5 p .p_m. for 24 hOll., . "Thesolution "11' prepa red byaddlOll DDT in ct""'lIOllO HoItf~ ler's amplli bl-l1ls.a!;nc; the control! were kept10 ,be sarrocmediu m "ilbout DDT_ H""'"CYl'r." -hm f... h1y llIid spa .. n, " hieb....-elll by tal:ml ,n ",.,.ter, "'-astrated ",,, b DDT . ,Ite ""'lChed r.dpolcs sbovo"ldt)pICIl b)'PCTlIl:tm:beba,;our &-13 days aflcr IIalChuIJ. arod developmenl .-as~brded (Coo/r::t. \972).

&.lrmoeI '" tmlpcnl1u~ arod pH "'iD eaUIC death of the em~ of tlte

408 M#/tods j ." ,4:;ussing 1MEjJu lJ oj C~",i<:alJ OIlR~pl'O<11Kri," Funcr""' J

salamander , 1Imhp IOmamarwlo'''''' and 11,~ffuJonian llltl . M\lnlllily occurredbefoc. gastrulat ion. gill formalio n. or hatch ing. Tho ratc of de".lopmcnt ".-.. nolinftu. ""ed by pH (Pougb and Wil$on. 19'14)

T.mporary poDd, ....,re the SIt. of a field stud) by tbe sam. autho r, Embr yonicmortah.y of spottro salamander (,4mbJJloma "",,,,Iall<m) "'as found to becorrelalcd with a low pH caused by acid precipitalion . En" ironmcnta l d,ffer·ences. such a,d,ff.reT110(111.prQ;<imity '0 road . 01. ' . .. ..".., noted bu' not coot rolled(Pough. 19'16).

A ll~at"""'t of ROM plpi('n J eggs ..; th copper sulphat. al co"".ntrat io,," ofO,()4-I.S6 mgCu 1did not cau.. death ordamag.: the.US ....""stripped from af.male and soaled in .pe nn ,n,pe,,"ion and then trealed (Land;' and QUitman.19'13),

4 EITE CfS ON' UR VAL DEVELO I';\l Ei\,

Copper, as 11<>.«1. ha' Iinle or no effect on a mphibian .ggs. When hatched.bo"'" .. r. ladpoles are '''rr..",i. i,.. to inorll"n", coppe r : growth is grosslyreducro and de ,.. loprncn, r<tard«llo tbe poin t of no metamorp bosi" The lD ,o('12 hours) was .. timated at O. t Smg Cu 1 (Ka plan a nd Yob. 1961; Land;' andGunman. 19731.

The C)10toxic .ffect o f copper in amphibi al11and reptiles does nol >eern tohaw ba:n investlgaled as thoroughl y as. for ..... mple. cadnuum. Copper is to.<;oto adult frogs. bu' at far higher .oncenlrations tban cadmium . Thi' may m.anthatCOPpcTac'ion Canbe partl)' d...,ribed aU ·m.ta l.... 1treaction ' .•. g. exc... , i, '.mucus forma tion. gill coagulal ion. '}" irritation . •tc. The fact that billiertadpo l.... ",posed to copper salt,. ha' .. a higher su",i"a l rale tha n smallerindi,·tdua-l, could be a resull of a higher degree of damage to the out'r gillsolthe "",aUla,, 'a. and tb. proportionally greater surface of the 'm all anuna l

Wilh frop and I~" it ba' been derno,,",ra,ro a numher ofl;mcs ,hal DDTand its residues are harmful to tadpoles as ....,11as to lhe ad~lts. Trea ted tadpo le'<become hyperacti' ... ,,'bicb in lum retardsd", ..lopmc-nt ; Ibe smaller. byperacti' "tadpole'<are more Iik.ly 10be viclims of preda tion lhan tile normal tadpole , 'Theweigbt loss in connection ,,'itb byperacti'; ty is probably a result of feedingdifficulties in lhi, Slagc of beha,ioural disturbance . Also. sk.letal deform iIi...OCCUrsuch as t"islS in the ,pine. Witb higher doses. the hyperaeti,l' stage ..-ill hefollowro by loss of equilibrium. letharg; ' and d.atb . These experiments in"ol"edacuI.doses of DD T. in concenlra'ion> ranging from 0,0008 10 10p ,p,m. DDT.The solutions ....re mad. up from ethanol - DDT mixtures in ampltibian .. tine.

There were diff.renc es in lhe respon se al diff.renl all'"" and at differ'lllconcentrati on, . Tadpo les wilh d"" .lop ing hind IImb·buds of bo'b Ra"" pIp;"""and huj a huja "'.re more '''lnera ble Iban otbers, At cOllCC11trations around0.01-0 .02 p.p.m. D DT. lhe typical frantic behaviour occurred a, " .. n a, t..·;' tedspine, No actual LD, . ,.. lues are cahlated for lhe tes" . hul high co""emrat i"" ,

t:ffm s of CAe"'iJ:a!.son RLprt!JrM::l;,'e FuM /ionsof RLp/iJesQJldAmpllibiIJlU 409

lla"e rise te UllC<><>rdinated beha"i"" r <o<>n aflor th.tadpoles "'-ere placed in themand merta lity in the ll'''''P' at I p.p .m . and II) p.p .m. DD T ....a' high,

11appean tha t the h~r""ti" e ,tage <>c<:un at tis,u. ce"" emrat io", arou nd2 3 p .p .m . io fr"ll' and at 3-4 p p.m, in 1<Iad', At the ta il rc$Qrp tiO<l .ndmet.morph<>si$ sta ge. fro~ tadpoles.re m<>re'usc",tible t<>D DT m; iduestbanl<>ad', Chronic all y treated tadl"'lcs (0 ,000 1- 0 .00 1 p.p,m . p,p ·DDT) 'lmwedm<>rerapid dC'·.lopme-n1 a Dd ll"'''' 'th . aDd n<>beha"iooral disturbances ,,",'en a ttisoue C<lnc.mra tioo, ef 2 5 p,p .m , The t ....isted spine wa' f.irly C<>mm<>n.h<>"'C'-er.• m<>nll tr. a ted tadp<>l.". At metam<>rpht>Si, the:se residues cauiedmona lity am <>nllthe y<>unllfroll imallO<. a , Ih. lipid resel"'" "'-ere e . haust ed andthe D D T rekeased. Y<>ungload s treated in the $Orne ..... ~' ",-ere n<>taffected aflermetam<>rphmis (Cook •. 1971). 1972. 1973) .

11has been SUgzesied that mstellCJd." 10....., the "" .. tance <>fthe tad p<>1e t<>fungi. possibly implyilli tllatthe agem may be <>nlyindirectly resp<>nsible f<>rtheobse" 'ed defotmlti .. (Coo ke. 1915. ).

D DT e>hib il$ ia acti<>n thr<>ugh il> metabolit"" as well ••. ll· DOC N . T hi'compound was fo und in the sediment of a Swed ish lak e and p,", u med to bewidespread in b;~ollically ac li "e mud and sed iment. Tadp<>les o f the co m mo nfrog were e .posed t<>DOC N und er labora to ry cond itio ns . Re. idu "" ,,-ere foundin the tadpol"" fTf)nl treat.,,;l ll'O\1~ e>posed to ....1). I p .p .m . P.p ·-D DC N but notfrom 1o"'"r C<lllCentraliollS. T he m;idues ""ere nOi d.lec ted ""ben ladpoles ""eremo'-..:\ into unconlaminated "'·at er. Al the highes t concentration , I p.p .m .. tb.tadl"'l"" ""te<! ab no.-rnally .....ere lethar gic and '" r) ' "'''a k, M alfo rma t ion of Ihetail <>c<:urred. a , imilarity ",'il h O O T -treat ed t<>.adlad l"' le-s. The def ormi ly a Ddth e behavio ur ",,, re r", "l"$ibie in clea n water. Low 1e,,, I, of D OCN al so seem toacc elerate the d C"elo pme nl of Ihe tadp<>le, as ",-jI b DD T . On t he " 'hole. Ihiscompound" b' to~ to fro g ladp<>b Ihan DDT (Coo ke. 1975b) .

On expos ing an uran tadp<>I"" 1<1DDT . a significant increa .. of pituit al)melanocju-$tlItlulat mg lmnnone. M SH. "'as found. a direct elfect <>fOOT up<>nthe h)'!>Othalamu, "'.. , postulated . T he eIf"'l of MSH in exc ... i, "'.. kefu ln....",'bieh can be mea,u red from EEG data . T he exposure in thi,CilSC was made onRall(l damiran. la1"ae in the limb--bud sta~e. DD T "as added d ,,«: tly to theaqu aria as a " " n ab l. p<>wder, One ll'0 up <>ftadp <>les ",as .x p<»ed t<>0 ,1-0, 5p .p .ln .. th e ot her 1),5 -1).8 p .p ,m. DDT . N oth ing is men!l()ned abo ut media ortemperature ( Peaslee . 1910).

In a to.icity test of 19 pesticide-s. Insecllcide-s ""Crt.g<n.... lly. 10 ti""'" morelo,ic tban her bicides w hen t""e<! on tadl"'les of lhe frog, ( PHwdar<>islr;griD",).With ladp<>l"" <>fthe toad (Buf" ..'OO<!Jloo«i,) III<pauem "as app ro' imately thesam • . Some of the d iff.rences in response mi ght be explained from dlfferettC<:Sinthe ag"" of frog. (I week ) and 'oa d. <5 weeks ) . ince it i. k nO""n . for exam pl•.tha t DD T sensillv ity d iffers with alle in tadp<>Ie-s. The $igns of pest icideI"' ,soninll fo llo w.,,;l a predictable pa llem: irri tablhty.loss of equ ilibrium and

dealh, Me th odolo gically this e.perim en l ""as thorou@h. It ""as carr ied oo t as a

410 Mn lttJdJfo< AJ.U'JJ/iIIIIttEffulJ of ClwmicQU()#I Rrprodwtliw FwnclwtJ

sralic bio<lssay. bqinn'''I'' 'lh. pilQclaC for oelocun.C<)tX"tnC.. uon 'nc",-..Is .

lbe lesl allltnlls "'e'" b.llChed tn CMlaboracory_ Tbt sllXk sotultons ...ere ntId~

tn O'lhlnol. aftd.IIw:!nil ""="rn<d ouc tn 5 bin: aquarill (Sanden. 197(1).As ",',Ib tt!<>Squ'<of , 11appeln that DDT-c. p'-' IIlllrartS lill y de-."dop

rnlI1aftl;<" I&. for ~u.mplc. III tIw:adull rnc kn frop. Acrif rnp<'-S .nd A6ry{Jw. lriillJ itt tIw:COIl<Ialidds ot IMrn USA (Bo)'ll ~, _ _• 1963).

Rem l' ..... 1eSu Jbo.,,'ed. P"'",bio C ,....;.IIOC" belwo:at aJdnn and DDT",'hJcb lilly ta1Il1 from tIw:fan w' borh .'" cbloriDated b}'drocarboRl (V ,,*, IIn aJ_. 1963).

T<>Icranc:aCoUdnR. <bd;lnn . endrtll . 11WIpIIeotand DDT . 'Cf'Otnred OIIC""Ofrotspeaes (Acrifaq_ , AC"'~J aftd.ODCIc.d (BM/o " .... "' i;). Thetadpoles ......, coIIcctal from .&ricWtural(posticJcl~poscd) an:as IlId from"" ......encuJtunl laM III otlkr to sod pos:sibk relO$lm 10 tIw:.".a 1 The"'lali"" uWaucsoftlw: 1I,'eIJUOC\IOdata>ed .C'" COQIIO.Ien,foralllhroe spec>OSlCSlcd. EDdnn wu !DOlI COr.£. followed II) aJdnn IlId dockl" ...... lucb ""ere about'--"e... me. DDT and 11WIpboeM......,ltast 1O.Qcand produo:cd smular ~1s ofl1lOrt.I1i,y. No reslSUlttOecould be det<C'led ; !hal is. dilfCf'CDOtltn sulOeplJbibly",larablc to .. bctlter tIw:an"mll game from pcs!JC>dt·uu!lod as com~ toUllueated soils wm: 001 found. The lIlOtbodused a J6.bour TLoo; tem-perature JaIl#"'1I$ 8O:t2F II>d the ammals of oqllll SUl' (l8-Xl"",, )(FerJUsoo and GilbM . 1%7),

Anothe r pcstl<idc Cyanacrytl . cM mieally ",Ia ted to W""""u . .. ... teSted,Whenuoed at recommended Ic''els (0 4 p.p.m.).• a.dpo lcs of R,.,., 1Jemp<Jra,iaStoppedfceding. acled Ic.harp: and behaved in such a way th .t Ih()' "'en: likely tobecome viclims to the newt or oth~r p",d ato"" The risk of magn,lk . tton ofconcentration' or c1fccuis c bvicus (Sco'';' and Cook e. 1979),

5 M F:TIl O DS DEn :L OP ME /Io,.

Wicb .m phibian s and "'!lilies the'" is an 11. ..... 1 need for the dC'clopment ofrelcvant lats and tho odC1lttficauon of "",ta ble tes. orlalltSmS. M. IlY of thetechniq ues UKd for 6111'''It/lt apply to amphibian tCSWt.: Slnularly. tnU UKd...,tIIbirds may. " 'lth appropnat~ .Iu .. tto .... nuJ-bt be ....culrc-pWes..

It is not pouiblc 10 COC>SIdn:p tilcs and amphibians u • anJic I'"tMIp 1ft

rap= co tIw:dl"ec" of chnno;al Fo r ~JW1I.plc. fond SO\lrCOdill'tr . amplublans_ oficn .IIM """"endotlho fondchlin. .'hiJC:manysnaka can M Carnl"ORU.lthe upper end_ Also. cite )"Olltot tIw:..ue ell is proponionatcty IarJcrthaIIche)'olk_ oftltc amphib ...... .t.cll_ a h.J&httpropornOll <XIM..ue _lter ·sr. t 11be IDObtliud tnlo lho cg. and . ilh tIw: fal may come fac'iOhtblc.. M h U p"' hC""'" Ampbibta. 0111M other haDd.....nbeuPl*'C! 10...-uet dllrill.r;~ IlId .lteearfy StalCO.rICr b.l1C..... Poolland ponds_ <XI... coIIacli"" aDdIeWlDCIItaUOll hums for .-"Icr -c:arnedmaten" _It aschcmX:ah. lbil .... y II'" • bI&bcrcbcmIcaI cxpoaurc 10 ""'malo UI.attrlb.ln totIw:annna k 011shorc-.

EJf«u o!Cltemkah"" hprodwttw Fwtctioftso! hpliksond Amphibia... 4 11

Abo. tbt volume...n1K'e rauo musl be I;OI>SIderul in Mpect 10 exposure 10barmfullUbsl&DCeS. A ,man mlbr)' Obas • propon..onally FUlCr ,urf_tw.I.... on.. and >hertSpOftIC is likel) ' 10be more marked . Ie tbe eboil:e bet .... " PI0teSt speCIes. >he one ....tb >hepropclI'UOalll1ysmaller eml>l)'" may ha.-e all

ad, .... tqe in senJlll>'IY.T1u-eegeneral appI"OKba _ .>-..iJabk 10 __ dfoe:u on reprodllCllOll ,

( I) acule IOxicily;(2) dfecu Olber lban death. mcludlDl early "-artIJD.I..... '; and() dfCCll from chronic e:lpolllrei.

Wilb ampllibi.ans 1..Jld.-.pules, tilt lCSUfallQllO&Il)lDtO 1fOUP(1) or (3). TheStIb1el.ba1lest:lJllisbyr.tilt moll lDtneIUJII U tilt populalioo ~ aDd, u .~n.

for ecoIop:aIlIf>denW>dUlI- The Impol'taDCe of early ""UJllDl")'lemI for _.WJel o,-po,,,,,, ... Vl1aI; o"'mah ~'~1lI1D _lei" pan or III oflbeir 1ik.re DOteaWy oboen"Cd.I..Jldbeha\1oClUl&l.lttnUon IS tutlikd) 10 be cbEOYCt'<d. Theearhe:u ""aIIIlOIlO<b.y is bbl y to come from a.aturo eolbusiasu Pd lpofUllleo..-Iul:b. ,,-beo aa:uBle. c:an only K ..... 10 con6 rm lhat ha.rm IS aheady doDe

l'bc selection of leSt .nonal, aIld species include 'uc:b crllerta u tilt1lol<b"1and bTffdUlI oflbe antmab.1 re_bIccoollusoeptibili lylo IOlOnUreprcsenlJ.ll ' ''' for tbe cia.. or p h)-laoand $llltabsbi Yfor tesli~ e.1- prod UC:\lon ornu_rouo o{f,prin , .

OECD (1979) ha.<lUill"ted the UK of the African clawed lOad for ICSl,niembryOloxic ity; mb elW\$C teSllni prOOl:dW'C$for reptiles and amphibta",havin. official Or semi-offic'al 'tatu' ap pea r to be non -exioleol. The hope for thefuture Is to widen Ihe conce pt of 10s icily testin g to keep in mind the tOtal. n, ir onm ent. incl uding orllani,ms ot~ (han the lar get or i ani,m . Fo rC' .. lualiDi a Dewproduct Ora chemical compo und .• iDgle. Sl.andardi:zed method'for lo u;;ty obould be ulCd. u ...",11a'\ellS for pouible .ynerJislic dl"ocu . Afterthe 1e,,, 1Ofl"" ",' ly i,clear. the .1ftc1on the whole s)'Stem would be Itudied (0 tM.Stenl prac ticltble. Tbc pouibdlllcs of llCCumulalioD.or Ioll£·t..-m dama.... orsublelhaJ rcpr odueti.-e U1JuryIre. '" 1M Ion. IUD. fir mo re barmfulthan Iu&hlYUnac. KUteJy a.clive su1Huncn. I ' the former ...-iJI..:-r in a subtle .... y I nd mayc:auK consodcrabk damage before It ISeven noIiced This is espcciall) • danger...,tb p-oups OTorp"""" SO hule obser>'CdIDd ,~ IS ampll1ba.ns .nd

""'"• CO:\L\t ESrs . SID1~I"RY ,,1\1) RECO" " L"'DATlO:'OS

n... ....-;...lbo1!o-.dtarly WIthe mam roolCellidurilll1hc lata1O)I<':ll'Jbas bten_-ta,...,exposon: of 1lnInDI1Op""ojda Tbcrc arevery f..... n:portIOII heavylDCt.I.b-.IDd P"'"-inl of ampIIilum and rtptiIcs by ....m~im=wy II l>OCOIICCd~_ Compamlto the DWI of n'KIIdI 0IIlDC1b~1mc=uy ill fish and 1MbIlllbt emy 5e\'eIltJeS. tlllsClll tlI\"f bulooe aplatWlOll : amphibl2ll$ and reprdcs_ DOl of sufficient mlenst . Ec-ootOntieallyonly. f..... op:c;cs_ h... tcd or

412 Mnh oJ.,j o<A~ tNt£jfr clSoj CMmk als _ lUp roJ»t:/I-r I"WtlCI""'.

""UI)II, bul """,Iopt"ally lhey llave Fal impottantt as bia.xu m ulalon ,n lherooddlal O.

In tile anUBm II seems po54,ble to dlSlurh oo~is and ",,"rmalO~1f althe D:"lA and RI';A 1e,~1 Ho ..........' . ••IIn,,"r ibISis pouible .. ,thoul ,njllCunl thesubotaDC%tnto tile aOlllll.lf If 001 kof)'fo"", ~ticidef in tile _I., ClIOclamalle lilt

esP in al leul '''0 "")"'tbe sutt.tatx:emayana theeg IIIthe f..d/" •• phtil< . oril can <kRroy the F!a UllO\JScoaun, by coacuJa-tioa . Copper AIlS seem _ 10

'""""'''''-Tad pob rfOlll lIlS«tlC><k-ualo:l _ "ban a .. -.d. . lbe satlltf ip as tadpolt:s uawl due:l:1y " 'ib the S<tbolo-OOl"G1B-bta llll,lw1po!n a ~ oerJSIU'elhan tadpoles ..u b inner JlIh' tadpola dl\"dnpm,.... I""b e' ...~ AJSCql(ibk10.....mao. U'C:I.tmen• . Jr reso<l_ a",,1eftill the body. lbe ll)tUlIIOqlboaod _IIO } dlf<ffOlll lhe mobIltz:It..... of ralrontainillll poslrila. flOI tadpob a raII} ~ """fltn,. thaI' toadtadpoles. Nev.l tadpolosan:,....1y ,.,.,0:1b.1Ishow the same pallenl of lQCllOnI-.UICludinz dealh. H~ may be Iosf loxic thao IDKCtJC>des.bul tbe"" a ...eltCOJllJOm;IIOIhtlll_ kno . ll abou. po54iblc:S}....,.pm bct.."CetIIhe$cposur;ada

Cadmium. rcpono:l 10 bind< spo:rmalot;_ in loads W'Idct ",,"ainconditiom-. MUla.. n", etrecu f,om ll)tU1s ba' .. bet:n obocn-.d,n OIber 'P«'lCS .bUIcxlllpoia loon '0 repula and am p"'blans is uOOl"na in . No tcra!Ol"n",.-ffeeuof metal>,n amphiboal1f and ...pliles ba,,. """ 0 <le5cribo:l. Elfea l ,n ot her ipeaesha .. , """" deocribo:l. bUI ap;n Ul n polali on is u",,"naio,

Metbod ' ... , """o:I lIa...... rio:l ",ldely. and II 1$ seld om possi ble 10 comparedal a from one fl lldy " l Ib aoo l lll<r. Tbt dog...., of melbod olollical ...fineme nl ofroxicil y studies on ampbibLl-and rephlef is 10'" comparo;!lo Ib. 1 on IUh andolhe r <ped ef

Till<,., is an urgen l nto:! 10 deo.'elop more ,nform al;" e teSI proco:lu~ for",,-"minIng the etr<elf of chemicals on till<rcprod uc li, .. functinn in repl iles andam phibianf , Such deo.'elopmcn l can roc...' .. llllidallCc from Icstl dt'''Clnpod forOIhoernrga olsmf. np<C1I11}'fisb and bordl , Alt boush Iht'deo... lnpmml atme!hOOIis sliD 100 pnmiu, .. fo' Ilandardi:r;a.uon. llus objecti' ... hw ld bt' kepI ,n nund

7 REH R£.' Cr.s

810--. N_ 1-1-.CIw>da, 5.. G...... A alld Chak",bt>ny (1976). Ell"<et'" "",,,_III ""spefm"'. j:oIII 1<M<I(6)tJr>-,-, ..... ). £0' 1" , Ii< ... lot9-l'2

1loyd.C- E.. y_ 5 nd f..--. 0 E. (l 96J). p.., 'Nt DOT~ liN>! " "" ...

opo<_ "'frop. C J II . 1. 126-429Cook .. A. 5 . ( 19?ll). T'Irlo '" ", ·.OOT "" tI<ip<>I<I"'.. .. fro: ( .t.o

, • • ;")' &or-. I. '7 -11C<>oII:.. A 5. (1m). T'Irloo&!<:a"'DOT . dJ<IdnIoand 2.4--0 "" ,I I ............~ &or-.,... J. " 61.

Cook .. A. 5. (I'J7l l ltcoP""W'"~ _ ., _ •• ••. udpnleo 1O_~of", ·DOTC", I,"'~l

£ff~"'< 0/ CMmiL:olson R.proJuai". Fun<:/kms of Rep /ile<and Amphibia", 413

Cooke. A. S. (197S.~ Spa" ... <lumpo of''''' com"",n fl'Ol. R..... ""'P"""ia. num ber of0' " and ""lC""l"~'y. Br. J. Hupnol. ~. SO~509,

Coo k• . A. S. (19751».Tho eff<Chof PI" ·DOC N 0 " tadpo'" of 11>0frOlIRono r.... l"""'ia .Bull . e"...·TOIl.CO""''".Toxiro/. 13. 2H - 237

D,lbnl . W. J. aDd He.al<y.C. W. (1921i~ I"llu<oo<oflead aocl,l>o .... 1&11;,;"'"' of ""!'P"'.zi"". rboriWll, buyltiumaocl ..... Ilium 01111", r=IDna'ion of frOI spa"'"aocl 011 thoI'",,'h of 'ad poles, ,j _ ""pi, Bioi. 13, In-I ss.

Fo-rI IlSOO. D, E. aocl G ilben . C. C, (1%1~ Tolmo",," of th,... opec... of anu", ".mp~ibian. '0 ~ ... <hlon ... tod h~droc.orbon ,~cidoo. J. M in . ,j <ad. Sd. IJ .B~B8.

Flod. R. R.. Clar k. D. R. aocl PloW. F W. ( 1912~ R<siducs of DDT .Dd d.. ,dnn insnak.. from two T."". alro·.y" ..... BI"srl<1I« 22. _665.

Hazelwood . Eo(1970~ Frol poocl <on,. mi....,Ooot. BT. J, I/' TpeloJ. •• 111 1 8 ~.

K. pIan. H. 101. arid Yoh. L. (1%1 ). To.icily of copper fo< fro ... H"pn oiot ko 11.131 -13~.

La""".S. P. • nd Gu llmon. S. I. (197Jj. The eff«t. of <opp<"uJphal< on ,I><!VO""h aoclmonality ...« of RQIIQpipk ru tad poles, HupeloJo~ICQ MI. 21-27-

M.,",.U. and R...... ""'m'. L. S. (1916). EIf«t of cadm ium 0" 'ho ... ,.. o f t ho l ocIia"bullfro .. 1lmfo 'it'iIIa (Daocl). Fo&. 1»01. (C_) la o J.

OECD(1919j. R'I'O'IOft IN ..IJs<UIN.' ofPoun rial b1Yir"""",,'aI EJfrt u "fCN""''''' 'IN £fl«"", 0"""1,,,.,- OIM 'lion .14""",d ... & ... ,.." ... . OEe D Chemical. T" "" iPrograrnmo. Eco lOti:ol<>n Gro up. [)ca mber 1919,

'o d ,oo<l. G. C.• Tai llO".T L.. Pack ard . M. J. and S~uma". It . D. (1919). WO" " VIIpot""ocI""'a"". of tostud,nWl and « ocodib"" _ «w. R<ptiJ,a). R,'P . Plty,ioI . J&1-10.

Pca. k<. M , H. (1970). l"ft lXDC<of DD T upo " pilUi' ary m.lonocj1c: -SlimuJahni ~or­

moo•. G,•. romp. Elldoainol . 14, S9-4-59~.PO"l~. f . H. {19761. A<:idpr«ipil a,i<><landembryo"" n>onahty of .poUe4 .. Iomondors.

"mb.>~I<',n" """","",~,". S<Wn« (W~_, DC) \ 91. 6S-70 .Po"lb. F. H. aDd Wi",," . R. E. (19741. Tho off<Chof 'emp<IO'UT'<aocl pH combi"""",,

on am phibia" ... b l}'orDodevelopmcn" TIt<Ph,',i(JJor'" 11. J8lI.S. la. M, and Conl<. L. (197~). Elfca. of S-bro n>o-Oroajuri"'" OIl ' ho developmen, ofX~""""" lot."-us- l. Earl~ "ages of dc:",Iopmrn' . ,j.,o Emh'y<>J. <xp. I . 39_45

Sandors. H (1971)).~,icid< 'o"",i'l 10 'adpolos of the ~"'<m <bonu fro .. Pile"""""""i_lol.O. and F"""I<r', ,oad, B~fo ~~iICoptia 2. 246-2~1

SCorJi<:, H, It , A. aoclCook<. A. S. (1919). Elfoct' of ' ho tlium . horb" ide C>"' '''' ' I)'" 0".quatic .nimal .. Bull. ",riTOll. To"i<Ol. 22. 1)5_142

Shi". koma. G It . aocl o<"" ",j Sart ... H. D. (1919). Ell'octof q wnocn ... hydfoc hlondo011lest'" and . 0000000y "'Prod""", '. "",os of ' ho lizard p_~iOO """,hi (G", y).loJ"'" J. exp. Bioi. 11. 1197-lJOO,

S1.. ".. M. (I ml ,CyI<>"'a" .If« .. of . ...,'.... '""","p,.,,,,n,"\>ito<, Af IABDPc" . 0"o .an.. of you" . X"' _ """," _ol'''''' "", 'u",1 oed au'oradio. "'l'hic study. CN,".bioi. In"""". 1' . 59- 67.

Vinson. S. B.. Boyd. C. E. aocl F<'iU",n. D. f . {196JI. Aldnn ,0."i,~"ocI poss,bIe OMIS­

r.... "' """ in cr ickel frop. H"pelolo. ico 19, 71-80.