Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches in Science 7, Issue 1 (2019) 45-51

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Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches

in Science (JMAS)

Journal homepage: https://jmas.biz/index.php

ISSN: 2652-144X

Assessing the Water Quality From Storm-water Runoff Of Kompleks Sukan Berbumbung In UNITEN

Wan Amir Izuddin Wan Rosde 1, Ali Najah Ahmed 1,2,* , A. El-Shafie 3, Amr El-Shafie 4 , Mathivanan Krishnan 1 1 Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000, Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. 2

3

4

Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya (UM), 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Civil Engineering Department, Giza High Institute for Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Received 19 March 2019 Received in revised form 5 July 2019 Accepted 17 July 2019 Available online 29 July 2019

This study will involve in the research of the water quality of the Kompleks Sukan Berbumbung in UNITEN, Kampus Putrajaya. This construction site is still undergoing earthwork and at the early stages of construction work. The water sample from the site will be brought back and will be tested with all the parameters that involve in determining the water quality inside the environmental laboratory of Uniten . The sample is collected from inside the site and at the discharge point. The parameters that are selected in determining the water quality are Total Solid(TS), Total Suspended Solid(TSS), Turbidity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), and pH value measurement will be tested for once in the laboratory according to the standard method to determine water and wastewater quality(APHA 1995). The water quality will be classified using water quality index of 2016 from the department of environment. The main factor that might pollute the discharge water is pollutant from the construction site. The water from the construction site will also discharge into the lake of UNITEN. The water quality analysis will be made according to the outcomes of the experiment.

Keywords: BOD, COD, TSS, UNITEN Copyright © 2019 JMAS - All rights reserved

1. Introduction

From 2011 to 2015, Malaysia’s construction sector are keep growing with the strong momentum of project awards and has become the fastest-growing economic sector in 2015. Statistically, it is shown that profit gained by the construction sector is increasing by 16 % every year and expected to increase more in the near future[6].

In line with that, the water quality will also be affected since rapid growth in the construction sector which can contribute to erosion. Water can pick up any pollutants from this construction work and deposit them into water bodies. Corresponding author. E-mail address: Ali Najah Ahmed(mahfoodh@uniten.edu.my)

Open Access

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The common cause of water pollution is a stormwater runoff. As the stormwater flows over a construction site, it can trap and bring together pollutants like sediments, debris, chemicals from paint, and concrete washout and transport them to the nearby river[2]. slightly polluted and 86 were polluted.

The stations located at the upstream were clean. Meanwhile, those downstream were either slightly polluted or polluted. For the river basin water In 2006, there were 1064 water quality monitoring stations located in Malaysia that consists of 146 river basins. Out of all these stations, 619 were discovered happened to be cleaned, 359 were quality, 80 river basins were clean, 59 were slightly polluted and 7 were polluted. When the analysis has been made, most pollutants are Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N), Suspended Solids (SS) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in the river basins. 22 river basins basin were polluted by BOD, 41 by NH3-N and 42 river basins by SS.

This happened because of untreated or partially treated sewage and discharges from agriculture and manufacturing industries that contributed massively for high BOD in the river basins. The sources for SS were mostly because of earthworks and clearing activities, whilst the sources for NH3-N were livestock farming and domestic sewage. Meanwhile, the analysis of heavy metals in 5613 water samples showed that most of the samples complied with class 3, National Water Quality Standards for arsenic (As), cadmium(Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr) and mercury (Hg)[2,3,5]. Therefore, this study was carried out to achieve several objectives. The objectives of this study are:

1) To determine the quality of the discharge water from the construction site based on a few

parameters. 2) To analyze the effectiveness of using a stack of big stones as a filter 3) To analyze the discharge water from the construction site that can contaminate the lake of

Uniten 2. Methodology 2.1 The Selection of Study Area

The water sample will be taken at the discharge point. The discharge point is chosen because

it is the accumulation point of all the pollutants from the construction site. The pollutants will discharge into the lake of Uniten. This can contaminate the water quality of the lake as shown in Figure 1.

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Fig.1. Location of the sampling point

2.2 Standard Water Sampling Procedure

The water samples collected from the lake are analyzed for various parameters which may

vary from year to year depending on current program needs and resources. The laboratory that performs the analysis may require additional special collection procedures for some parameters.

2.3 Laboratory Testing Procedures

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Measurement: Pipette 2ml of the sample into low range vial,

mixed and transfer to a reactor. Pipette 2 ml of distilled water into another low range vial, mix and transfer to a reactor. Pipette 2ml of sample into high range vial, mixed and transfer to a reactor. Pipette 2ml of distilled water into the other high range vial, mix and transfer to a reactor. Heat the vials for 120 minutes at 150°C. Cool the vials after 120 minutes by placing it under the running tap water. Once they are cooled, use the spectrophotometer to measure the COD concentration. Choose the right program (at the low range) at the spectrophotometer, insert vial with distilled water and zero it. Then, insert the sample and record the reading. Similarly, change the program to high range and repeat step 8.

3. Results

The determination of the Total Solid concentration is by removing all the moisture or water content in the sample. The reason why the porcelain dish is put on the steam bath machine is to evaporate the water in the sample. The sample is then put in the oven to dry all the liquid within the sample. The dry solid residue is called Total Solid. The sample is then put in the furnace to burn all the organic matter under 550ºC. The solid that has been burned in the furnace is called Volatile Solid. Upon completion of the burning process in the furnace, the sample is cooled down in the desiccators

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and weighed to record its mass, this final residue solid is called Fixed Solid. The desiccators are used to contain the sample as it can cool down the temperature and at the same time it can remove the excessive moisture in the sample. Table one below shows the measured reading.

Table 1 Total suspended solids concentration

1. Data Recording Results

Volume of sample, V1 Volume of sample, V₂

20 ml 20 ml

Mass of filter paper, M1 Mass of filter paper, M2

0.2173 g 0.2176 g

Mass of filter paper + dried solids, M3 Mass of filter paper + dried solids, M4

2.4769 g 0.2761 g

Mass of filter paper + ignition solids, M5 Mass of filter paper + ignition solids, M6

2.3687 g 0.2630 g

2. Calculations of data Results

Total suspended solids concentration, TSS1 (sample A) M3 – M1 V1 Total suspended solids concentration, TSS2(sample B) M4 – M2 V2

112980 mg/l 2925 mg/l

Fixed Suspended Solid, FSS1 (sample A) M5- M1 V1 Fixed Suspended Solid, FSS2 (sample B) M6- M2 V2

107570 mg/l 2270 mg/l

Total volatile solids concentration, TVS1 TSS1 – FSS1 Total volatile solids concentration, TVS2 TSS2 – FSS2

5410 mg/l 658 mg/l

With regards to turbidity, the two samples were poured into the vials provided. The vials are dried

and were placed into the turbidity meter. The turbidity readings were recorded as shown in table 2. At first, there was an error in reading and the turbidity meter cannot display the value for sample B. This happened because the turbidity is too high and over the range value. The sample was left to settle for a while and only the reading can be taken.

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Table 2 Turbidity results

Sample Turbidity meter (NTU) A 791

B 5407

For BOD, the experiment went well during the test as we following the right procedure for

Dissolved oxygen (DO) measurement and BOD₅. The rate of this test is required time, which is taken 5 days to see the change of DO. The test is a standardized method that provides information regarding the organic strength of wastewater. Rate depends on organic matter, micro-organisms, and temperature. It will be faster at the beginning, and then slows down; only bio-degradable organic matter is oxidized. The five days has been widely retained, having its historical roots in early water quality studies, as we can see from the results the rate of DO is decreased as the day increases.

Table 3 DO results

Sample Volume of sample, L DOₒ mg/l DO₅ mg/l

A 0.015 8.10 7.78

B 0.015 8.12 6.62

Generally, all of the contractors are aware of the pollutants that might be caused by the

construction site activities but then, they seem to ignore to install proper wastewater treatment facilities. This happens because most of them want to save cost and increase their profit which is very irresponsible and against sustainable construction.

In my case study, the contractor can construct the silt trap as shown in Figure 2. It does not require any expensive materials and can be done within a short amount of time. It requires only the excess soil from the construction site and few pipes. The plants that should be planted surrounding the silt trap can be taken from any forest. The construction of the silt trap can be done effortlessly and can save nature.

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Fig.2. Silt Trap

4. Conclusions

From the experiment that has been conducted, the rate of DO is decreased as the day increases. The data collection shows the DO has decreased from 8.10 mg/l to 7.78 mg/l for sample A and from 8.12 mg/l to 6.62 mg/l within 5 days. From this result, the concentration of BOD matters can be measured. After doing the calculations, shows that the volume of BOD₅ is 6.4 mg/l for sample A and 30 mg/l for sample B. The microorganism is contained in this sample as it is consumed the DO in the sample. The BOD and COD are classified in class 4 and 5 respectively in water quality index from the department of environment Malaysia.

The silt trap is proposed to be installed at the accumulation point of the pollutants which is at the discharge point. This is runoff pathways that can be intercepted and the area that the lowest productivity. Also, the area is accessible and easy for maintenance where compaction can be avoided. Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from iRMC Bold2025, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. Grant Code: RJO 1043 6494. References [1] APHA (American Public Health Association), (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and

Wastewater, 20th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington DC [2] Chaan-Ming, L., (1995). National Reports of Hongkong on Cleaner Production for Green Productivity. Cleaner

Production for Green Productivity: Asian Perspectives, Asian Productivity Organization [3] DOE (Department of Environment Malaysia). (2001). Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2000. Department of

Environment, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment Malaysia. Maskha Sdn. Bhd. Kuala Lumpur,

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[4] DOE (Department of Environment Malaysia). (2009). Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2008. Department of Environment, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment Malaysia. Maskha Sdn. Bhd. Kuala Lumpur,

[5] DOE (Department of Environment Malaysia). (2010). Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2009. Department of Environment, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment Malaysia. Maskha Sdn. Bhd. Kuala Lumpur

[6] Introduction To Environmental Engineering Laboratory Manual for Student,CEEB 221 ,College Of Engineering,Department Of Civil Engineering,Uniten

[7] Ram.R. (2016,June 2013) Malaysia’s construction sector to keep growing. The star, Online.p.1.)