Assessing Social Quality in Indonesia Dr. Nugroho Abikusno InResAge Jakarta Faculty of Medicine...

Assessing Social Quality in Indonesia

Dr. Nugroho AbikusnoInResAge Jakarta

Faculty of MedicineTrisakti University, Jakarta

Social Quality

• Socio-economic security

• Social cohesion

• Social inclusion

• Social empowerment

Socio-economic security

• Extent to which people have resources over time

• Domains:• Financial resources• Housing and the environment• Health and care• Work• Education

Socio-economic security indicatorsin Indonesia

• Financial resources:• Income sufficiency• Most of household income spent on food followed by

clothing, health, and housing (refer to previous flooding in Jakarta)

• Variable: proportion of income spent on food• Income security• Debilitating disease such as stroke affects the risk of

poverty especially on family provider• Proportion in household that receive entitlements to live

above poverty level has recently been provided to poor families

• Variable: proportion of family members receiving/not receiving entitlements and reason


• Housing and environment:• Housing security• Most of people rent houses in urban areas and own houses in rural

areas. Traditionally, families live under one rooftop• Variable: Current residence owned/rented• Variable: Type of household nucleus or extended• Housing condition• Number of m2 per Household member• Variable: limit 1 m2 per person• Proportion of population living in houses without basic amenities

(water, sanitation and energy)• Variable: source of drinking water – tap/well/bought• Availability of toilet facilities• Availability of electricity• Use of kerosene/gas for cooking


• Environmental conditions:• People affected by criminal offences per 10,000

inhabitants• Number of criminal offences reported to police by areas

Number of inhabitants in areas are available in population data base

• Proportion living in households with pollution (water, air and noise) measured by:

• Stagnant and polluted water sewage• Housing located off roads with high vehicle intensity• Housing located near industries using heavy machinery

or Housing located off roads with high vehicle intensity


• Health and care:• Security of health provision• Medical treatment paid/insurance• Health services• Number of private practice medical doctors in area

(urban) or number of health center in area (rural)• Average distance to health centers reached by

walking/public/private transportation • Average response time of medical ambulance limit 15-30

minutes• Care services• Average hours spent on care; paid/unpaid• For young children or elderly


• Work• Employment security• Length of notice before employer can change• Length of notice before employer termination• Proportion of workforce with temporary job• Proportion of illegal workforce• Source: Manpower & Transmigration Department• Working conditions• Number of employees with reduced interrupted work time vs.

entitled (paid absence/vacation and birth leave)• Number of accidents at work recorded at each occupational health

clinic• Number of hours of full time work per week limit 35 hours per week


• Education• Security of education• Proportion of pupils leaving compulsory education• Compulsory education was formally 6 years now it is 9

years• Study fee as proportion of mean net wage• Study fee for state and private schools are different and

mean net wage uses regional minimum wage that differs in each area

• Quality of education• Proportion of students who within a year of leaving

school find employment• Trace year of diploma of first year employees

Social cohesion (Berman et al., 2004)

• Extent to which social relations based on identities, values and norms are shared

• Domains:

• Trust

• Other integrative norms and values

• Social networks

• Identity

Social Cohesion indicatorsin Indonesia

• Trust• Trust in government; legal system; police; religious institutions; civil

service; in general still low due to previous corruption but the present government has shown signs of good governance practice

• Importance of family; friends; respecting parents; duty to children in general still high due to traditional cultural values, however, it may not be the case for the future younger generation

• Other integrative norms and values• Altruism: volunteering; blood donors• Volunteering in this region is considered a western value but

recently more people have become volunteers because of the recent and frequent natural disasters occurring in Indonesia such as the great Asian Tsunami, earthquake in Jogjakarta and flooding in Jakarta


• Trust• Tolerance: views on immigration, pluralism,

multiculturalism• Since the democratization process in 1997, Indonesia

experienced social conflict such as between Madurese and Dayak in west and central Kalimantan; religious conflict such as Muslims and Christians often of the same family in Ambon and north Maluku as well as in Poso south-east Sulawesi. The latter due to external interests creating terror and disturbances on the local community. At present only the latter remains to be resolved through fortifying the local community resilience toward external influences from both outside the province and overseas.


• Social contract: individual or structural poverty, etc. People losing jobs due to economic recession; three generations of poor family. Social solidarity is still low.

• Unwillingness to pay more taxes• Willingness to pay 1% more taxes for the elderly• Willingness to do something practical for the

community such as picking up litter and cleaning street

• Division of household tasks for gender equity is more in western than eastern Indonesia


• Social networks• Networks: Membership of organization; Support received from

family/friends; Frequency of contact with friends.• These are all high in Indonesia • Identity• National: sense of national pride; identification with national

symbols; sense of local identity• Recently national identity has been replaced by more local identity

indirectly facilitated by the decentralization policy which formerly was designed to promote more regional development especially in the eastern regions of Indonesia which are underdeveloped compared to the western region (Java, Bali & Sumatera)

• Interpersonal: family and kinship network is still strong in Indonesia

Social inclusion(Walker et al, 2003)

• Extent to which people have access to and are integrated into the different institutions and social relations that constitute everyday life

• Domains:• Citizen rights• Labor market• Services (public and private)• Social networks

Social Inclusion indicators in Indonesia

• Citizen rights• Constitutional rights: proportion of citizens with citizenship;

proportion of citizens with right to vote. High. Right to vote depends individual’s belief in the government’s political system

• Social rights: proportion with right for public pension; women’s pay as proportion of men’s pay. Limited to civil service and armed forces. Recently (October 2005) given to 15 million poor families (60 million people) in the form of cash transfers USD 10 per person per month as substitute for gasoline subsidies

• Civil rights: Proportion with right for free legal advice; proportion experiencing discrimination. It is still High. Mostly women, children & elderly

• Economic and political networks: Proportion of ethnic or minority groups elected to parliament. Since 1998 more minorities have been able to hold high government positions such as minister, regent, etc, however, the proportion is still low.


• Labor market• Number of employed, rate of employment and types of

employment available• Services• Health services: Proportion with entitlement to use PHC

(including hospital referrals). Recently, government has given poor families in the form of health insurance subsidy of USD 0.50 per person per month

• Housing: Proportion homeless; average waiting time for social housing. Government provides shelter for children, women & elderly (Social affairs)


Services• Education: School & Higher Education participation rates. • Social care: Proportion of people in need receiving care services;

Average waiting time for care services. Elderly in government nursing homes & government registered private nursing homes; Orphans in government registered private boarding homes

• Financial services: Proportion denied credit by income groups• Transport: Proportion of people with access to public transportation;

Density of public transportation and road density. High for public transportation access, but low for density of public transportation compared to road density

• Civic/cultural services: number of public sport facilities; number of civic & cultural services per 10,000. Low for both sports and civic facilities limited to 1 in each city/regency


• Social networks • Neighborhood participation: proportion in regular

contact with neighbors. High in rural and low in urban areas

• Friendships: proportion in regular contact with friends. Still high both in urban and rural areas

• Family life: proportion feeling lonely; duration of contact with relatives; informal assistance received by family. Mostly loneliness felt by elderly. Low in urban but still high in rural especially money transfers from migrants both internal and external.

Social empowerment(Herrmann, 2003)

• Extent to which the personal capabilities of individual people and their ability to act are enhanced by social relations

• Domains:• Knowledge base• Labor market• Openness and Supportiveness of Institutions• Public space• Personal relations

Social empowerment in Indonesia

• Knowledge base• Application of knowledge: Extent to which social

mobility is knowledge-based. High in private & modern business institutions

• Availability of information: % literate population, availability of free media, access to internet. High literacy but still low in IT access.

• User friendly information: Availability of free guidance centers. Available but not many sources. Public service information is limited to people with access to on-line internet services


• Labor market• Control over employment contract: % member of

trade union, % labor force covered by collective agreement

• Prospects of job mobility: % employees receiving work training; % employees receiving public training; % employees in back to work scheme. High in work, low in public training and rarely available for back to work schemes

• Reconciliation of work: % organizations with work balance policy; % employees using work balance policy. Not available.


• Openness and Supportiveness of Institutions• Political system: Consultation and direct

democracy. Available.• Economic system: Public involvement in major

economic decision making. Available.• Organizations: % organizations with work

councils. High especially with future enactment of the Labor Law.


• Public space• Support for collective action: % national budget

reserved for non-profit initiatives; % demonstration banned. Relatively low since 1998.

• Cultural enrichment: % national budget reserved for cultural activities; Number of self organized cultural groups; Proportion of people experiencing different forms of personal enrichment. Low at the organizational level but relatively high at the individual level especially in rural areas.


• Personal relations• Provision of supporting services: % national

budget for disabled. Available but relatively low.• Personal support services: Level pre- & post

school child care. Much higher at the pre- as compared to post level.

• Social interaction support: extent of exclusiveness of housing & environment design. Since 1998, especially in urban real estate areas

Summary

• 1) In deciding whatever a variable is valid and reliable to measure the various components of social quality in poor households, it should be easy to measure and readily available in the existing data of various related government agencies responsible for these programs.

Summary

• 2) At the central level there will be difficulty in monitoring these variables because of the diverse data available at the regional level i.e. provincial, municipal, regency up to village levels.

Summary

• 3) Thus, for the Asian region, a task force of experts of related disciplines should be assigned to develop indicators for social quality based on experiences in Europe by the European Scientific Network and various empirical evidences in the Asian region mostly by individual researchers interested in issues of poverty, welfare and social quality issues.

Summary

• 4) Eventually after surveying these indicators in the context of various conditions in the Asian region, a set of standard indicators can be derived to measure each component of social quality and, in the case of Indonesia, focused on poor household that presently represent the majority of households in Indonesia.

Assessing Social Quality in Indonesia Dr. Nugroho Abikusno InResAge Jakarta Faculty of Medicine...

Documents

Transcript of Assessing Social Quality in Indonesia Dr. Nugroho Abikusno InResAge Jakarta Faculty of Medicine...