Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale...
-
Upload
myles-fitzgerald -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale...
![Page 1: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS)
Jenelle R. ShanleyLarissa N. Niec
Central Michigan University
![Page 2: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction
• Research has demonstrated that parent involvement in treatment is important to effectively reduce child behavior problems.
• However, parent training differs from other forms of child therapy by working with the parent (Butcher & Niec, 2005).
![Page 3: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Parent Involvement in Therapy• Many studies have demonstrated the
importance of parents’ motivation and readiness to changes in treatment outcome.
• Spoth, Redmond, Haggerty, and Ward (1995) found parents’ readiness for change to be an important predictor for treatment success.
• Miller and Prinz (2003) found that parents with expectations of treatment targeting their child were more likely to terminate early.– In addition, premature termination was predicted
from assignment to a treatment condition that did not match parent’s pretreatment motivations.
![Page 4: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Importance of Addressing Parents’ Expectations
• If parents are not convinced that modifying parent-child interactions can impact children’s behavior, these parents may terminate prematurely (Reimers, Wacker, Derby, & Cooper, 1995).
• High attrition rates are prominent - suggesting that not all parents seeking treatment for their child are ready to actively participate.
• Consequently, assessing parents’ willingness to change at the onset of treatment is important to better understand how to engage parents in the treatment process.
![Page 5: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Study Purpose
• Although many studies have demonstrated the importance of parents’ motivation and readiness to change for treatment outcome, few studies have evaluated measures that assess such factors (Butcher & Niec, 2005).
• The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factor structure of the Parent Readiness for Change Scale (PRFCS; Brestan, Ondersma, Simpson, & Gurwitch, 1999).
![Page 6: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
• The PRFCS is based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM; DiClemente & Prochaska, 1998)
• TTM provides a framework for the overall process of behavior change, including parenting behavior
• TTM suggests that behavior change occurs through five stages: – Stage 1: Precontemplation– Stage 2: Contemplation– Stage 3: Preparation (aka Decision Making)– Stage 4: Action– Stage 5: Maintenance
![Page 7: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Parent Readiness for Change Scale
• The 28-item PRFCS was designed to identify parents’ stage of change in regards to their parenting.
• Parents rate each statement using a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree).
• Adapted from the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA; McConnaughy, Prochaska, & Velicer, 1983)
• 3 subscales assessing different stages of change: Precontemplation, Contemplation, and Action. – Eleven items were not assigned to a subscale.
![Page 8: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Example Items
• Precontemplation: “As far as I’m concerned, I don’t need to change how I take care of my child.”
• Contemplation: “I think I might be ready to improve how I take care of my child.”
• Action: “Even though I am not always successful in changing how I interact with my child, I am at least working on it.”
![Page 9: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mullins and colleagues (2005)
• Only study that has looked at PRFCS• Used the PRFCS as one measure to assess
treatment outcome for mothers of drug-exposed infants in reducing child maltreatment.– Termination status and PRFCS scores were not
significantly correlated– The PRFCS did not significantly add to the
prediction of re-report length after termination status was accounted for.
![Page 10: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hypothesis
It was hypothesized that a four-factor model would be the most robust factor structure of the PRFCS’s 28-items.
![Page 11: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Participants
• 110 mothers completed the PRFCS as part of an intake battery for a Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Clinic– Age: 19 – 52 (M = 30.46, SD = 7.37)
– Martial status: 47% married, 23% single, 12% unmarried with partner, 18% widowed/divorced/other
– Education: 8 – 19 years (M = 12.94, SD = 1.97)
• Children (34% girls) referred for treatment for conduct problems– Age: 2 – 8 (M = 4.38, SD = 1.63)
– Race: 87% Caucasian, 3% Native American, 2% African American, 1% Hispanic, 7% biracial/other
![Page 12: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Factor Analysis
• Several exploratory factor analysis methods were used to assess the internal structure of the 28-items PRFCS.
• Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to determine number of factors– Scree plot = 1 factor– Eigen value great than 1 = 7 factors
• 4 factors had only 1 or 2 items that loaded highest
– Compared PCA and (Principle Axis Factoring) PFA extracting 3 and 4 factors by examining the Pattern Matrices and total variance explained.
![Page 13: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Results
• The PCA and PAF analyses yielded similar results; therefore the PCA with varimax rotation is presented here for ease of interpretation.– Support for a four-component scale structure.
• Total variance explained = 56.59%• 60.7% of the items loaded on their original
factor
![Page 14: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Factor 1: Contemplation
• Loadings: .48 to .73• Includes items from the original Contemplation
scale (2, 6, 9, 12, 14), original Action scale (3, 7, 11, 23) and unscaled items (4, 26)
• Generally, these items assess parents’ serious consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of changing their behavior.
![Page 15: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Factor 2: Precontemplation
• Loadings: -.70 to -.51 (.52)• Includes items from the original
Precontemplation scale (1, 5, 8, 10, 18) and one unscaled item (15) which was the only positive loading.
• Generally, these items assess parents’ who are not presently contemplating change.
![Page 16: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Factor 3: Decision Making
• Loadings: .57 to .77 (-.57 & -.56)• Of the 6 items that load highest on this factor,
one item is from the original Contemplation scale (16) and the others are unscaled items (19, 24, 25, 27, 28)
• Overall, these items assess a parent in the process of planning to commit to change.
![Page 17: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Factor 4: Action
• Loadings: .40 to .72• Includes items from the original Action
scale (13, 20) and unscaled items (17, 21, 22)
• Generally, these items assess parents who are actively involved in changing their behavior.
![Page 18: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Discussion
• An exploratory factor analysis provided support for a four-component scale structure assessing the first four stages of change: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Decision Making, and Action.
• A majority of the items loaded on the factor for which they were created while unassigned items tended to load together on one factor.
• However, several items loaded on other scales, suggesting that these items should be reevaluated for content.
![Page 19: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Limitations• This was the first study to analyze the factor
structure of the PRFCS.• However, additional research needs to be
completed in order to assess the stability of these four factors.
• Many items loaded on scales that were contrary to the stage of change these items were intended to measure, suggesting that many of the items may need to be reevaluated.
• Further validation is necessary.
![Page 20: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Future Directions
• Further studies should examine the clinical utility of this measure.
• Developing a reliable and valid measure to assess parents’ stage of change prior to treatment will assist clinicians in engaging parents’ participation.
• By including this information, it may be possible to reduce premature termination in parent training.
![Page 21: Assessing Parents’ Stage of Change: Factor Analysis of the Parent Readiness For Change Scale (PRFCS) Jenelle R. Shanley Larissa N. Niec Central Michigan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d885503460f94a6cd65/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ReferencesAvailable upon request
Thanks to everyone in the PCIT lab at Central Michigan University for their
input regarding this presentation.