Assessing International Scientific and Assessing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation for Technological Cooperation for

Sustainable Development Sustainable Development –– Criteria and Criteria and IndicatorsIndicators

OECDOECD--SA Workshop, SA Workshop, PilanesbergPilanesberg, , 21 21 ––22 November 200522 November 2005

Michael KahnMichael Kahn

Centre for Science, Technology and Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, HSRCInnovation Indicators, HSRC

Beyond STEEP (V)Beyond STEEP (V)

K – Knowledge (social, technological, indigenous, tacit)

E – economic E – environmentP – politics

KEEP, v.t.& i. 1. Pay due regard to, observe, stand by. 2. Celebrate, guard, protect.

Criteria and IndicatorsCriteria and Indicators

1. Sustainable Development 2. (Globalizing) National Systems of

Innovation3. Criteria, assessment, indicators4. Measures of KEEP5. Implications for Good Practice

1. 1. Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

PerspectivesBrundtland, Agenda 21; WSSD 2002World Development Report 2005 Wealth of Nations 2005

The African Burden of diseaseMalaria, TB, HIV/AIDS, waterborne, colonial boundaries, debt …

Millennium Development Goals

World Development Report 2005World Development Report 2005

Investment climate: Stability and securityRegulation and taxationFinance and infrastructureWorkers and labor markets.

Essentially silent on S&T; Sustainable DevelopmentEssentially silent on S&T; Sustainable Development

South Africa ??

South Africa ??

South Africa ??

Where is the Wealth of Nations?Where is the Wealth of Nations?

High income 80%High income 2%

High income 18%

Millennium Project Report

Enabling policy environment; target R&DPlatform (generic) technologiesImprove infrastructure Higher education Science, Engineering, TechnologyBusiness activities in Science, Technology and Innovation

2. (2. (GlobalizingGlobalizing) National Systems of ) National Systems of InnovationInnovation

Globalization of financial, human, production and intellectual capitalNSI - institutions for R&D, Innovation, HRD, S&T Services; legal, financial, IP, cultural, regulatory frameworksGlobal R&D value chains - most R&D still at homeMeasuring intangibles – definitional creep

What does the NSI

mean for me ?

Home

South Africa: SocioSouth Africa: Socio--economic profileeconomic profile

•• 25% of African GDP; 30% SA GDP from 25% of African GDP; 30% SA GDP from GautengGauteng•• GDP growth 4,8%; inflation 4,4%GDP growth 4,8%; inflation 4,4%•• GNP/capita PPP $11,5k GNP/capita PPP $11,5k •• Services 62% of GDP Services 62% of GDP •• Large state sector; diversified private sector Large state sector; diversified private sector •• ‘‘SouthernSouthern’’ multinationals: net exporter of FDI multinationals: net exporter of FDI •• GiniGini coefficient 0,59 coefficient 0,59 -- two linked economiestwo linked economies•• Unemployment Unemployment ~~ 25%; HIV infections 25%; HIV infections ~~ 20%20%•• Steady ruralSteady rural--urban migration; 55% urban migration; 55% urbanisedurbanised

Development Bank of SADevelopment Bank of SA

The poor remain poor … Cannot borrow against future earnings Entrepreneurial activities present high costs of

failure Unable to insure themselves against risksLack information about market opportunities

Remain deprived of many public goods necessary for entrepreneurial activities

Incur high costs in time and expense when trying to obtain these goods.

The Fortune at the Bottom of the PyramidThe Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid ((PrahaladPrahalad))

South Africa: NSI profile (2003South Africa: NSI profile (2003--04)04)

•• GERD:GDP = 0,81%; BERD = 56%GERD:GDP = 0,81%; BERD = 56%•• 55% Gauteng; 55% Gauteng; ProvProv GERD/GGP GERD/GGP ~~ 1,3%1,3%•• Catalysis; metallurgy; software and systems; Catalysis; metallurgy; software and systems;

vaccines; radar and telemetry; vaccines; radar and telemetry; oceanography; oceanography; palaeontologypalaeontology; ; bioinformatics. Agric GERD/Agric GDP bioinformatics. Agric GERD/Agric GDP ~~ 2,5%2,5%

•• 60% African science output; punching beyond 60% African science output; punching beyond weight class; volumes modest but in line weight class; volumes modest but in line with economic levelwith economic level

•• Brain drain, gain and circulationBrain drain, gain and circulation•• ‘‘GoodGood’’ gender balance; diversity systemic issuegender balance; diversity systemic issue•• IKS law; patent law consistencyIKS law; patent law consistency

Mentorship blockage

Small number of Researchers

Small number of PhD

students

Inadequate funds for study

Small number of science

undergraduates

Inadequate quality school

leavers

Inadequate science/math

teachers

Losses to emigration

Complex immigration regulations

restrict mobility

Losses to retirement, promotion

Factors limiting high level skill developmentFactors limiting high level skill development

What S&T focus for results?What has changed; what to measure?Counterfactual – situation w/o international S&T Opportunity cost: cooperative funding vs cooperative S&TBeyond state of the art indicators

Definitions and standardizationCapacity for collection, maintenance, dissemination

3. Criteria, assessment, indicators3. Criteria, assessment, indicators

4. Measures of KEEP 4. Measures of KEEP

KnowledgeCapacity - Schooling, FET and HE systems; specific fields of expertise, centres of excellenceMobilitySocial and cultural impact Indigenous Knowledge SystemsNetworks, linkages & communities of practiceChange in intellectual capital (Frascati indicators; outputs etc.)

EconomicInfrastructure (utilities, ICT) & Systems

(financial, statistics)Formal & informal sectors – pre-competitive

enablers and spillovers; start-upsTechnology t/f (Licensing, Patenting,

Innovation capability)Change in produced capital (Econometric,

Oslo indicators etc.)

EnvironmentEnergy and water – conventional and

frontier scienceBiodiversity maintenance as the markerStakeholders and participatory researchChange in natural capital

PoliticalGovernance & SystemsRegulatory frameworks especially business enablers, resource management and IPRExclusion: ‘Pockets and layers’Policy toward S&T generally, R&D in particularProgress w.r.t. African Peer Review Mechanism

5. Implications for Good Practice5. Implications for Good Practice

Indicator development Indicator development -- a conversation with a conversation with usersusersGrowing, retaining and harvesting staff Growing, retaining and harvesting staff Bridging the two economies Bridging the two economies –– a general problema general problem

Grow 1st, remove blockages in 2ndGrow 1st, remove blockages in 2ndSocial dimension (security; dynamics)Social dimension (security; dynamics)

Joined up policy to promote MDGJoined up policy to promote MDGSouthern data gatherers for Northern academic Southern data gatherers for Northern academic hunters? [Clinical trials]hunters? [Clinical trials]