Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and...

7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 1/29

Assessing EU Leadership on ClimateChange

T L f Du EU R w C I

Du Ty

N. 46 |S 2012

WORKING PAPER



2 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe “T Tv P E”

T KFG W P S v c u f K-Fcu y

v uc. I c cc xc w

x c c x u c Eu Eu U.

A KFG W P v KFG w www.fu.u c v

f-u@fu-..

Cy f u: Du Ty

E c uc: C Buu S R

Ty, Du 2012: A EU L C C: T L f Du EU R w C

I, KFG W P S, N. 46, S 2012, K-Fcu (KFG) “T Tfv Pwf Eu“ F Uvä B.

ISSN 1868-6834 (P)

ISSN 1868-7601 (I)

T uc fu y G Rc Fu (DFG).

F Uvä B

K-Fcu

“T Tfv Pw f Eu:

T Eu U Du f I”

I. 26

14195 B

Gy

P: +49 (0)30- 838 57033

Fx: +49 (0)30- 838 57096

f-u@fu-.

www.fu.u



Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 3

Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change

The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India

D Ty

Abstract

T EU f c f “” c f c c.

Hwv, x c y f cfy w EU’ u -

uc “fw” f . T w w c

c y x u f c c , c, u y EU

C I. T w c u. F, v f C I

c c cy u u y c v. N, w

vc f u f EU, u w c v w C

I EU’ u . T C w c cc-

; I w w c f c. Sc, c fc

x v C I EU u , ,

v f u f EU C I. Pcuy wc

w x cc w -x c cc. T u

cu f EU , u u EU cu “fw”

cu c y y c c fc f cu.

T A

D Ty c fw K-Fcu “T

Tfv Pw f Eu”, F Uvä B. F Oc 2012,

w TAPIR Tc Fw C Hu, L. H DP

(PD), f Uvy f Oxf, fcu EU w C

I f c c cy. H c cu EU-

A , c , v c.

cc: [email protected]




1. Ic1

T EU f c f “” c f c c. A

u u v yz c uc f EU .2 Hwv, vy “fw” f c

. W u f u v u wc EU c -

y x percepons f , y f cfy w c f -

w fw f c (Gu/v Gj 1999; K . 2011; K 2009;

K/Eö 2010). T u, v y u f . Fu,

c EU fc u y y u cc

c c c u .

Rc c vc f c c x cu

f EU. My v c f ucc EU uc f w

()fu C c c cfc Dc 2009, w uc c

y fc f c, cu U S -c

BASIC u f C, I, Bz, Su Afc. T Ccu (Nv–Dc 2010)

cuy Du (Nv–Dc 2011) UN c c cfc w EU y

— uy uccfu—, u C xc uy c

u v uc f EU c f c c.

A u f c v u x uc f EU

c c, cuy w C. A qu, u v c y

ccu. C ccu u u f c c

c f EU C u “ u”, w D Cc u EU c

“ ” v-à-v C c c, u EU “ v-

c u C f v cy c cc”

(C 2011; D Cc 2011: 89). Fx G, “w u” f EU-C ,

ccu EU “ f C’ c cy” u f c c,

c f c c cy fvy w cy wc EU uc ,

vw, (Fx/G 2009: 10). By c, c v ccu

“[] fy uc c w Eu, C fu c

EU’ ” (H 2010).

1 T c wu v wu c u u f K-

Fcu (KFG) “T Tfv Pw f Eu”. T u cuy fu Tj Böz

T R f u fu fc, w M Scu, Jö B, S

Oü Hu My w v vy ufu c v f

c u . T w f vw w y cy -

v f u, NGO, c EU, C, I 2010-11. T u -

fu f w w f c, u c yy w

c, c cw vuy.

2 Gu/Gu (2000); Oü/Rc Ky (2008); Scu/T (2007); Wuz/Cy (2010).




A cu, w u w u uc f EU c

f c c? T w c y x f-

fu f c c , c, u y EU C I. T u

C I Gv cy wy EU’ u f c c c. T C w c cc;

I w w c f c. T x v

. I ccu f f c c c c u f

C I c y, w w x c c u

c f u f EU.

T w c u. F, v f C I c c

cy u u y c v. N, w v-

c f u f EU. T w vc f c u cc

cz y EU c. Mv, c c, C Gv

cu u w f EU xc f v cc c c

c . T -w w cy v EU-I c. Sc, c

fc x v C I EU u ,

, v f u f EU C I. Pcuy

wc w x cc w -x c cc.

T c f c c u f c c c f EU

(Bf 2012).

By w c c c c u f , c, ,

w fcu c xcy cfuy c cx f c

c c u f EU u . By , v

c uc u f u x f uc f EU

c c c, c u x u f EU c c

c wc u f uc EU, w u wc u

uc EU (C 2011; D Cc 2011; Fx/G 2009; H 2010).

T c f C I c f u f , c, u f

EU. B C I vy f cc v c EU, c-

c u cu xc c w y u f v -

c. R , w z f c u cuy w

c c c cy. Fu, EU-C EU-I ccz

y y yc w c c c. D

c, EU cvy u v uz c c -

c, f cy u c C I w

c c c cy-. Hwv, w c c. F,

C I f cc v, w C’ GDP v

cy f I.3 Sc, , cc

3 S Sc 4 5 w f cu f c.




f — x—v f f c c cy c w c. T

v c fc w x c f c cx f u-

c.

T y w w cuc Eu, C, I 2010,

w y f y cy uc. T ucu fw. T x c

w c c w u w - c c c

f . Sc 3 cu v wc EU u -

w C I. Sc 4 5 yz w c u fy

w x w c u v f c c c, , u

C I c f u f Eu c.

2. D Dc Pc

T w u f c u u f , c, u

ucu c y w (Böz/R 2009, 2012). I fw f

yz u, Böz R c w c c c. I

c f c c, u c v y f -

. I c f c c, y c, u c y c

f . W y cu u cy w y f

c cy, ccu v “f Euz u” ufu

fcu f u u c.

W c c c, Böz R fy fu y. T yc

cc, u y cy y v w c f EU,

c EU v cu y ccv c c. T c

u f uy ccu. T c ccu u c f cy, wc

c u c- ccu f c, u ccy-

u cv uc v f cc c c, wc c

ccy f c c cc. T cz, wc c u

cx u wc c . Succfu cz

vv c c v u f w f cy “

”. T c c u, cc wc c y u c

u vy c y cu v .

Böz R fy c f c u, u wc c u

. T c, wc vv u ju f v w cc.

T c -w, wc c f c u cvy v

w f c cx. B f c

y cqu c, cc wc c u c y x-

z uy cc - f . T c c f u




v u. T vw c v y c f w y

f cuy “ ” w f u ,

c, u f c c “ ”. Nv u c,

u f, vv w uc “w” f u “w” y cu w vyy v cuy.

Wc f c y c y u—f x—f , c,

u c c f EU C I? Cc , cu v,

c c. T EU-C EU-I ccz y y yc

w ( w c w EU’ w cc cu,

f x). T c EU’ y y v cy u wc wu

u uy ccu f C I v. Hwv, uy u

u v cv uc ccy u y u f

wc f u c. Nw y, Böz R u

“ fu w v wy f Eu, fw cv EU

c u y c f u f c-

uc c” (Böz/R 2012: 8). Ic c, cuy -w

v u, y v. Hwv, u w c

cc—cuy w -w v u— yc c

(Lz 2012). Jc Muy u -w u vv yc c f

cv u, w v u v y yc c-

uy. Nv u c u f -w y c f c fuc

(Jc/Muy 2012).

W c c y y c cu w , w

c xc u w vy c fc c . A cy

c f “” c u c (cz u) c, -

-v u c (-w v u) cy-c

c c u uv f c f w , c, u, u

uc uc (Böz/R 2012: 11). T c, u, v y fuc

f w c u f c, cy fu, ucy, w u f x

ccuc, f c x cy f c c c (Lz

2012).

T u f c c , u, y wc w , -

c, u w -x c v f cc f .

T c c c f , wc u x v-

c f c cu y w fc

w c c (Cc 2005; C/Dv 2000; L

1997; R-K 1994). A ccu f u cc cy f -

w -x c v f y v c. I

cy, u “c w wvw c

cuu y wfu u u w c” (R-K 1994: 212). Rv




c u c c w . If y , w uy

c cy.

I y c v c c f y cv u c (C/Dv 2000). Pc f

c c v , u y c

cy f y cv u x c f f v -

c c, cc cv . Fu,

f cuu c w w -x c (C/Dv 2000). I

c, c fc f c u u wc

w c v (Cc 2005). I cc

cy w -x c uy v c c.

Of cu, u f c w c , , -

u vw c . I, , c c,

u f u u fcu wy wc -

u cuc cv f f w w uc u

(F/S 1998; Py 2001). O v z cy f c c

, cc wc - c “cz” y u cuc

w x c w (Acy 2004). Fcu ccu

f w wy wc fc u qu f w

w x EU u cvy f x c c

wu w v c c C I. A fu v qu cc

w EU c f (Böz/R 2009: 11).

I , u c c u u f c, wc c v y

cv . U c f c y yc

w , cc v cy uy cv— v v c-

u cu c, , u. U uc c, v cv

uc ccy-u, c uc cz u, -v

c f -w u y v. T c, wv,

y c c c u c f u.

3. E Gb I Cc C C M

Sc y 1990, EU u y c f c

c, u f w c c c

cy-. F, EU cy u c uc u

c w f-. O v f u c uc u

c w cy , uc c y cuy uc f

f v u. A v c uc vv c,




u c f c cy , vw y u UK Gv -

Stern Review (S 2006). Sc, EU u , cy w

y-w u uc C I, u v

c c w f u . T , EU u -c “j ”, cu C I, u cc

f c c wc wu cu “u”

u cc fc c.

Of cu, f uquy Eu . A c c cuy f c c-

v cv u c u

, w u c u f c c f v-

cuy f 1980 w (H 1992). I, f

c u w w fy w x v f C I c

c c c u u f Eu , c, u

uy c f . O c, cu , v

cy y c v f c c c. N,

EU ff f v f c c c c

, v, u u cu cu v u f c c.

Sccy, EU y cu f c c c

c, y y- w u cc fc c,

w cv c-v c c c, y .

T EU wy u f v cu w f-w u

jc c c c . W - f

EU uc cu u vuy qu u

c, cy c c w f -

u , f w y u f EU. I y f

v f c , EU w cy cc w cu c f

uz cu c — y U S, u C,

Ru, J. T c f 2004-05 w, u f w c fc.

F, ccc w v f Ky Pc, uc

c f y 2012 w uc 2005. I c f ,

y 2005 EU c cvy c fc .




Figure 1: Trends in GHG Emissions of the EU, China, and India, 1990–2011

Suc: Ov . 2012: 28.

Sc, c w u yc, w fcu

jc cu f v w fuu w. F x,

I Ey Acy’ (IEA) uc, W Ey Ou, jc 2004

w- f w y wu c f v cu wu

y f f-fu y uc, w cu jc fuu c-

u f C I (I Ey Acy 2004). Fu 1 u -

cv cu f EU, C, I, u v

c 1990.

I Juy 2005, Eu C f EU y f

fc -2012 , wc w y y Cuc Eu

Cuc. T C “ c” y EU f f-

c . W w y U S, cu ccy

v cu’ f wu 50 c c

c (Eu C 2005: 4). T EU -2012 c uc

c, y Mc 2007 Eu Cuc, c c f v-

cu. T c EU uc EU y 20 c y 2020 v

1990 v, wc wu c 30 c cx f wc “

v cu c v c uc ccy -

vc v cu cu quy cc cv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1 9 9 0

1 9 9 1

1 9 9 2

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 9

2 0 1 0

2 0 1 1

% o f t o t a l g l o b a l C O 2 e m i s s i o n s

EU‐27

China

India




c” (Eu Cuc 2007: 12).4 I Oc 2008, Ev Cuc -

c y c f uc uz cu’ f 25 40 c w 1990

v y 2020, f v cu, “ cu vc ”, “uc

y 15 30% w u uu, c c f c u - cv c” (Cuc f Eu U 2008: 6).

I , EU u cy f v cu w y-w

jc fu c c c c u c-

f c c , cu u v f u-

z u c c cy. Sc 2007 cu, C I v v

c c c c w c c x cy-. T

qu fw w c w w x cy v

C I c u c f u f EU.

4. L Scz L-D: T Dv C C

C Pcy

Ov c 2007, c c cy C v cy. I Ju 2007,

C Gv u N C C P, wc u c

wu u C c c c u jcv w c

c u , c ccy f , c c v-

, uc w v f c c cy (NDRC 2007).

A , S Cuc N L Gu f C C wc

c y v P. Hwv, N C C P c y w

, u vuy-uc c cy w y wu

cv.5

I Nv 2009, f C c c u, S Cuc -

uc f uc c y— , u f cc uu—y 40

45 c y 2020 v 2005 v (Xu 2009).6 T w fw y 2011 y uc-

f C’ 12 Fv Y P, wc w uc cu cuy c y

: C y f GDP uc y 17 c y 2015 v 2010 v (L/W

2012). T c v uc x vc cy v, uc-

w-c v vc c 2010 (P’ Dy O 2010). I

4 T w () c f w y uc y uy 20 c

2020 cu u f 10 c f f fu y 2020; () 20

c v EU’ y cu y 2020.

5 Ivw w NGO v, Bj, 15 Oc 2010.

6 O uc cu c f -f fu y y cu

u 15 c y 2020, c f cv y 40 c f c vu y 1.3

cuc y 2020 f 2005 v.




f x, c v v 2011 f

c v vc (Xu 2011).

T jcy f C c c cy- w v c x yc fc C. I c, c w f -c “Fu G” f

C 2003—P Hu J P W J—v uc . T

Hu-W c f C’ cc v wy f

u fcu cc w y c. B y f cc v,

c y uy f cc v. T w c

2003 uc y f w v f u v, u

C’ Su Dv Ac P f Ey 21 Cuy. T c f f

cy ccz y y cu, v f u, w ccy, w

ccz y w y cu, w u, ccy (D/D 2010: 255).

W wu uw uc uc f fc, y

c w f f C fy f cc

v, ww f uy f x c c

wu c.

T f C Gv w v y c c f C’

, wc w v y c fc. T f w c

f y u c y y f 21 Cuy. F 1990 2002, C’

y y— v y u u f GDP cy— y 54 c

(Hu/Bu 2009: 303). Hwv, w v u 2002 2006, u

wc C’ cc y cu w y 50 c, c -

y GDP. T w y y w v y c f c v c

wc fv cuc vy uy, u v

f C’ cc W T Oz Dc 2001 (M . 2009: 608). A

u, w cu w c c C 2002–04, wc u u f

y cuy ff f v (G 2007: 392). I , c

v uc 2004 u u f y wu y y f w cu-

y. A f u Dv Rc C f S Cuc c

y cv y ccy, f v y

cy, c c u c -f fu, v f v -

fu (M . 2009: 610).

Sc, w w w f C’ cc vuy v-w c v-

u. A u C cy c y y cy, c C vy

c f y . I 2006, c cu 69.4 c f v y cu,

y 90 c f w w w c (Hu 2007: 162). C’ cc

w, cuy c, y v , u xv v -

c f c. I 2007, C 16 f w’ 20 u c. 90 c

f C w u, f cy, w c f c u

c 1970 (Bw 2007: 36). W cuy c ju jcv f




C’ u v, u fc v c C cy

cz cw fc. I uuuy f vw w D S 2005, P Yu,

C uy f v, u C w w 8 15 c

f GDP u u w u, :

“We are using too many raw materials to sustain this growth [...]. This miracle will end soon because the

environment can no longer keep pace. Acid rain is falling on one third of the Chinese territory, half of

the water in our seven largest rivers is completely useless, while one fourth of our cizens does not have

access to clean drinking water. One third of the urban populaon is breathing polluted air, and less than

20 percent of the trash in cies is treated and processed in an environmentally sustainable manner.”

(D S 2005)

A v f C c f w y y ccy c-

v uu v ufcu c

C Gv vw cy u . C cy vw

v f c w uy f u y, y

f c v u. T cuy v Mu L T

Rw Ey Dv P, u S 2007 y N Dv

Rf C (NDRC 2007). A w v c f w y,

P C f- f v, y f cy

u u c v ccy . T f P

f 2020 fw:

“A relavely complete renewable energy technology and industry system will have been established, so

that a domesc manufacturing capability based mainly on China’s own IPRs will have been established,

sasfying the needs for deploying renewable energy on a large scale in China.” (NDRC 2007: 13)

Tf, c f C ’ cv y v-

cy w w uwy f EU z u f c c -

w C f 2005 w. T w c uc y C Gv f

u f cy cu 2004, cu Mu L T Ey Dv

P Ou 2004-2020 Mu L T Ey Cv P (NDRC 2004). T

w wy f f f fc C y v .

I Fuy 2005, C Gv c Rw Ey Lw, wc

cv 15 c f C’ y f w uc y 2020.7 M cy, 11 Fv

Y P, uc 2005 cv 2006-2010, 20 c y y

cv y 2010, cc 15 c w y cv y 2020.8

7 T Rw Ey Lw v fw w wc f c

u u. I v f cuy cc f w y uc

w , u cv f w y jc, f w

y v fu u c v cv.

8 I C y, Fv Y P y f v —y cc

wc c c’ fc . Oc’ ucc fu cv




I c “ f w f u v C” “C’

u f v c” (N/My 2011: 8; O’G/Zu 2007: 17).

T v f C c c cy f w u f f C Gv’ cc f . I w c fc wc

f v f c c c, f v f EU c w

C . T v fw f EU-C P C C, -

EU-C Su S 2005. Iuz u c

fw f u f cu c u P

C C, wc vv xc f vw f c ’ c -

c, c , f c.

I cx, w vc f c f cz y EU. Acc f

C uc, u y Eu c C c-

c w y f c w y C

c c f 2007 w. O NGO v f C c cy Bj, cu-

v f M, Szy, B 2007, w G G8 Pcy 2007, u:

“It denitely helped that the foreign leaders repeatedly had climate change so high up on the agenda

when they met Chinese leaders [...]. In China, the system is very much centralized. So if you don’t get the

aenon of the very high up level [...] it will not be a naonal priority.” 9

Sy, C cc f f C UNFCCC -

u:

“Especially at high level, the leaders have a lot of visits to each other, and I remember the EU for example,

the Commissioner, the Commission President, and also the member state prime minister or president,

when they visit China or the Chinese leaders visit Europe, normally [...] one of the agenda items was

climate change. This made a direct inuence on policymakers in China, and they have a clear and strong

awareness of the concern from internaonal community, and they know now that there is some inter -

naonal agenda there.” 10

T v f C c c c w v y y cv c

C’ cy. I cx f w cc C’ c ,

C u cfu , y u c-

cc “” f cuy. T v f c

c c c u f c f

C’ “y”. T w cuy u f C’ N C C P f 2007

c fc c C uuccy, u

vy cv w cc.

9 Ivw w C NGO v, Bj, 15 Oc 2010.

10 Ivw w C cc, Bj, 18 Oc 2010.




-C c y , wc w f-ccuy f fu C’

w cuy. Hwv, w u cfu u

uc uc EU. O vw c f

C c c c cy-. F x, u f c C C, v f NGO Bj :

“China’s Copenhagen commitments [intensity target] are basically a domesc debate. They have a lot

of these think tanks that provide advice to the Government: ERI [Energy Research Instute], Renmin

University, Tsinghua University, Development Research Centre. Those are the ones that are providing

the technical analysis—why China should or shouldn’t take a numerical target.” 11

Mv, C Gv xcy jc Eu u

f f c uc C. N, EU ,

cuy uz c u vv c w Eu

C , v y fcu f C L

c c. Mv, c x f N C C P w

c y w , u vuy-uc c

cy w y wu cv (BBC 2007). A NGO v u :

“It was simply a repackaging of all the domesc policies that China was taking anyway to tackle other

problems. For example, aorestaon policy was because China was suering from sandstorms and

desercaon, so that was the reason China had a big aorestaon programme, but that helped with

climate change as well. You even had the one child policy, which was listed as the big contribuon of

China to tackle climate change.” 12

I w, C Gv w “c” c w

f —uc c 11 Fv Y P Rw Ey Lw—

“c c” c. I , f C Gv c c-

cz c f c u: I u cy, C

Gv x f x c v c

c . Mv, C u ccuz f -

v, vc u C Gv wu v v-

u c c c c f f w c w

cc w c y, f C Cu Py.

W v f C c c cy u 2007–08 c c-

cz c f c u, c v f

C c c cy , , c c c uc,

f c wu v c c c-. T y v

c 11 12 Fv Y P. W 11 Fv Y P (2006–2010) c

11 Ivw w NGO v Bj, 7 Oc 2010.

12 Ivw w NGO v, Bj, 15 Oc 2010.




y y , wc wu v c jcy f u ,

c y c c as such. Hwv, 12 Fv Y P (2011–2015) c

xc uc c y f C cy y 17 c y 2015 v 2010

v. Tu, v f C c c cy f 2007 w y u c C Gv z cu c

c c , u c c, c w x cc f f-.

I cx, u c fy jc y. T w c-

y ccuz f C v-à-v c c cy, c

c w cu u w vc y EU. Hwv, u c c-

cy EU cu. Cy, EU Eu c y

c c w c 2005 vu fu cu y

f c c uc G8 U N Scuy Cuc. I y

uv c f EU cu f f c c f

c c C.

T v f ccy-u y EU C, w

x f c c f c fc C w-c jcy,

v c f cy v C. Ex f cu EU-C N-Z E

C (NZEC) v, wc cc fy f c cu

cy C Eu, cu y u C y 2015. T EU

u cu uy c jc C v u u ccy

f c c C fu c c c u, uc EU-C CDM

Fc Pjc Pvc S & Ac f C C M A

C jc. A c-fu v-y Eu-C C Ey C w A 2010,

fc c w Eu C c . Fu, C

Gv cy v Eu C v vc c f -

c C. T v v v w f c

v y vu EU w C Gv.

Hwv, ccy-u jc w y fw cu w, v y,

C Gv. F , y quy—f —ccu ccz

c f -w ccy-u. Mv, v u f c

c f -w y C Gv. Pcu x cu v f

C Rw Ey Lw , cy, v f C.

A f v, C Gv cu xvy w Eu

C f Eu xc f u c.




5. Rc D: T Dv I C C Pcy

T f 2007 2011 w f jcy f I c c

cy. T c , uy, w f P M’ Cuc C C 5 Ju 2007 (P M f I 2007). T c

vv v f I c c cy, wc u

u f I uuc. A f Juy 2007, P M S

Cuc C C w fu, y Nv 2007, N P Dcu

c c wc wu cu “ w v f u f

fuu” (P M f I 2007).

I Ju 2008, I Gv u v N Ac P C C

(NAPCC), c f wc f N M f u 2017 cv-

vu cy .13 T NAPCC f c c f I’ c

c, cu “c u ” quy c wc w

c f ’ qu c uc.

I , I’ c c u wu xc f

v cu w (Gv f I 2008: 1-2). Gv w qu

u , , , vu c

P M’ Cuc C C. T Cuc u w c w u c

vw u c (Fujw 2010: 9).

T fu f N M u NAPCC c qucy c, u y

f 2010 jy f N M fu y

v y P M’ Cuc C C. M c cu cx

N S M Ey Eccy M. T Jw Nu N S M

“ I y, y c cy c f u

c cuy qucy ”. I c cy fw f y f

20,000 Mw (MW) f w y 2022; c fv c f ufcu

cy; v 2000 MW f - y y 2022; v

y (My f Nw Rw Ey 2009). T N M Ec

Ey Eccy, v Ju 2010 cv fc ccu f 50 c f

f fu u I, u uc cu y 5 c v u 100

f CO2 uy y 2015 (Fujw 2010: 9-10).

W c I’ c , Dc 2009 — ju

COP-15 C — I Gv uc c uc -

y f I GDP y 20 25 c y 2020 c 2005 v u c

(I C P 2009). T c c f f cuy wc

13 T N M : N S M, N M f Ec Ey Eccy, N

M Su H, N W M, N M f Su Hy Ecy,

N M f G I, N M f Su Acuu, N M Sc

Kw f C C.




u y y f f , vuy.

Fw f uc f y , I Gv f Ex

Gu Lw C Sy f Icuv Gw, c y D. K P, f f

I’ P C, u f wc w c u w u cv y .14

T v jcy f I c c cy v, C c, v

cy y c fc. Mv, c c v y c I

Gv’ EU’ v uz u c

u c y cy. I c, u f y cuy cc

y cy y I f y y. I fc, I uy -

y f uu v f “-cv” y uc y ccy u. T

cu My f Nw Rw Ey I c f

1970 u v f y f-uccy. A f -cv y uc

w c w My f Ey 1982, w u y u 1992 w

c f My f N-Cv Ey Suc.15

A u w v f w I Rw

Ey Dv Acy, 1987 w v c u jc

c y u w w uc cv y u

y ccy (IREDA 2011). Ey ccy cv wc

I Gv y f . U Ey Cv Ac f 2001, Buu f Ey

Eccy w Mc 2002, w y ccy f f-

u.16 I , I Gv uu v f w w y uc

w y cv f y y y.

Hwv, v v f I c c cy c 2007

c fu c c u I c c cy. I c-

y f z cc v y cy jcv. Acc

, c c c— v u—c c x

f I’ v. I w-c cuy—v y c C— cy

w c w y uz cuy. I 2007, I’ c GDP (uc w y

14 T u c f c c, cu uy, , c u, cv

cy, v c, u vv v f v — -

vc f u f v. T u’ c u c

c f I’ 12 Fv Y P wc c c 2012 (Ivw w f I

Gv c, Nw D, 9 Dc 2010, NGO v, D, 25 Nv 2010;

My f Ev F 2010).

15 T w My f Nw Rw Ey 2006.

16 T Buu f Ey Eccy fcu cu f f fu: () cc cu -

c, w cu w v w f y ccy f c; () y

ccy f u, cuy cc u, wc ccz y cv wy -

v ccy u f y , w ccy v ycy ccu ;

() v u f uy w y ccy u.




ju) w USD 2,800, c w USD 5,400 f C (Fujw 2010: 1). Cy

u f cc y: 75 c f u 22 c f u I u v

cc f f y y (Dw 2010: 1). Tf,

xc cu w y , v v c I v c c w uv y cu , f, u

.

T vw x fquy I Gv f cy. F x, I’ Inial

Naonal Communicaon to the United Naons Framework Convenon on Climate Change u c

c f I’ c:

“The principal objecve of the naonal development strategy is to reduce the incidence of poverty

to 10 per cent by 2012 and provide gainful employment. [...] Achieving these development priories

will require a substanal increase in energy consumpon [...] and consequent rise in GHG emissions.”

(Gv f I 2004: xv)

A c y c u I c c c cc u f equity.

T y I Gv qu -c “c

c”. A -C uc y I Gv :

“It is India’s view that the planetary atmospheric space is a common resource of humanity and each

cizen of the globe has an equal entlement to that space. The principle of equity, therefore, implies

that, over a period of me, there should be a convergence in per capita emissions.” (Gv f

I 2009: 6)

I’ u f quy c v c wc c cy u

u y I’ cvy w cu v f -c , w cuu-

v v f c . I, I ccu f xy 5.8 c f -

2011, w’ fu . Hwv, I c

wy C, wc ccu f 28.6 c f 2011 (Ov . 2012: 28).

Mv, I’ c 2009 w 1.5 c , w C’ c -

w 5.4 (Ey If A 2012).17 T I Gv

fc uz cu v cu c ccuu f u

. I cu xy 2.3 c f ccuu , w u-

z cu ccvy v cu xy 75 c, U S

cu 29 c (Du 2009: 2). B I’ w c , u

cu c , I Gv f y y

uc u . I, I cy c fquy

jc f “j ”, u f I C cu u

c c.

17 A c c c w y c I c w v EU-27

c (7.8 ), US c (17.7 ).




I , I Gv cu f u f c c vy N-

Su . T c EU’ v c

c, , f u f EU I. W EU y

cc f c u I c w u-z cu, cuy U S, c w “-

v ” w cv c f I EU. F , v f

EU-I c c ccz y u c

f I Gv. A I-EU Iv C Dv C C w uc

EU-I Su S 2005, u w EU x

f w C Gv, x I c w

cy uv. T w u f c c f I Gv.18

A f c u I-EU Iv C Dv C C -

cu f c, c v, c c,

uc c f c c, f C Dv

Mc, cu y x’ . T w J W Gu

Ev, wc y EU-I J C 1999 u -

fquy, wu yy EU-I Ev Fu EU-I Ey

P wu c. T f Iv C Dv C C w

xy vu, . Pcuy wy fc w

c jc N Z E C jc EU-C c. I fc, EU

c w I c cu fu f jc,

u w jc y I Gv.19

Mv, w c c f I w c fw-u, cuy u-

u 2007. I f y cy, EU v c w I

Gv w y y uccfu. Mv, I Gv x

c y u cv y uc w cc c

c . A EU-I Su 2008, v EU-I J Ac P w v fw-

c J Ac P 2005 u, w c c

f c w fcu f u (Eu U Gv

f I 2008).20 B J W P, EU-I C- Ey, C

Dv C C (Eu U Gv f I 2008). Hwv, w

x w y f u 2005 , c-

fc cv u 2005 , y , y c. T fw-u

, w c f v cy

uc w, w, cc, c c c .21

18 Ivw w f UK , D, 8 Nv 2010.

19 P vw w C c, 30 Ju 2011.

20 Ivw w EU c, Bu, 8 Juy 2010.

21 Ivw w Eu , Nw D, 2 Dc 2010.




N, v f I c c c -2007 w v

x y f I Gv c cy y

v f f cuy. I vc f C

cfc, M f Ev F J R w v c uc f PM I u “ f u f ”.22 T

f I’ uc w fc C, w Bz, Su Afc, Mxc,

uc c , c u I Gv fw

u. Hwv, c v f c I NGO u y u

cc f :

“I think it [the pre-Copenhagen intensity target] was just picked out of thin air—maybe some brainstorm-

ing among three or four people [...]. I honestly don’t think there was much analysis that went into it. I

think the way it was done was that a gure was arrived at, and senior bureaucracy was told to prepare

a paper which would jusfy it.” 23

T u f c u wc c w uc f yc .

Hwv, v f I c c cy u w c

u w f I u w c w

. A f f P C f I Gv u, uc f

c c u NAPCC w v y cc I’ c f fu:

“For India, moving to a low-carbon energy strategy is required in any case because of the fact that we’re

short of most forms of energy, fossil fuels, even the coal we have will run out in under 40 to 45 years, so

it’s not as if we can rely on coal. So we need to develop renewables, solar, nuclear, non-carbon strategies,

and that’s what we’re doing in any case.” 24

Hwv, c c u w uy c EU ccy,

c w cc c c c

f f 2000. Of cu, c EU-C c cu v, u

vc u EU y , u

w c EU .

F , wu y ccu ccz v f I c c

cy c f u f EU. T “v ” w I EU uy

w w f cz u. T I Gv f u f c

c vy EU, cv cy f I EU -

cy . T w u y I Gv c, w :

“The emphasis [of the Indian Government policy] [...] is energy access, increasing the amount of energy,

22 Ivw w c My f Ev F, Nw D, 22 Nv 2010.

23 Ivw w v f I NGO, 25 Nv 2010.

24 Ivw w f f I P C, Nw D, 9 Dc 2010.




increasing the amount of energy eciency. The main dierence we have with the EU is that the primary

goal of the EU is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The tools that the EU uses and the tools for our very

separate goals are similar—renewables, energy eciency, etc. But this should not blind us to the fact

that the goals are dierent. We see climate change as a co-benet. The EU sees enhanced access, etc.,as a co-benet, and that’s a very sharp dierence in world views.” 25

T c f w vw wy w x wy w vc f

y f c c f u Sc 2 v. I u u

c f v u -w f I Gv.

6. Cc

T w u yz v f C I c c c

c y f u cv, w w x cy v

c ccz c f u f EU. Bu c u u f

, c, u, w u wy wc C I

c c cy- v c y w y c y c c

fc, cu v f cc f .

I C c, c f cy- c c c v f Fu

G f Hu J W J y y v c

uy f C’ cc v wy. T, u, w v y c cc

v y cuy, c v u, v ufcu ccy

w-c c. I I c, I Gv fc f cc,

v y cuy cu, C Gv, v f I c

c cy c x u f z , u c c, c

c c c w cy jcv. Hwv, I Gv

cu f u f c c vy y N-Su . W

u f c f C Gv c c cy-, cc C

Gv c c c c c.

T v f C I c c c u f u -

y c v. Mv, c fc wc v v f

C I c c cy—cuy f c w Eu,

C, I cc —v y c u f EU.

T EU u c- w-w c c c wc c c

c w w c w cy uc y cuy c -

v u. W f cy w C ’ c f

f-, f y w I Gv’ ,

25 Ivw w I Gv c, D, 16 Nv 2010.




wc w cc v y cc y cy , w y v

c f c c c-, f y c.

T wc Eu cc w -x cc C I x c x v f u w w c. I

C c, w vc f c c f u u Sc

2, v cc c f -w f C Gv, u-

y ccy-u y EU. By c, I c w v-

c f c c u c , c N-Su f

f c u I y cu f u f Eu I,

u c c c.

Mv, EU-I c cu u EU f ccu f -

v f cu, f wy w -x

c f. Fu, c vc f f c, EU

cy c I Gv. Tu, EU-I c cu u-

c EU ucy f w cu wy

y w -x v f y y cuy c, v

fc f vu c. T c f xvy f EU , u, ccy

c fw f-c .

M y, c y f w u , c ccz y c-

f y yc w , c cu w y f cy

w c c c f u. T qu c w f u-

c, .., w c y cv. Hwv, uy qu

w , u y qu fv uy c

c. U c, u cy w uy- -v u-

c y f , f y ucv. F , c

yz w c f fu ccu c c u cc-

w c c c f u.




L

Acharya, Amitav 2004: Hw I S: W N M? N Lcz Iu

C A R, : I Oz 58/2, 239-275.

BBC 2007: C Uv C C P, : ://w.c.c.u/2//-cc/6717671.;

21 My 2011.

Biedenkopf, Katja 2012: E T - A Tc Juy f I? : KFG W P

S 45, S 2012, K-Fcu “T Tfv Pw f Eu”, F

Uvä B.

Börzel, Tanja A./Risse, Thomas 2009: T Tfv Pw f Eu: T Eu U

Du f I, : KFG W P S 1, My 2009, F Uvä B.

Börzel, Tanja A./Risse, Thomas 2012: F Eu Du: Iuc, : W Eu

Pc 35/1, 1-19.

Börzel, Tanja A./Risse, Thomas 2012: W Eu M Du: Ex Nw Ty, :

W Eu Pc 35/1, 192-207.

Brown, Kerry 2007: C C f Ev, : Luw, P (.): T EU

C, P L, Pu: Eu Sy Fu, 34-49.

Carrapatoso, Astrid 2011: C Pcy Du: I Du C-EU R, : G

C, Pc & Scuy 23/2, 177-194.

Checkel, Jerey T. 2005: I Iu Scz Eu: Iuc F-

w, : I Oz 59/4, 801-826.

Cortell, Andrew P./Davis, James W., Jr. 2000: U Dc Ic f I N:

A Rc A, : I Su Rvw 2/1, 65-87.

Council of the European Union 2008: P f 14 S f Cfc f P

(COP 14) U N Fw Cv C C (UNFCCC) 4 S f M f P Ky Pc (CMP 4) - Cuc Ccu,

(14562/08), : ://.cu.u.u/f//08/14/14562.08.f; 16 S-

2011.

Dadwal, Shebon Ray 2010: I’ Rw Ey C, : Sc Ay 34/1, 1-4.

Dai, Xiudian/Diao, Zhiping 2010: Tw Nw W O f C C: C Eu-

U’ L A, : Wuz, Rü K. W./Cy, J (): T Eu

U L I C C Pc, L & Nw Y: Ru, 252-

268.

De Cock, Geert 2011: T Eu U B ‘N L’ C C v-à-v C,

: Eu F A Rvw 16/1, 89-105.

Der Spiegel 2005: ‘T C Mc W E S’ - S Ivw w C’ Duy M

f Ev, : ://www..///0,1518,345694,00.; 21

My 2011.

Dubash, Navroz K. 2009: Tw Pv I G C Pc, : W P 2009/1,

S 2009, C f Pcy Rc/C Iv, Nw D.

Energy Informaon Administraon 2012: I Ey Sc W, : ://www..v/

cf/jc/IEDIx3.cf?=90&=44&=8; 28 Ju 2012.

European Commission 2005: Cuc f C Eu P, Cu-

c, Ecc Sc C C f R: W BA G C C, Eu C, COM(2005) 35 .




Kilian, Berl 2009: A Gu G G? T Eu U’ R L I C

Pc, Lu Uvy D f Pc Scc, : ://u.u.u./uu/w?f

uc=wF&cOI=1459277&OI=1459278; 6 S 2011.

Kilian, Berl/Elgström, Ole 2010: S G L? T Eu U’ R I C

N, : C Cc 45/3, 255-273.

Legro, Jerey W. 1997: Wc N M? Rv ‘Fu’ f I, : I

Oz 51/1, 31-63.

Lenz, Tobias 2012: Su Eu: T EU R I Mcu SADC, : W

Eu Pc 35/1, 155-173.

Li, Jun/Wang, Xin 2012: Ey C Pcy C’ Tw Fv-Y P: A P S, :

Ey Pcy 41, 519-528.

Meidan, Michal/Andrews-Speed, Philip/Xin, Ma 2009: S C’ Ey Pcy: Ac Pc,

: Ju f Cy C 18/61, 591-616.

Ministry of Environment and Forests 2010: I: T C C - P-C Dc

Ac, Ju 30, 2010, My f Ev F, : ://f.c./w/uc-f/I%20T%20%20C%20C.f; 6 Juy 2011.

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy 2009: Jw Nu N S M: Tw Bu

S I, Ey, My f Nw Rw, : ://.v./f/-cu-

-JNNSM.f; 6 Juy 2011.

NDRC 2004: C Mu L T Ey Cv P, N Dv Rf

C f P’ Ruc f C, : ://www.c..c/u/2/967/

u%20%20-%20v%20%20f%20%20%20c%20.

f; 30 My 2011.

Ng, Shin Wei/Mabey, Nick 2011: C C Lw C Ouy? T Ic f C-

’ 12 Fv-Y-P f Eu, E3G, Mc 2011 (U c c 12 Fv-

Y-P Mc 15, 2011).

O’Gorman, Dermot/Zhu, Chunquan 2007: Ev, : Cc, Sy/Ru, E (): C-

EU: A C Fuu, S & L: W Scc, 15-26.

Oberthür, Sebasan/Roche Kelly, Claire 2008: EU L I C Pcy: Acv

C, : T I Sc 43/3, 35-50.

Olivier, Jos G.J./Janssens-Maenhout, Greet/Peters, Jeroen A.H.W. 2012: L-T T G CO2

E: 2012 R, T Hu: PBL N Ev A Acy & EU

J Rc C.

Payne, Rodger A. 2001: Pu, F N Cuc, : Eu Ju f I

R 7/1, 37-61.

People’s Daily Online 2010: C Luc Lw-C P Sc C, Pvc, : ://.y.c.c/90001/90778/90862/7110049.; 10 Fuy 2012.

Prime Minister of India 2007: PM’ Cuc C C Cu, : ://.c./

/c.?=585; 7 Juy 2011.

Prime Minister of India 2007: PM’ O R M f Cuc C C,

: ://.c./c/c.?=561; 7 Juy 2011.

Risse-Kappen, Thomas 1994: I D N Fw Fy: T C, Dc Sucu,

E f C W, : I Oz 48/2, 185-214.

Schreurs, Miranda A./Tiberghien, Yves 2007: Mu-Lv Rfc: Ex Eu U L-

C C M, : G Ev Pc 7/4, 19-45.

Stern, Nicholas 2006: T Ecc f C C: T S Rvw, C: C Uv-y P C Oc—HM Tuy.




Wurzel, Rüdiger K. W./Connelly, James () 2010: T Eu U L I C-

C Pc, L & Nw Y: Ru.

Xinhua 2009: C Auc T C E Cu, : ://w.xu.c/

/2009-11/26/c_12544181.; 4 Ju 2010.

Xinhua 2011: C P C E R T Sc: Ecc P, : ://w.xu.c/2010/c/2011-11/22/c_131263322.; 10 Fuy 2012.



T K-Fc - Ec Acc Exc

Iv Rc

T K-Fcu (KFG) w fu u-

c y G Rc Fu 2008. I c-

c f KFG v ccy u v

wc vv c c c w y cu w u f ju c.

T K-Fcu „T Tfv Pw f Eu“

c Eu B-B-

u uz c w uv-

c u. I x f EU -

c f , yz c c

f x u c c :

• Iy Puc S

• Cc, Cy By

• Cv R Eu’ Ex R

Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and...

Documents

Transcript of Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and...